iceberg: table update applier

[andrwng]

Adds a method to apply a given update to a table_metadata. There are some basic, mechanical validations that are performed (e.g. to avoid adding a duplicate schema).

These updates will be generated as a result of various actions (e.g. appending to the table) and sent to the catalog. The applying of these updates to an in-memory table_metadata allows us to validate and build up multi-action transactions whose updates can be grouped together and sent to the catalog together.

Note for reviewers: similar apply operations can be found in the python library here, see all implementations of _apply_table_update.

Backports Required

• [x] none - not a bug fix
• [ ] none - this is a backport
• [ ] none - issue does not exist in previous branches
• [ ] none - papercut/not impactful enough to backport
• [ ] v24.2.x
• [ ] v24.1.x
• [ ] v23.3.x

Release Notes

• none

  ducktape was retried in https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/55157#01922c1b-0963-4187-9f52-7473816ac84e

  ducktape was retried in https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/55157#01922c14-bf3b-4609-b8b6-449fdebbec56

  ducktape was retried in https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/55175#01922d4d-7296-406f-b0b1-ef6c0ea1936f

[andrwng]

Similar apply operations can be found here https://github.com/apache/iceberg-python/blob/e5a58b34dd830c6ffea11649613b693f70f7cbb4/pyiceberg/table/update/__init__.py#L87, see all implementations of _apply_table_update