Add nonzero carbon intensity for imported carriers

[mabijkerk]

Background According to the ETM documentation emissions are assigned to the sector energy is used in, rather than the location of emissions.

This means that by default the primary emissions of e.g. hydrogen produced by SMR are not allocated to the simulated country if all the hydrogen is exported. Consequently, the emissions should be allocated to the importing country, which is why the default carbon intensity for hydrogen import is nonzero (see below for a blank nl2019 scenario):

Problem For EU datasets we have set the carbon intensity of imported electricity and imported heat to 0 kg/MJ. This does not align with the standard way of calculating emissions in the ETM. Effectively this means that EU countries that import electricity get carbon-free electricity and we underestimate the emissions.

Solution If we want to add nonzero carbon intensity for imported electricity and imported heat the following points should be discussed:

What values to take?

• Electricity: the value for nl2019 comes from Klimaatmonitor. Apparently it is based on the national average carbon intensity. For EU datasets we could take the European average.
• Heat: the value for nl2019 uses a gas CCGT for reference according to the slider information. I'm not sure whether we would want to use this for the EU datasets as well.

Do we want to update nl2019 as well?

• Electricity: since the value seems to use a standardised source I would propose not to update this value.
• Heat: depending on what value we choose for the EU datasets we may want to update it for nl2019 as well.

Should we implement a migration?

• Discussion once we decide which route to take

Which clients should be consult?

• Discussion on Slack

Notifying @AlexanderWirtz @marliekeverweij

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