Remove `fmt` 11.0.2 patch

[jameslamb]

Description

RAPIDS updated to fmt 11.0.2 in #689. To do that, rapids-cmake project took on a patch to suppress warnings from nvcc about a bit of code in fmt being unreachable.

references:

• https://github.com/rapidsai/rapids-cmake/pull/689#discussion_r1766145815
• https://github.com/rapidsai/raft/pull/2433#issuecomment-2353587609

That patch should be removed and fixes upstreamed to the appropriate places (e.g. RAPIDS code, fmt, nvcc).

Benefits of this work

• fixes one or more bugs that might otherwise slow development in the future
• no patch = no vendoring for conda packages (https://github.com/rapidsai/rmm/issues/1528#issuecomment-2371299649)

Acceptance Criteria

Approach

First, try to reproduce the error. That could probably be done like this (haven't re-tested as of this writing):

• remove the patch at https://github.com/rapidsai/rapids-cmake/blob/3815fab6439e911530a5e0338d1fa564b6d3443b/rapids-cmake/cpm/versions.json#L30-L35
• follow https://docs.rapids.ai/api/rapids-cmake/nightly/basics/#overriding-rapids-cmake to point cudf's CMake at it
• run build-all in the cudf pip devcontainer
  • *that's one of the places the unreachable-loop error was noticed: https://github.com/rapidsai/cudf/pull/16806
  • *it was also noticed in raft C++ conda builds:

Try to narrow down:

• version(s) of NVCC?
• minimal, reproducible example (more minimal than "compile all of cudf")

Submit fixes that'd allow the fmt patch in rapids-cmake to be removed.

Notes

Would also help with these:

• https://github.com/rapidsai/build-planning/issues/54
• https://github.com/rapidsai/rmm/issues/1528