CORE-2715 Quotas: add trace-level logger

[pgellert]

This creates a trace-level logger to enable us and customers to debug client quota behaviour. It introduces the enum type client_quota_rule which is used to describe which quota rule was used to configure the quota that applies to the given request, so that we can tell using the logger which quotas are being actively used to throttle requests, what limits apply, what tracking key is being used, how big the requests are, and what delays are being returned to the client.

The log lines generated look like this:

TRACE 2024-06-14 15:36:05,240 [shard  2:main] kafka_quotas - quota_manager.cc:361 - request: ctx:{quota_type: produce_quota, client_id: {rpk}}, key:k_client_id{rpk}, value:{limit: {1111}, rule: kafka_client_default}, bytes: 1316, delay:184518451ns, capped_delay:184518451ns
TRACE 2024-06-14 15:36:05,240 [shard  2:main] kafka_quotas - connection_context.cc:605 - [127.0.0.1:51256] throttle request:{snc:0, client:184}, enforce:{snc:-365123762, client:-365123762}, key:0, request_size:1316
TRACE 2024-06-14 15:37:44,835 [shard  2:main] kafka_quotas - quota_manager.cc:361 - request: ctx:{quota_type: produce_quota, client_id: {rpk}}, key:k_client_id{rpk}, value:{limit: {1111}, rule: kafka_client_default}, bytes: 119, delay:0ns, capped_delay:0ns
TRACE 2024-06-14 15:37:59,195 [shard  2:main] kafka_quotas - quota_manager.cc:361 - request: ctx:{quota_type: produce_quota, client_id: {rpk}}, key:k_client_id{rpk}, value:{limit: {1111}, rule: kafka_client_default}, bytes: 1316, delay:184518451ns, capped_delay:184518451ns
TRACE 2024-06-14 15:37:59,195 [shard  2:main] kafka_quotas - connection_context.cc:605 - [127.0.0.1:58636] throttle request:{snc:0, client:184}, enforce:{snc:-14359, client:-14359}, key:0, request_size:1316

https://redpandadata.atlassian.net/browse/CORE-2715

Backports Required

• [x] none - not a bug fix
• [ ] none - this is a backport
• [ ] none - issue does not exist in previous branches
• [ ] none - papercut/not impactful enough to backport
• [ ] v24.1.x
• [ ] v23.3.x
• [ ] v23.2.x

Release Notes

• none