util: Add bounds checking helper

[IoannisRP]

Add utility helpers to check if an integer value is within the limits of a different integer value.

TODO:

• Add documentation.

Backports Required

• [x] none - not a bug fix
• [ ] none - this is a backport
• [ ] none - issue does not exist in previous branches
• [ ] none - papercut/not impactful enough to backport
• [ ] v24.3.x
• [ ] v24.2.x
• [ ] v24.1.x

Release Notes

• none

[IoannisRP]

closed as the functionality proposed in this PR is already part of the std library as std::in_range