Allow specifying an explicit format in parse_date/parse_time

[tomasr8]

Closes #1090

This uses parse_pattern internally when a custom format is used.

[codecov[bot]]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests :white_check_mark:

Project coverage is 91.29%. Comparing base (313277a) to head (2b8e6b8).

Additional details and impacted files

```diff @@ Coverage Diff @@ ## master #1131 +/- ## ========================================== + Coverage 91.28% 91.29% +0.01% ========================================== Files 27 27 Lines 4623 4630 +7 ========================================== + Hits 4220 4227 +7 Misses 403 403 ``` | [Flag](https://app.codecov.io/gh/python-babel/babel/pull/1131/flags?src=pr&el=flags&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=python-babel) | Coverage Δ | | |---|---|---| | [macos-12-3.10](https://app.codecov.io/gh/python-babel/babel/pull/1131/flags?src=pr&el=flag&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=python-babel) | `90.06% <100.00%> (+0.01%)` | :arrow_up: | | [macos-12-3.11](https://app.codecov.io/gh/python-babel/babel/pull/1131/flags?src=pr&el=flag&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=github&utm_content=comment&utm_campaign=pr+comments&utm_term=python-babel) | `90.00% <100.00%> (+0.01%)` | :arrow_up: | | 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