We can try to estimate the amplitude and frequency of the modulating function, assuming the stationary part of the noise PSD is known
We can estimate the amplitude and the frequency of the modulating function, together with some parameters describing the stationary part of the noise PSD (for example: its low-frequency and high-frequency slopes)
It might be interesting to investigate PE of a modulated SGWB signal in the WDM time-freq domain...
Relevant work:
Rosati and Littenberg, 2024