dependabot: bump pennylane from 0.20.0 to 0.31.0

[dependabot[bot]]

Bumps pennylane from 0.20.0 to 0.31.0.

Release notes

Sourced from pennylane's releases.

Release 0.31.0

• Fermionic operators and arithmetic are now available. [(#4191)](PennyLaneAI/pennylane#4191) [(#4195)](PennyLaneAI/pennylane#4195) [(#4200)](PennyLaneAI/pennylane#4200) [(#4201)](PennyLaneAI/pennylane#4201) [(#4209)](PennyLaneAI/pennylane#4209) [(#4229)](PennyLaneAI/pennylane#4229) [(#4253)](PennyLaneAI/pennylane#4253) [(#4255)](PennyLaneAI/pennylane#4255) [(#4262)](PennyLaneAI/pennylane#4262) [(#4278)](PennyLaneAI/pennylane#4278)

  There are a couple of ways to create fermionic operators with this new feature:

  • qml.FermiC and qml.FermiA: the fermionic creation and annihilation operators, respectively. These operators are defined by passing the index of the orbital that the fermionic operator acts on. For instance, the operators a⁺(0) and a(3) are respectively constructed as

    >>> qml.FermiC(0)
    a⁺(0)
    >>> qml.FermiA(3)
    a(3)
    

    These operators can be composed with (*) and linearly combined with (+ and -) other Fermi operators to create arbitrary fermionic Hamiltonians. Multiplying several Fermi operators together creates an operator that we call a Fermi word:

    >>> word = qml.FermiC(0) * qml.FermiA(0) * qml.FermiC(3) * qml.FermiA(3)
    >>> word 
    a⁺(0) a(0) a⁺(3) a(3)
    

    Fermi words can be linearly combined to create a fermionic operator that we call a Fermi sentence:

    >>> sentence = 1.2 * word - 0.345 * qml.FermiC(3) * qml.FermiA(3)
    >>> sentence
    1.2 * a⁺(0) a(0) a⁺(3) a(3)
    - 0.345 * a⁺(3) a(3)
    

  • via qml.fermi.from_string: create a fermionic operator that represents multiple creation and annihilation operators being multiplied by each other (a Fermi word).

    >>> qml.fermi.from_string('0+ 1- 0+ 1-')
    a⁺(0) a(1) a⁺(0) a(1)
    >>> qml.fermi.from_string('0^ 1 0^ 1')
    a⁺(0) a(1) a⁺(0) a(1)
    

    Fermi words created with from_string can also be linearly combined to create a Fermi sentence:

    >>> word1 = qml.fermi.from_string('0+ 0- 3+ 3-')
    >>> word2 = qml.fermi.from_string('3+ 3-')
    >>> sentence = 1.2 * word1 + 0.345 * word2
    

... (truncated)

Commits

• 18603e2 bump lightning to 0.31 in setup.py, pin scipy to [1.8,1.10] (#4304)
• f29bf32 Fermionic ops in changelog (#4302)
• d9779ed Specs dict fix (#4286)
• 996730f Refer to class QNode in ml layers (#4299)
• 6a9f9fc remove duplicate controlled operation entries (#4298)
• 487f92e Device API review (#4283)
• ef75ed7 Make links to qml.eigvals and the eigvals method appear distinctly. (#4292)
• 41fd912 Fix ShotAdaptiveOptimizer to prevent removing shot vector axes (#4240)
• a0980c1 Add dm_from_state_vector function to qml.math docs page. (#4291)
• cfb8578 Pin autograd to <= 1.5 (#4289)
• Additional commits viewable in compare view

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