add Python 3.12 support, prefer absolute paths in Dockerfiles

[jameslamb]

Contributes to https://github.com/rapidsai/build-planning/issues/40

RAPIDS is adding support for Python 3.12 in its 24.10 release. All of the libraries used by images built from this repo (cudf, dask-cudf, ucx-py) have been updated... so this proposes adding Python 3.12 images here.

Notes for Reviewers

How I tested this

On an x86_64 machine with CUDA driver 535:

cd ./dask

docker build \
    -t delete-me:dask \
    --build-arg RAPIDS_VER="24.10" \
    --build-arg UCX_PY_VER="0.40" \
    --build-arg CUDA_VER="11.8.0" \
    --build-arg LINUX_VER="ubuntu20.04" \
    --build-arg PYTHON_VER="3.12" \
    -f ./Dockerfile \
    .

docker run \
  --rm \
  --gpus 1 \
  -it delete-me:dask \
   bash -c "source activate dask; python -c 'import cudf; print(cudf.__version__)'"
# 24.10.00a310

[charlesbluca]

Thanks @jameslamb! Just kicked off a rebuild of the image matrix (you should be able to see the status of all runs here)

[jameslamb]

Thanks! Looks like that was successful.

It's suuuuper nice that you get a visual summary like this!