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rogerxu / rogerxu.github.io

Roger Xu's Blog
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Linux #10

Open rogerxu opened 8 years ago

rogerxu commented 8 years ago

Introduction To Linux Commands — Smashing Magazine

linux - madebygps

rogerxu commented 8 years ago

Service

daemon

Linux 守护进程的启动方法 - 阮一峰的网络日志 (ruanyifeng.com)

前后台进程、孤儿进程和daemon类进程的父子关系 - Systemd系列文章 (junmajinlong.com)

$ nohup node server.js &

System V, init

Linux PID 1 和 Systemd | 酷 壳 - CoolShell

Systemd

systemd.service (www.freedesktop.org)

Systemd 入门教程：命令篇 - 阮一峰的网络日志 (ruanyifeng.com)

Systemd 入门教程：实战篇 - 阮一峰的网络日志 (ruanyifeng.com)

Node 应用的 Systemd 启动 - 阮一峰的网络日志 (ruanyifeng.com)

systemd.index 中文手册 [金步国] (jinbuguo.com)

How To Use Systemctl to Manage Systemd Services and Units | DigitalOcean

systemd时代的服务管理 - Systemd系列文章 (junmajinlong.com)

$ sudo systemctl enable httpd
$ sudo systemctl start httpd
$ systemctl status httpd
$ sudo systemctl stop httpd
$ sudo systemctl kill httpd
$ systemctl cat httpd
[Unit]
Description=OpenSSH server daemon
Documentation=man:sshd(8) man:sshd_config(5)
After=network.target sshd-keygen.service
Wants=sshd-keygen.service

[Service]
EnvironmentFile=/etc/sysconfig/sshd
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/sshd -D $OPTIONS
ExecReload=/bin/kill -HUP $MAINPID
Type=simple
KillMode=process
Restart=on-failure
RestartSec=42s

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

[Unit]

Service

[Install

$ sudo systemctl daemon-reload
$ sudo systemctl restart httpd

fstab

systemd时代的/etc/fstab | 骏马金龙 (junmajinlong.com)

noauto,x-systemd.automount,x-systemd.mount-timeout=30,_netdev
rogerxu commented 7 years ago

Package Manager

How to Install Software Via the Command Line in Various Linux Distros - Make Tech Easier

yum

For CentOS

$ yum clean all
$ yum list installed
$ yum list git
$ yum search git
$ yum install git
$ yum check-update
$ yum update
$ yum update git
$ yum list updates
$ yum grouplist
$ yum groupinfo "Development tools"
$ yum groupinstall "Development tools"
$ yum erase git

apt

For Debian / Ubuntu

Linux中apt与apt-get命令的区别与解释 - 系统极客

Using apt Commands in Linux (Complete Guide) - It's FOSS (itsfoss.com)

$ apt search git
$ apt show git
$ apt list --installed
$ apt list --upgradable
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt upgrade
$ sudo apt full-upgrade
$ sudo apt install git
$ sudo apt remove git
$ sudo apt purge git
$ sudo apt autoremove

Configuration

Ubuntu Manpage: apt.conf - Configuration file for APT

/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/

Proxy

How to Set the Proxy for APT on Ubuntu 18.04 - Serverlab

Ubuntu Manpage: apt-transport-http - APT transport for downloading via the Hypertext Transfer Protocol

$ sudo touch /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/proxy.conf
$ sudo vim /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/proxy.conf

/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/proxy.conf

Acquire::http::Proxy "http://localhost:8080";
rogerxu commented 7 years ago

Python

$ python --version
Python 2.6.6

pip

Easy Install is a python module (easy_install) bundled with setuptools that lets you automatically download, build, install, and manage Python packages.

$ yum install python-setuptools
$ easy_install pip
$ pip --version
pip 9.0.1 from /usr/lib/python2.6/site-packages (python 2.6)

Upgrade

$ pip list -o
$ pip install --upgrade pip
rogerxu commented 7 years ago

M2Crypto

$ yum install swig
$ yum install m2crypto
rogerxu commented 5 years ago

OS

Information

$ uname -v
$ cat /etc/lsb-release
DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu
DISTRIB_RELEASE=18.04
DISTRIB_CODENAME=bionic
DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Ubuntu 18.04.2 LTS"

Upgrade

Ubuntu

$ sudo do-release-upgrade
rogerxu commented 5 years ago

WSL

适用于 Linux 的 Windows 子系统概述 | Microsoft Docs

💡 在 Windows 上用 WSL 开发的操作体验指北 - 少数派

Dev on Windows with WSL

WSL 配置指北：打造 Windows 最强命令行 - Blessing Studio

Windows Subsystem for Linux 環境配置 (最新 1709 版) – Hungys.blog() – Medium

Install

在 Windows 10 上安装 WSL | Microsoft Docs

  1. Windows 功能 > 适用于 Linux 的 Windows 子系统
  2. Windows 功能 > 虚拟机平台
  3. 下载 Linux 内核更新包: 适用于 x64 计算机的 WSL2 Linux 内核更新包
  4. 将 WSL 2 设置为默认版本 
    wsl --set-default-version 2
  5. 安装所选的 Linux 分发, Microsoft Store > Ubuntu
  6. 检查分配给每个已安装的 Linux 分发版的 WSL 版本 
    $ wsl -l -v
  NAME      STATE           VERSION
* Ubuntu    Running         2

Mount

Manage Linux Distributions | Microsoft Docs

Create and modify the new WSL configuration file:

/etc/wsl.conf

# Now make it look like this and save the file when you're done:
[automount]
root = /
options = "metadata,umask=22,fmask=11"

We need to set root = / because this will make your drives mounted at /c instead of /mnt/c.

The options = "metadata" line is not necessary but it will fix folder and file permissions on WSL mounts so everything isn’t 777 all the time within the WSL mounts.

Once you make those changes, sign out and sign back in to Windows to ensure the changes take effect. You’ll need to do a full blown sign out / sign in.

rogerxu commented 5 years ago

SSH

Secure Shell - 维基百科，自由的百科全书

SSH 教程 - 网道 (wangdoc.com)

An Excruciatingly Detailed Guide To SSH (But Only The Things I Actually Find Useful) (grahamhelton.com)

SSH原理与运用（一）：远程登录 - 阮一峰的网络日志

OpenSSH: Manual Pages

第9章 使用ssh服务管理远程主机 | 《Linux就该这么学》 (linuxprobe.com)

Service - OpenSSH | Ubuntu

How to Configure SSH on Ubuntu Server (itsfoss.com)

Server

SSH server configuration

/etc/ssh/sshd_config

Include /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/*.conf

Port 10022

HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key

# Authentication:

#PermitRootLogin prohibit-password

#PubkeyAuthentication yes

#PasswordAuthentication yes

X11Forwarding yes

SSH Keys

$ chmod 700 ~/.ssh
$ chmod 600 ~/.ssh/id_*
$ chmod 644 ~/.ssh/id_*.pub

Server

SSH server configuration

/etc/ssh/sshd_config

Client pub keys

$HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys

Client

Known server pub keys

$HOME/.ssh/known_hosts

Generate SSH Keys

Generating a new SSH key and adding it to the ssh-agent - GitHub Help

How to use ssh-keygen to generate a new SSH key | SSH.COM

Upgrade Your SSH Key to Ed25519 – risan – Medium

Ed25519

$ ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C "$(whoami)@$(hostname)-$(date -I)"

Copy the Public Key to the Server

Linux

$ ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 -p 10022 user@host
usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/home/user/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub"

Windows

$ type $env:USERPROFILE\.ssh\id_ed25519.pub | ssh -p 10022 user@host "cat >> .ssh/authorized_keys"

Add the Key to SSH Agent

Start the ssh-agent in the background.

$ eval "$(ssh-agent -s)"
> Agent pid 59566

Add your SSH private key to the ssh-agent

$ ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_ed25519

Restart Service

$ sudo service ssh restart

Connect

$ ssh -p 10022 user@host

Port Forwarding

SSH 端口转发 - SSH 教程 - 网道 (wangdoc.com)

SSH原理与运用（二）：远程操作与端口转发 - 阮一峰的网络日志 (ruanyifeng.com)

An Illustrated Guide to SSH Tunnels (solitum.net)

玩转SSH端口转发 | Fundebug博客 - 一行代码搞定BUG监控 - 网站错误监控|JS错误监控|资源加载错误|网络请求错误|小程序错误监控|Java异常监控|监控报警|Source Map|用户行为|可视化重现

Dynamic Proxy

ssh-client $ ssh -D 1080 -p 10022 user@ssh-server -N

ssh-client:1080 -> ssh-tunnel:10022 -> ssh-server -> any:any

Local Forwarding

ssh-client $ ssh -L 1080:target:80 -p 10022 user@ssh-server -N

ssh-client:1080 -> ssh-tunnel:10022 -> ssh-server -> target:80

Remote Forwarding

ssh-client $ ssh -R 1080:target:80 -p 10022 user@ssh-server -N

ssh-server:1080 -> ssh-tunnel:10022 -> ssh-client -> target:80

X11 Forwarding

ssh-client $ ssh -Y -p 10022 user@ssh-server "export DISPLAY=ssh-client:0.0"
ssh-server $ xclock &

x-window-client on ssh-server -> DISPLAY=ssh-client:0.0 -> ssh-tunnel:10022 -> x-window-server on ssh-client

SCP

$ scp path/to/local_file username@remote_host:path/to/remote_file
rogerxu commented 5 years ago

DNS

DNS 原理入门 - 阮一峰的网络日志 (ruanyifeng.com)

DNS 查询原理详解 - 阮一峰的网络日志 (ruanyifeng.com)

A warm welcome to DNS (powerdns.org)

10.7. Domain Name Servers (DNS) (debian-handbook.info)

dig

How to use dig (jvns.ca)

DiG GUI - DiG Web Interface, DiG Online, DiG Command

$ dig +short google.com
142.251.42.238
$ dig +noall +answer google.com
google.com.     300 IN  A   142.251.42.238
$ dig @1.1.1.1 +short +tcp google.com
$ dig @208.67.222.222 -p 5353  +short +tcp google.com

Nameserver

$ dig ns +short ppy-moble.0098dns02in.work
$ dig @h.root-servers.net ppy-moble.0098dns02in.work
$ dig @a.nic.work ppy-moble.0098dns02in.work
$ dig @vip7.alidns.com ppy-moble.0098dns02in.work

Reverse query

$ dig +noall +answer -x 8.8.8.8
8.8.8.8.in-addr.arpa.   547 IN  PTR dns.google.

Ping

$ ping rogerxu-host.local

mDNS

Debian 11 无法解决 .local 名称 (ddeevv.com)

$ resolvectl status
Global
         Protocols: -LLMNR +mDNS -DNSOverTLS DNSSEC=no/unsupported
  resolv.conf mode: foreign
Current DNS Server: 192.168.1.1
       DNS Servers: 192.168.1.1
        DNS Domain: a300

Link 2 (eth0)
Current Scopes: DNS
     Protocols: +DefaultRoute +LLMNR -mDNS -DNSOverTLS DNSSEC=no/unsupported
   DNS Servers: 192.168.1.1 fe80::1%22073

avahi-daemon.service

$ sudo apt install avahi-daemon
$ sudo systemctl status avahi-daemon

systemd-resolved.service

/etc/systemd/resolved.conf

#  This file is part of systemd.
#
#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
#  terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
#  Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
#  any later version.
#
# Entries in this file show the compile time defaults. Local configuration
# should be created by either modifying this file, or by creating "drop-ins" in
# the resolved.conf.d/ subdirectory. The latter is generally recommended.
# Defaults can be restored by simply deleting this file and all drop-ins.
#
# Use 'systemd-analyze cat-config systemd/resolved.conf' to display the full config.
#
# See resolved.conf(5) for details.

[Resolve]
# Some examples of DNS servers which may be used for DNS= and FallbackDNS=:
# Cloudflare: 1.1.1.1#cloudflare-dns.com 1.0.0.1#cloudflare-dns.com 2606:4700:4700::1111#cloudflare-dns.com 2606:4700:4700::1001#cloudflare-dns.com
# Google:     8.8.8.8#dns.google 8.8.4.4#dns.google 2001:4860:4860::8888#dns.google 2001:4860:4860::8844#dns.google
# Quad9:      9.9.9.9#dns.quad9.net 149.112.112.112#dns.quad9.net 2620:fe::fe#dns.quad9.net 2620:fe::9#dns.quad9.net
#DNS=
#FallbackDNS=
#Domains=
#DNSSEC=no
#DNSOverTLS=no
MulticastDNS=yes
#LLMNR=no
#Cache=no-negative
#CacheFromLocalhost=no
#DNSStubListener=yes
#DNSStubListenerExtra=
#ReadEtcHosts=yes
#ResolveUnicastSingleLabel=no

Enable service

$ sudo systemctl enable systemd-resolved
$ sudo systemctl start systemd-resolved

systemd-networkd.service

systemd.network 中文手册 [金步国] (jinbuguo.com)

/etc/systemd/network/10-ethernet-mdns.network

[Match]
Name=en*

[Network]
DHCP=yes
MulticastDNS=yes
IPv6AcceptRA=yes

Enable service

$ sudo systemctl enable systemd-networkd
$ sudo systemctl start systemd-networkd
rogerxu commented 5 years ago

Import CA Certs

Install self-generated root certificate authorities — BounCA.org generate self-signed SSL certificates

Ubuntu/Debian

Ubuntu Manpage: update-ca-certificates - update /etc/ssl/certs and ca-certificates.crt

Copy CA certs to /usr/local/share/ca-certificates

$ sudo mkdir /usr/local/share/ca-certificates/extra
$ sudo cp root_ca.crt /usr/local/share/ca-certificates/extra/

Update /etc/ssl/certs and ca-certificates.crt

$ sudo update-ca-certificates --fresh
rogerxu commented 4 years ago

Profile

System profile

/etc/profile

User profile

image

rogerxu commented 3 years ago

Info

Stand-alone GNU Info

info命令_Linux info 命令用法详解：Linux下info格式的帮助指令 (linuxde.net)

Common

Node

Menu

Following Cross-References

Search

Color

Pinfo: (sourceforge.net)

brew install pinfo
pinfo date
rogerxu commented 3 years ago

man pages

Linux man pages online (man7.org)

Sections

man-pages(7) - Linux manual page (man7.org)

man

man(1) - Linux manual page (man7.org)

Display intro(1)

$ man intro

Display intro(7)

$ man 7 intro

Equivalent to whatis. Display a short description from the manual page, if available.

$ man -f intro
$ whatis intro

Equivalent to apropos. Search for keywords.

$ man -k intro
$ apropos intro

Print the location(s) of the files that would be formatted or displayed.

$ man -w intro
$ man --path intro
rogerxu commented 3 years ago

Directory Structure

Linux Directory Structure Explained for Beginners (linuxhandbook.com)

Linux Directory Structure

/
|- /bin
|- /boot
|- /dev - Devices
|- /etc - Configuration
|- /home
|- /lib
|- /lib64
|- /media - Mount point for removable media
|- /mnt - Mount
|- /opt - Optional software
|- /root
|- /run
|- /sbin - System Binary
|- /srv - Service data
|- /tmp
|- /usr - Unix Software Resource
|- /var - Variable

Linux System Directories

List

[permission] [links] [owner] [group] [size] [date] [name]
$ ls -l .
drwxrwxr-x 2 parallels parallels 4.0K Jul 18 01:10 temp

Copy

rsync really is a fast and extraordinarily versatile file copying tool. It's known for synchronizing between machines but is equally useful locally.

$ rsync -avvP src dest

Delete

$ rm -rf some_dir

rsync also is among the fastest ways to delete large numbers of files.

$ mkdir empty && rsync -a --delete-before empty/ some_dir && rmdir some_dir

rsync

rsync 用法教程 - 阮一峰的网络日志 (ruanyifeng.com)

第2章 rsync(一)：基本命令和用法 - 骏马金龙 - 博客园 (cnblogs.com)

【整理】rsync复制时可以用–info=progress2显示整体的进度以及参数的含义 – 在路上 (crifan.com)

$ rsync --info=help
Use OPT or OPT1 for level 1 output, OPT2 for level 2, etc.; OPT0 silences.

BACKUP     Mention files backed up
COPY       Mention files copied locally on the receiving side
DEL        Mention deletions on the receiving side
FLIST      Mention file-list receiving/sending (levels 1-2)
MISC       Mention miscellaneous information (levels 1-2)
MOUNT      Mention mounts that were found or skipped
NAME       Mention 1) updated file/dir names, 2) unchanged names
PROGRESS   Mention 1) per-file progress or 2) total transfer progress
REMOVE     Mention files removed on the sending side
SKIP       Mention files that are skipped due to options used
STATS      Mention statistics at end of run (levels 1-3)
SYMSAFE    Mention symlinks that are unsafe

ALL        Set all --info options (e.g. all4)
NONE       Silence all --info options (same as all0)
HELP       Output this help message

Options added for each increase in verbose level:
1) COPY,DEL,FLIST,MISC,NAME,STATS,SYMSAFE
2) BACKUP,MISC2,MOUNT,NAME2,REMOVE,SKIP
$ rsync -avv src dest
$ rsync -avvP src dest
$ rsync -avv --partial --progress src dest
$ rsync -a --partial --info=progress2 src dest
$ rsync -a --partial --info=all2 src dest
rogerxu commented 3 years ago

Search

Search file

An intro to finding things in Linux (madebygps.com)

locate

locate uses a database that is usually updated once a day.

$ locate keyword

whereis

whereis locates a binary.

$ whereis binary

which

which locates a binary in the PATH variable.

$ which binary

find

find

$ find directory options expression
$ find /home/username -type f -name foo.*

Search full text

grep

rg

rogerxu commented 3 years ago

User Account

User

useradd

$ useradd -g users joe

adduser - interactive command

$ sudo adduser joe

passwd

$ passwd joe

usermod

userdel

Info

$ id
$ id joe
$ w
$ who
$ last -5

su and sudo

Switch to another user

$ su - username

Add user to sudo user group

$ usermod -a -G sudo username
rogerxu commented 3 years ago

Remote Control

VNC

TigerVNC

TBD

rogerxu commented 3 years ago

Redirection

Redirections (Bash Reference Manual) (gnu.org)

An intro to redirection in Linux (madebygps.com)

Input Output & Error Redirection in Linux [Beginner's Guide]

Linux redirection normal flow

Read line from "file.txt" to FD 0.

$ read line < file.txt

Append to "file.txt"

$ echo hello >> file.txt

Duplicate file descriptors. Make FD 2 write to where FD 1 is writing.

The redirection of stderr must always occur after redirecting stdout.

The traditional method - using the 2>&1 notation.

$ ls -l a b > myfile.txt 2>&1

Recent versions of bash provide a second, more streamlined method for performing this combined redirection - using the &> notation.

$ ls -l a b &> myfile.txt
$ ls -l a b &>> myfile.txt

Disposing FD 2 to the file /dev/null.

$ ls -l /bin/usr 2> /dev/null

Close FD x

x>&-, x<&-
exec 3>&1 >mylog; echo moo; exec 1>&3 3>&-

Move file descriptors.

[x]>&y-, [x]<&y-

Replace FD x with FD y.

exec 3>&1- >mylog; echo moo; exec >&3-

tee

Tee Command in Linux Explained with Examples (linuxhandbook.com)

The tee command reads from the standard input and writes to both standard output and files.

tee command explanation

ls -l | tee list1.txt list2.txt
rogerxu commented 3 years ago

Text Operations

awk

awk -F fs 'prog' file

$ awk -F ':' '{ print $1 }' /etc/passwd
root
daemon
bin

sed

Replace all digits with "?"

$ sed 's/[0-9]/?/g' example.txt
the number is ???-????-????
rogerxu commented 3 years ago

Process

List

ps

List every process in full format.

$ ps -ef

top

$ top

Kill

kill

kill PID

killall - kill processes by name

killall procname

Background process

command &

nohup

No Hang Up, conntinue running in the background after log our from the shell.

nohup command &
rogerxu commented 2 years ago

nano

nano – Text editor (nano-editor.org)

Syntax Highlight

scopatz/nanorc: Improved Nano Syntax Highlighting Files (github.com)

git clone https://github.com/scopatz/nanorc.git ~/.nano/

Configuration

.nanorc

include "~/.nano/conf.nanorc"
include "~/.nano/git.nanorc"
include "~/.nano/html.nanorc"
include "~/.nano/java.nanorc"
include "~/.nano/javascript.nanorc"
include "~/.nano/json.nanorc"
include "~/.nano/sh.nanorc"
include "~/.nano/ts.nanorc"
include "~/.nano/vi.nanorc"
include "~/.nano/xml.nanorc"
include "~/.nano/yaml.nanorc"
include "~/.nano/zsh.nanorc"
rogerxu commented 2 years ago

Schedule Jobs

cron jobs

System cron jobs

/etc/crontab

m h dom mon dow user command

User cron jobs

Edit user crontab file

crontab -e

Display user crontab file

crontab -l

Remove the current crontab

crontab -r
rogerxu commented 2 years ago

Privilege

File

$ ls -l install.sh
-rwxrwxrwx 1 user group 24298 04-02 00:23 install.sh

Change file owner and group

$ chown owner:group file

Change file mode

$ chmod u+x file
$ chmod -R g+w dir

File Special Privilege

SUID

$ ls -l /bin/passwd 
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 59976  6月 18 03:35 /bin/passwd

SGID

在某个目录中创建的文件自动继承该目录的用户组

$ chmod -R g+s shared
$ ls -l shared
drwxrwsr-x 2 root sambashare 4.0K 11月 23 19:40 shared

SBIT

Sticky Bit, 可确保用户只能删除自己的文件，而不能删除其他用户的文件。

当目录被设置 SBIT 特殊权限位后，文件的其他用户权限部分的 x 执行权限就会被替换成 t 或者 T—原本有 x 执行权限则会写成 t，原本没有 x 执行权限则会被写成 T。

$ ls -ald /tmp
drwxrwxrwt 19 root root 4096 11月 23 18:36 /tmp

Hidden Attributes

chattr

$ chattr +a file.log

lsattr

$ lsattr file.log
-----a---------- file.log

File ACL

setfacl

$ setfacl -R -m u:username:rwx /root

getfacl

$ getfacl /root
getfacl: Removing leading '/' from absolute path names
# file: root
# owner: root
# group: root
user::r-x
user:username:rwx
group::r-x
mask::rwx
other::---
rogerxu commented 2 years ago

Network

IP

ip

$ ip a
$ ip r
rogerxu commented 2 years ago

Samba

Samba - Community Help Wiki (ubuntu.com)

Server

Samba/SambaServerGuide - Community Help Wiki (ubuntu.com)

11.5. Setting Up Windows Shares with Samba (debian-handbook.info)

Samba - File Server | Ubuntu

Samba/SambaServerGuide - Community Help Wiki (ubuntu.com)

$ sudo apt install samba

Allow guest account as nobody

$ sudo mkdir -p /srv/samba/share
$ sudo chown -R nobody:nogroup /srv/samba/share/

Create user share

$ sudo adduser share

Add user to sambashare group

$ sudo usermod -a -G sambashare share

Create a directory with sambashare group

$ sudo mkdir -p /var/www/downloads
$ sudo chown -R nas:sambashare /var/www/downloads/
$ sudo chmod -R 2775 /var/www/downloads/

Configuration

/etc/samba/smb.conf

[global]
    ; workgroup = WORKGROUP
    server string = %h server (Samba, Ubuntu)
    server role = standalone server
    ; security = user
    ; guest account = nobody
    map to guest = Bad User

[share]
    comment = File Share
    path = /srv/samba/share
    browseable = Yes
    guest ok = Yes
    read only = No
    create mask = 0644
    directory mask = 0775

[downloads]
    path = /var/www/downloads
    browseable = Yes
    read only = Yes
    guest ok = Yes
    create mask = 0664
    directory mask = 0775

Check samba configuration

$ testparm

Restart service

$ sudo systemctl restart smbd.service

Client

Samba/SambaClientGuide - Community Help Wiki (ubuntu.com)

How to Mount SMB Shares on Ubuntu? (linuxhint.com)

Mount a Samba Share on Ubuntu & Debian – TecAdmin

$ sudo apt install cifs-utils

Mount

$ sudo mount -t cifs -o username=share,password=share,uid=nas,gid=nas,rw //smb-server/share /srv/samba/share
rogerxu commented 2 years ago

Disk

Disk Usage

Show disk information

$ df -hT

Show directory usage

$ du -h -s .config/

SMART

$ sudo apt install smartmontools

Show identity information

$ sudo smartctl -i /dev/sda

Show all SMART information

$ sudo smartctl -a /dev/sda

Partition

Label

$ blkid /dev/sda2
$ e2label /dev/sda2 BACKUP

Partition

$ fdisk -l /dev/sda
$ sudo gdisk /dev/sda
$ sudo parted /dev/sda
(parted) print free
(parted) resizepart 2 100%
(parted) quit
$ sudo resize2fs -p /dev/sda2
rogerxu commented 2 years ago

Desktop Environment

8 Best Desktop Environments For Linux in 2020 (itsfoss.com)

$ echo $XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP
XFCE

The Best Lean Linux Desktop Environment: LXDE vs. Xfce vs. MATE (makeuseof.com)

rogerxu commented 2 years ago

Software

Image

Music

Clementine

Video

mpv

rogerxu commented 2 years ago

NFS

NFSv4Howto - Community Help Wiki (ubuntu.com)

第12章 使用Samba或NFS实现文件共享 | 《Linux就该这么学》 (linuxprobe.com)

Requirements

Kernal Modules

ls -l /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/fs
$ lsmod | nfs

Server

11.4. NFS File Server (debian-handbook.info)

Service - NFS | Ubuntu

$ sudo apt install nfs-kernel-server

Configuration

/etc/nfs.conf

exports(5): NFS server export table - Linux man page (die.net)

/etc/exports

/srv/nfs/share 192.168.1.0/24(rw,async,no_subtree_check)

Read-only filesystems are more suitable to enable _subtreecheck on.

Apply the new config

$ sudo exportfs -a

Restart the service

$ sudo systemctl restart nfs-server

Client

$ sudo apt install nfs-common

Mount

$ sudo mount nfs-server:/srv/nfs/share /mnt/nfs

/etc/fstab

nfs-server:/srv/nfs/share /mnt/nfs nfs4 _netdev,auto,rsize=8192,wsize=8192,timeo=14,intr 0 0
rogerxu commented 2 years ago

mDNS

[Debian 11 无法解决 .local 名称 (ddeevv.com)](https://ddeevv.com/question/debian-11-failed-to-resolve-local-names-4d88.html)

$ resolvectl status
Global
         Protocols: -LLMNR +mDNS -DNSOverTLS DNSSEC=no/unsupported
  resolv.conf mode: foreign
Current DNS Server: 192.168.1.1
       DNS Servers: 192.168.1.1
        DNS Domain: a300

Link 2 (eth0)
Current Scopes: DNS
     Protocols: +DefaultRoute +LLMNR -mDNS -DNSOverTLS DNSSEC=no/unsupported
   DNS Servers: 192.168.1.1 fe80::1%22073

systemd-resolved.service

/etc/systemd/resolved.conf

#  This file is part of systemd.
#
#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
#  terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
#  Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
#  any later version.
#
# Entries in this file show the compile time defaults. Local configuration
# should be created by either modifying this file, or by creating "drop-ins" in
# the resolved.conf.d/ subdirectory. The latter is generally recommended.
# Defaults can be restored by simply deleting this file and all drop-ins.
#
# Use 'systemd-analyze cat-config systemd/resolved.conf' to display the full config.
#
# See resolved.conf(5) for details.

[Resolve]
# Some examples of DNS servers which may be used for DNS= and FallbackDNS=:
# Cloudflare: 1.1.1.1#cloudflare-dns.com 1.0.0.1#cloudflare-dns.com 2606:4700:4700::1111#cloudflare-dns.com 2606:4700:4700::1001#cloudflare-dns.com
# Google:     8.8.8.8#dns.google 8.8.4.4#dns.google 2001:4860:4860::8888#dns.google 2001:4860:4860::8844#dns.google
# Quad9:      9.9.9.9#dns.quad9.net 149.112.112.112#dns.quad9.net 2620:fe::fe#dns.quad9.net 2620:fe::9#dns.quad9.net
#DNS=
#FallbackDNS=
#Domains=
#DNSSEC=no
#DNSOverTLS=no
MulticastDNS=yes
#LLMNR=no
#Cache=no-negative
#CacheFromLocalhost=no
#DNSStubListener=yes
#DNSStubListenerExtra=
#ReadEtcHosts=yes
#ResolveUnicastSingleLabel=no

Enable service

$ sudo systemctl enable systemd-resolved
$ sudo systemctl start systemd-resolved

systemd-networkd.service

systemd.network 中文手册 [金步国] (jinbuguo.com)

/etc/systemd/network/10-ethernet-mdns.network

[Match]
Name=en*

[Network]
DHCP=yes
MulticastDNS=yes
IPv6AcceptRA=yes

Enable service

$ sudo systemctl enable systemd-networkd
$ sudo systemctl start systemd-networkd

avahi-daemon.service

$ sudo apt install avahi-daemon
$ sudo systemctl status avahi-daemon
rogerxu commented 2 years ago

Systemd

Systemd 入门教程：命令篇 - 阮一峰的网络日志 (ruanyifeng.com)

Systemd 入门教程：实战篇 - 阮一峰的网络日志 (ruanyifeng.com)

Node 应用的 Systemd 启动 - 阮一峰的网络日志 (ruanyifeng.com)

systemd by example - the systemd playground

systemctl

How To Use Systemctl to Manage Systemd Services and Units | DigitalOcean

System Commands

$ sudo systemctl suspend

# Hibernate and suspend the system
$ sudo systemctl hybrid-sleep

# Suspend the system and hibernate it after the delay specified in systemd-sleep.conf
$ sudo systemctl suspend-then-hibernate

$ udo systemctl hibernate

$ sudo systemctl reboot

# Shut down and halt the system
$ sudo systemctl halt
$ sudo systemctl poweroff

Unit Commands

List units

$ systemctl list-units

$ systemctl list-units --all

$ systemctl list-units --all --state=inactive

$ systemctl list-units --failed

$ systemctl list-units --type=service

Unit status

$ systemctl status
$ systemctl status ssh.service

$ systemctl is-active ssh.service
$ systemctl is-failed ssh.service
$ systemctl is-enabled ssh.service

Unit management

$ sudo systemctl start ssh.service
$ sudo systemctl stop ssh.service
$ sudo systemctl restart ssh.service
$ sudo systemctl kill ssh.service

# reload modified configuration for the unit
$ sudo systemctl reload ssh.service

# reload all modified configuration
$ sudo systemctl daemon-reload

# display unit file
$ systemctl cat ssh.service

# display properties for the unit
$ systemctl show ssh.service

List dependencies

$ systemctl list-dependencies --all ssh.service

Unit File Commands

List unit files

$ systemctl list-unit-files
$ systemctl list-unit-files --type=service

Enable/disable unit

$ sudo systemctl enable ssh.service
$ sudo systemctl disable ssh.service

Unit

Unit Configuration

/etc/systemd/system/

$ systemctl cat ssh
# /lib/systemd/system/ssh.service
[Unit]
Description=OpenBSD Secure Shell server
Documentation=man:sshd(8) man:sshd_config(5)
After=network.target auditd.service
ConditionPathExists=!/etc/ssh/sshd_not_to_be_run

[Service]
EnvironmentFile=-/etc/default/ssh
ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/sshd -t
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/sshd -D $SSHD_OPTS
ExecReload=/usr/sbin/sshd -t
ExecReload=/bin/kill -HUP $MAINPID
KillMode=process
Restart=on-failure
RestartPreventExitStatus=255
Type=notify
RuntimeDirectory=sshd
RuntimeDirectoryMode=0755

[Install]

Target

Targets are special unit files that describe a system state or synchronization point. Targets do not do much themselves, but are instead used to group other units together.

Default target

$ systemctl get-default
multi-user.target

$ sudo systemctl set-default graphical.target

List available targets

$ systemctl list-unit-files --type=target

List active targets

$ systemctl list-units --type=target

Timer Unit

Systemd 定时器教程 - 阮一峰的网络日志 (ruanyifeng.com)

task.timer

[Unit]
Description=Runs every hour

[Timer]
OnUnitActiveSec=1h
Unit=task.service

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

systemd-analyze

$ systemd-analyze
Startup finished in 4.928s (kernel) + 16.575s (userspace) = 21.503s
graphical.target reached after 16.070s in userspace

$ systemd-analyze blame
54.981s apt-daily-upgrade.service
 8.252s snap.lxd.activate.service
 6.933s snapd.service
 4.214s docker.service
 2.185s systemd-networkd-wait-online.service

$ systemd-analyze critical-chain
$ systemd-analyze critical-chain docker.service

hostnamectl

$ hostnamectl
 Static hostname: ubuntu-server
       Icon name: computer-vm
         Chassis: vm
      Machine ID: c60e19bcaedd42dfa7204801efbae687
         Boot ID: d975336836f84acba805d511fcdeb510
  Virtualization: kvm
Operating System: Ubuntu 22.04 LTS
          Kernel: Linux 5.15.0-30-generic
    Architecture: x86-64
 Hardware Vendor: QEMU
  Hardware Model: Standard PC _Q35 + ICH9, 2009_

Set hostname

$ sudo hostnamectl set-hostname ubuntu

timedatectl

$ timedatectl
               Local time: Wed 2022-05-25 18:16:13 CST
           Universal time: Wed 2022-05-25 10:16:13 UTC
                 RTC time: Wed 2022-05-25 10:16:13
                Time zone: Asia/Shanghai (CST, +0800)
System clock synchronized: yes
              NTP service: active
          RTC in local TZ: no

List timezones

$ timedatectl list-timezones

Set timezone

$ sudo timedatectl set-timezone Asia/Shanghai

loginctl

List sessions

$ loginctl
SESSION  UID USER SEAT  TTY
     23 1000 nas  seat0 tty1
     25 1000 nas        pts/0

2 sessions listed.

List users

$ loginctl list-users
 UID USER
1000 nas

1 users listed.

journalctl

$ journalctl

# kernel
$ journalctl -k

# this boot
$ journalctl -b

# last boot
$ journalctl -b -1

# last 10 lines
$ journalctl -n

# last 20 lines
$ journalctl -n 20

# end
$ journalctl -e

# follow
$ journalctl -f

# process
$ journalctl _PID=1

# user
$ journalctl _UID=1000 --since today

# unit
$ journalctl -f -u ssh.service

# piority
$ journalctl -p err

# log disk usage
$ journalctl --disk-usage
Archived and active journals take up 80.0M in the file system.
rogerxu commented 2 years ago

Swap

Swap - Manjaro

Displaying Swap Information

$ swapon
NAME      TYPE      SIZE   USED PRIO
/dev/sda7 partition  20G  44.3M   -2

Using a Swap Partition

Create a partition as type linuxswap (8200)

/dev/sda3

Format and enable swap

$ sudo mkswap /dev/sda3
$ sudo swapon /dev/sda3

/etc/fstab

/dev/sda3 none swap defaults 0 0
$ lsblk -f

Using a Swapfile

Create a swap file /swapfile

$ sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=1M count=512 status=progress

Set permission

$ sudo chmod 600 /swapfile

Format and enable

$ sudo mkswap /swapfile
$ sudo swapon /swapfile

Auto mount

/etc/fstab

/swapfile swap swap defaults,noatime 0 0