Nominals of 1 stem ending in sibilant

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For a general discussion of declension of the nominals ending in consonants and declined with the '1-stem' models, see #41.

From analyze_1cons.txt we extract the following frequency information for nominals ending in a sibilant and declined with the '1-stem' models.

• 258 entries ending in 'S' (21 distinct suffixes)
• 190 entries ending in 'z' (42 distinct suffixes)
• 56 entries ending in 's' (18 distinct suffixes)
  • this excludes many s-ending nominals whose declensions have been previously described:
  • Nominals ending in Iyas #32
  • Reduplicated perfect participles ending in vas #33
  • 1-stem nominals ending in as #34
  • 1-stem nominals ending in is #35
  • 1-stem nominals ending in us #36

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Case of final consonant S (palatal sibilant)

These are similar to the cases of a final palatal consonant of the c-varga #45. The m1s (masculine nominative singular) ending changes from S to either k or w, depending on the word.

Based on MW, Deshpande, or Kale, the m1s changes to k for:

• diS (direction)
• dfS (seeing)
• spfS (touching)

The same sources mention that the m1s of the following end in w:

• naS (destruction) mentioned in MW jIva-naS
• niS (night) : w implied by the ḍ of MW-mentioned form niḍbhyas
• paS (seeing) w implied by the ḍ of MW-mentioned form paḍbhis*
• vi-pAS (fetterless)
• liS (small? MW gives no sense)
• viS (merchant-class person, settlement)
• vi-zpaS (spy)
• prAS (statement in a debate - Kale. section 97, p. 58

There are several additional MW nominals ending in S. Our declensions assume that the 1s ends in w for these; this default value is partially supported by Kale's statement under rAj (p. 58) that the declension is similar to rAj for ... root nouns in *C, S, z and h* .

[funderburkjim]

The case of final consonant S and m1s ends in k

The masculine and feminine declensions are the same.

• Before vowel endings, the final S is unchanged.
• Before empty endings (1s, 8s) , the final S is changed to k.
• Before 7p ending su, final S is changed to k and also su is changed; result is kzu.
• Before 'B' endings, final S is changed to g.

For neuter declension, same rules as above, but also

• Before empty ending 2s, final S is changed to k.
• Before ending i of 1p, 2p, and 8p, insert homorganic nasal Y before final S (YSi)

Declension of m_1_S dfS

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	dfk	dfSO	dfSaH
Accusative	dfSam	dfSO	dfSaH
Instrumental	dfSA	dfgByAm	dfgBiH
Dative	dfSe	dfgByAm	dfgByaH
Ablative	dfSaH	dfgByAm	dfgByaH
Genitive	dfSaH	dfSoH	dfSAm
Locative	dfSi	dfSoH	dfkzu
Vocative	dfk	dfSO	dfSaH

For the neuter n_1_S model of dfS, cases 1,2, and 8 are: dfk dfSI dfYSi and the other cases are as for m_1_S model. (This is speculative; no specific example found in references.)

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The case of final consonant S and m1s ends in w

The masculine and feminine declensions are the same.

• Before vowel endings, the final S is unchanged.
• Before empty endings (1s, 8s) , the final S is changed to w.
• Before 7p ending su, final S is changed to w.
• Before 'B' endings, final S is changed to q.

For neuter declension, same rules as above, but also

• Before empty ending 2s, final S is changed to w.
• Before ending i of 1p, 2p, and 8p, insert homorganic nasal Y before final S (YSi)

Declension of m_1_S viS

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	viw	viSO	viSaH
Accusative	viSam	viSO	viSaH
Instrumental	viSA	viqByAm	viqBiH
Dative	viSe	viqByAm	viqByaH
Ablative	viSaH	viqByAm	viqByaH
Genitive	viSaH	viSoH	viSAm
Locative	viSi	viSoH	viwsu
Vocative	viw	viSO	viSaH

For the neuter n_1_S model of viS, cases 1,2, and 8 are: viw viSI viYSi and the other cases are as for m_1_S model. (Inferred from example prAS, Kale p. 60.)

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Case of nominals ending in kz

Regarding declension process, there seem to be two categories of nominals ending in z:

• nominals ending in kz
• nominals with final z preceded by a vowel.

Based on Kale's partial example of vivikz on p. 58, here are our rules for decline nominals ending in kz: The masculine and feminine declensions are the same.

• Before vowel endings, the final kz is unchanged.
• Before empty endings (1s, 8s) , the final kz is changed to k. (i.e. final z is dropped)
• Before 7p ending su, final kz is changed to k, and su becomes zu (kzu is result).
• Before 'B' endings, final kz is changed to g.

For neuter declension, same rules as above, but also

• Before empty ending 2s, final kz is changed to k.
• Before ending i of 1p, 2p, and 8p, insert homorganic nasal N before final kz (Nkzi)

Declension of m_1_z vivikz

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	vivik	vivikzO	vivikzaH
Accusative	vivikzam	vivikzO	vivikzaH
Instrumental	vivikzA	vivigByAm	vivigBiH
Dative	vivikze	vivigByAm	vivigByaH
Ablative	vivikzaH	vivigByAm	vivigByaH
Genitive	vivikzaH	vivikzoH	vivikzAm
Locative	vivikzi	vivikzoH	vivikzu
Vocative	vivik	vivikzO	vivikzaH

For the neuter n_1_z model of vivikz, cases 1,2, and 8 are: vivik vivikzI viviNkzi and the other cases are as for m_1_z model. (This is speculative - no printed examples found for neuter ending in kz.)

Notes:

• MW shows m1s for vivikz as viviw. Our declension ignores this and follows Kale as above
• Kale also shows an example for go-rakz (p. 59), where also w/q forms are presented as options. Our declension doesn't have these.

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Case of nominals ending in vowel+z, with m1s ending in k.

Only 1 example was found: Dfz (in compound da-Dfz); both MW and Kale affirm m1s as daDfk.

Based on Kale's partial example of daDfz on p. 58, here are our rules for decline nominals ending in vowel + z: The masculine and feminine declensions are the same.

• Before vowel endings, the final z is unchanged.
• Before empty endings (1s, 8s) , the final z is changed to k.
• Before 7p ending su, final z changes to k, and su becomes zu (kzu is result).
• Before 'B' endings, final z is changed to g.

For neuter declension, same rules as above, but also

• Before empty ending 2s, final z is changed to k.
• Before ending i of 1p, 2p, and 8p, insert homorganic nasal N before final z (Nzi)

Declension of m_1_z da-Dfz

Case 1: daDfk daDfzO daDfzaH Case 2: daDfzam daDfzO daDfzaH Case 3: daDfzA daDfgByAm daDfgBiH Case 4: daDfze daDfgByAm daDfgByaH Case 5: daDfzaH daDfgByAm daDfgByaH Case 6: daDfzaH daDfzoH daDfzAm Case 7: daDfzi daDfzoH daDfkzu Case 8: daDfk daDfzO daDfzaH

For the neuter n_1_z model of daDfz, cases 1,2, and 8 are: daDfk daDfzI daDfNzi and the other cases are as for m_1_z model. (This is speculative.)

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Case of nominals ending in vowel+z, with m1s ending in w.

There are several nominals ending in vowel+z, which MW and/or Kale confirms as having m1s ending in w:

• tviz (violent agitation, light)
• dviz (hatred, enemy)
• pruz (vi-pruz drop of water)
• muz (stealing)
• ruz (anger)
• rez (howling animal)
• roz (one who hurts)
• viz (consuming, feces)
• vfz (rain - Kale p.58)
• Suz (parRa-Suz - drying leaves)

Also there are several other headwords ending in vowel+z with no specific mention of the m1s ending. By the comment of Kale on p. 58 under rAj (See above re S-ending nominals), we infer that the default m1s ending is w, and so treat this group

Based on Kale's partial example of tviz on p. 59, here are our rules for declining these nominals ending in vowel + z: The masculine and feminine declensions are the same.

• Before vowel endings, the final z is unchanged.
• Before empty endings (1s, 8s) , the final z is changed to w.
• Before 7p ending su, final z changes to w.
• Before 'B' endings, final z is changed to q.

For neuter declension, same rules as above, but also

• Before empty ending 2s, final z is changed to w.
• Before ending i of 1p, 2p, and 8p, insert homorganic nasal N before final z (Nzi)

Declension of m_1_z tviz

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	tviw	tvizO	tvizaH
Accusative	tvizam	tvizO	tvizaH
Instrumental	tvizA	tviqByAm	tviqBiH
Dative	tvize	tviqByAm	tviqByaH
Ablative	tvizaH	tviqByAm	tviqByaH
Genitive	tvizaH	tvizoH	tvizAm
Locative	tvizi	tvizoH	tviwsu
Vocative	tviw	tvizO	tvizaH

For the neuter n_1_z model of tviz, cases 1,2, and 8 are tviw tvizI tviNzi; and the other cases are as for m_1_z model. (This is speculative.)

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Case of nominals ending in s

These remaining 1-stem s-ending words we divide into these categories for the purpose of declension:

• Words ending in As
• dos (arm) Irregular, but similar to m_us model
• puMs (man) Irregular
• words like hiMs

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Case of nominals ending in As

Kale (p. 68) provides the declension of BAs (f.), and we assume this model applies to the other nouns ending in As.

The masculine and feminine declensions are the same.

• Before vowel endings, the final s is unchanged.
• Before empty endings (1s, 8s) , the final s is changed to H.
• Before 7p ending su, final s is unchanged.
• Before 'B' endings, final s is dropped.

For neuter declension, same rules as above, but also

• Before empty ending 2s, final s is changed to H.
• Before ending i of 1p, 2p, and 8p, insert homorganic nasal n before final s (nsi)

Declension of f_1_s BAs

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	BAH	BAsO	BAsaH
Accusative	BAsam	BAsO	BAsaH
Instrumental	BAsA	BAByAm	BABiH
Dative	BAse	BAByAm	BAByaH
Ablative	BAsaH	BAByAm	BAByaH
Genitive	BAsaH	BAsoH	BAsAm
Locative	BAsi	BAsoH	BAssu
Vocative	BAH	BAsO	BAsaH

The n_1_s model for cases 1,2,8 gives BAH BAsI BAnsi; the other cases like f_1_s model. This is speculative.

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Declension of m_1_s dos

This declension is inferred from the partial example of Kale, p. 67. Kale shows doHzu as optional 7p form. MW also gives many of these forms.

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	doH	dozO	dozaH
Accusative	dozam	dozO	dozaH
Instrumental	dozA	dorByAm	dorBiH
Dative	doze	dorByAm	dorByaH
Ablative	dozaH	dorByAm	dorByaH
Genitive	dozaH	dozoH	dozAm
Locative	dozi	dozoH	dozzu
Vocative	doH	dozO	dozaH

The n_1_s model for cases 1,2,8 gives doH dozI doMzi, in agreement with Kale.

The reason the final s changes to z before the vowels is due to the preceding 'o' -- not sure of the full statement of the sandhi rule that causes this change.

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Declension of m_1_s puMs

The declension for puMs (man) is provided by Kale (p. 69) and Bucknell (p. 93).

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	pumAn	pumAMso	pumAMsaH
Accusative	pumAMsam	pumAMsO	puMsaH
Instrumental	puMsA	pumByAm	pumBiH
Dative	puMse	pumByAm	pumByaH
Ablative	puMsaH	pumByAm	pumByaH
Genitive	puMsaH	puMsoH	puMsAm
Locative	puMsi	puMsoH	puMsu
Vocative	puman	pumAMso	pumAMsaH

The n_1_s model for cases 1,2,8 gives pum puMsI pumAMsi, with the other cases like m_1_s model; this is in agreement with Kale.

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Declension of m_1_s hiMs

Case	S	D	P
Nominative	hin	hiMsO	hiMsaH
Accusative	hiMsam	hiMsO	hiMsaH
Instrumental	hiMsA	hinByAm	hinBiH
Dative	hiMse	hinByAm	hinByaH
Ablative	hiMsaH	hinByAm	hinByaH
Genitive	hiMsaH	hiMsoH	hiMsAm
Locative	hiMsi	hiMsoH	hinsu
Vocative	hin	hiMsO	hiMsaH

The n_1_s model for cases 1,2,8 gives hin hiMsI hiMsi, with the other cases like m_1_s model.

Both m/f and n models are in agreement with the partial examples su-hiMs provided by Kale, p. 68.

The other two 'Ms'-ending words in MW are:

• GraMs (the sun's heat)
• mAMs (flesh)

We assume their declensions follow the same pattern as hiMs.