Nominals of 1 stem ending in labial consonant

funderburkjim commented 5 years ago

For a general discussion of declension of the nominals ending in consonants and declined with the '1-stem' models, see #41.

From analyze_1cons.txt we extract the following frequency information for nominals ending in a labial and declined with the '1-stem' models.

30 entries ending in 'p' (18 distinct suffixes)
0 entries ending in 'P' (0 distinct suffixes)
1 entry ending in 'b'
33 entries ending in 'B' (9 distinct suffixes)
7 entries ending in 'm' (7 distinct suffixes)

funderburkjim commented 5 years ago

The case of final consonant p

Recall the general endings for the 1-stem models.

The masculine and feminine declensions are the same.

Before vowel endings, the final p is unchanged.
Before empty endings (1s, 8s) , the final p is unchanged.
Before 7p ending su, final p is unchanged
Before 'B' endings, final p becomes b

For neuter declension, same rules as above, but also

Before empty ending 2s, final p unchanged
Before ending i of 1p, 2p, and 8p, insert homorganic nasal m before final p (mpi)

Declension of m_1_p gup

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	gup	gupO	gupaH
Accusative	gupam	gupO	gupaH
Instrumental	gupA	gubByAm	gubBiH
Dative	gupe	gubByAm	gubByaH
Ablative	gupaH	gubByAm	gubByaH
Genitive	gupaH	gupoH	gupAm
Locative	gupi	gupoH	gupsu
Vocative	gup	gupO	gupaH

Declension of n_1_p gup

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	gup	gupI	gumpi
Accusative	gup	gupI	gumpi
Instrumental	gupA	gubByAm	gubBiH
Dative	gupe	gubByAm	gubByaH
Ablative	gupaH	gubByAm	gubByaH
Genitive	gupaH	gupoH	gupAm
Locative	gupi	gupoH	gupsu
Vocative	gup	gupI	gumpi

Note: I've found no printed instances of gumpi, so regard this as speculative.

irregular forms not yet handled

The notable instance is ap (f. 'water'), which possibly should have only plural forms and which has other irregularities.

funderburkjim commented 5 years ago

The case of final consonant b

The masculine and feminine declensions are the same.

Before vowel endings, the final b is unchanged.
Before empty endings (1s, 8s) , the final b is changed to p.
Before 7p ending su, final b is changed to p.
Before 'B' endings, final b is unchanged,

For neuter declension, same rules as above, but also

Before empty ending 2s, final b is changed to p.
Before ending i of 1p, 2p, and 8p, insert homorganic nasal m before final b (mbi)

Declension of f_1_b klib

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	klip	klibO	klibaH
Accusative	klibam	klibO	klibaH
Instrumental	klibA	klibByAm	klibBiH
Dative	klibe	klibByAm	klibByaH
Ablative	klibaH	klibByAm	klibByaH
Genitive	klibaH	kliboH	klibAm
Locative	klibi	kliboH	klipsu
Vocative	klip	klibO	klibaH

Declension of n_1_b klib

This is theoretical, as there are in MW no neuter nominals ending in b.

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	klip	klibI	klimbi
Accusative	klip	klibI	klimbi
Instrumental	klibA	klibByAm	klibBiH
Dative	klibe	klibByAm	klibByaH
Ablative	klibaH	klibByAm	klibByaH
Genitive	klibaH	kliboH	klibAm
Locative	klibi	kliboH	klipsu
Vocative	klip	klibI	klimbi

funderburkjim commented 5 years ago

The case of final consonant B

The masculine and feminine declensions are the same.

Before vowel endings, the final B is unchanged.
Before empty endings (1s, 8s) , the final B is changed to p.
Before 7p ending su, final B is changed to p.
Before 'B' endings, final B is changed to b.

For neuter declension, same rules as above, but also

Before empty ending 2s, final B is changed to p.
Before ending i of 1p, 2p, and 8p, insert homorganic nasal m before final B (mBi)

Declension of f_1_B SuB

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	Sup	SuBO	SuBaH
Accusative	SuBam	SuBO	SuBaH
Instrumental	SuBA	SubByAm	SubBiH
Dative	SuBe	SubByAm	SubByaH
Ablative	SuBaH	SubByAm	SubByaH
Genitive	SuBaH	SuBoH	SuBAm
Locative	SuBi	SuBoH	Supsu
Vocative	Sup	SuBO	SuBaH

Declension of n_1_B stuB

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	stup	stuBI	stumBi
Accusative	stup	stuBI	stumBi
Instrumental	stuBA	stubByAm	stubBiH
Dative	stuBe	stubByAm	stubByaH
Ablative	stuBaH	stubByAm	stubByaH
Genitive	stuBaH	stuBoH	stuBAm
Locative	stuBi	stuBoH	stupsu
Vocative	stup	stuBI	stumBi

funderburkjim commented 5 years ago

question regarding moving aspiration

First example: gardaB

MW has following:

gardabh mfn. (fr. °bhaya; nom. °rdhab), Pāṇ. 8-2, 32 ; Pat.

By our current algorithm, the nom. singular would be gardap, rather than garDab of MW.

Do we consider MW's garDab as the nominative singular, or as an alternate?
Are there any other irregularities in the three declensions of gardaB ?

Second example: gfB

In the declension of buD, we changed the initial b to B in the forms where the final D of buD loses its aspiration.

Should the initial g in gfB be similarly changed to G in the forms where the final B of gfB loses its aspiration?

Is there a single (understandable) sandhi rule that is playing a role in all these examples (gardaB, buD, gfB) ?

funderburkjim commented 5 years ago

Addendum to prior questions

Here is Kale's Section 96 comment, which may be the sandhi rule functioning in the above cases.

When a mono-syllabic root (or root-noun) begins with b, g, or d and ends with G, Q, D, B, or h, the b, g, or d is respectively changed to B, G, or D before s or Dv or when followed by nothing or when the final soft aspirate is changed to an unaspirate letter. [Pan 8.2.37]

The last clause (when the final soft aspirate is changed to an unaspirate letter would apply to our examples with buD and gfB. Is this right, @SergeA or @drdhaval2785 ?

The reasoning for gardaB probably flows from Pan 8.2.32 which MW references; but I don't understand Katre's explanation well enough to apply it to all the declined forms of gardaB, or to understand how to identify other inflectional forms to which it might apply.

funderburkjim commented 5 years ago

The case of final consonant m

See Kale section 107, p. 66.

... They have no other peculiarity than this, that they change their m to n before consonantal terminations.

Based on Kale's example declension of praSAm, we can restate this in terms of our rules as:

The masculine and feminine declensions are the same.

Before vowel endings, the final m is unchanged.
Before empty endings (1s, 8s) , the final m is changed to n
- Note: in Kale's Normal case-terminations (section 57, p. 34), the masculine/feminine 1s and 8s ending is s, hence a consonantal termination
Before 7p ending su, final m is changed to n (In Kale's example, optionally M)
Before 'B' endings, final m is changed to n.

For neuter declension, same rules as above, but also

Before empty ending 1s, 2s, final m is unchanged.
Before ending i of 1p, 2p, and 8p, no special behaviour.

Declension of m_1_m praSAm

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	praSAn	praSAmO	praSAmaH
Accusative	praSAmam	praSAmO	praSAmaH
Instrumental	praSAmA	praSAnByAm	praSAnBiH
Dative	praSAme	praSAnByAm	praSAnByaH
Ablative	praSAmaH	praSAnByAm	praSAnByaH
Genitive	praSAmaH	praSAmoH	praSAmAm
Locative	praSAmi	praSAmoH	praSAnsu
Vocative	praSAn	praSAmO	praSAmaH

Declension of n_1_m praSAm

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	praSAn	praSAmI	praSAmi
Accusative	praSAn	praSAmI	praSAmi
Instrumental	praSAmA	praSAnByAm	praSAnBiH
Dative	praSAme	praSAnByAm	praSAnByaH
Ablative	praSAmaH	praSAnByAm	praSAnByaH
Genitive	praSAmaH	praSAmoH	praSAmAm
Locative	praSAmi	praSAmoH	praSAnsu
Vocative	praSAn	praSAmI	praSAmi

Note: the 1s, 2s, and 8s of neuter is shown ending in n. This is consistent with Kale's statement above, in that the normal stem endings for 1s and 2s in the neuter is 'm', a consonant. However, in the printed text Kale shows the ending m for these 1s, 2s, 8s forms: praSAm. Is this praSAm a typo in the printed text of Kale, or is the form praSAn correct for these forms?

gasyoun commented 5 years ago

Note: I've found no printed instances of gumpi, so regard this as speculative.

Searched in GRETIL and googled in devanagari?

The notable instance is ap (f. 'water'), which possibly should have only plural forms

plural only, right

Is there a single (understandable) sandhi rule that is playing a role in all these examples (gardaB, buD, gfB) ?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassmann%27s_law

There is a book, translation of wich I plan to publish in 2019, it's called SANSKRIT SANDHI AND EXERCISES. https://yadi.sk/i/H2QzxBPwokmu3 and the mixed text (with Russian, but in .doc, not .pdf) https://yadi.sk/i/H2QzxBPwokmu3

30. t, th are replaced by the voiced aspirated dental stop after any voiced aspirated stop (W160). E.g., budh- ‘be awakened’ + ta- ⇒ bud-dha- ‘awakened’ (see 33); labh- ‘receive’ + tṛ ‘agent’ ⇒ labdhṛ- ‘re-ceiver.’ But, the rule does not apply to the present stem dadh- from dhā- ‘place’ (W667-8) and to its desiderative.

Kale seems really hard to use as compared to Bucknell - more questions arise, than are solved.

sanskrit-lexicon / MWinflect