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Generate declensions and conjugations based upon words in MW1899 dictionary.
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Nominals of 1 stem ending in h #48

Open funderburkjim opened 5 years ago

funderburkjim commented 5 years ago

For a general discussion of declension of the nominals ending in consonants and declined with the '1-stem' models, see #41.

From analyze_1cons.txt we extract the following frequency information for nominals ending in h and declined with a '1-stem' model.

Our descriptions of declensions is separated into cases where the masculine/feminine nominative singular ends in

There are also a couple of quite irregular declensions, which forms another case.

funderburkjim commented 5 years ago

Cases of final h with m1s ending k

Based on comments from Kale and/or MW, the nominative singular is k for these entries and compounds ending in:

'Moving aspirate'

What I'm calling the moving aspirate rule (described here) is applicable for cases where the word begins with b, g, d and ends with h. For instance the nom singular of duh is not duk but rather Duk.

Declension rules

The masculine and feminine declensions are the same.

For neuter declension, same rules as above, but also

Declension of m_1_h duh

Case S D P
Nominative Duk duhO duhaH
Accusative duham duhO duhaH
Instrumental duhA DugByAm DugBiH
Dative duhe DugByAm DugByaH
Ablative duhaH DugByAm DugByaH
Genitive duhaH duhoH duhAm
Locative duhi duhoH Dukzu
Vocative Duk duhO duhaH

For the neuter gender, cases 1,2 8 are Duk duhI duMhi ; the other cases same as masculine.

funderburkjim commented 5 years ago

Cases of final h with m1s ending w

w is the default m1s ending for 1-stem declensions of nominals ending in h. The words whose m1s ending is specifically mentioned as w by MW or Kale are:

Declension rules

The masculine and feminine declensions are the same.

For neuter declension, same rules as above, but also

Declension of m_1_h lih

Case S D P
Nominative liw lihO lihaH
Accusative liham lihO lihaH
Instrumental lihA liqByAm liqBiH
Dative lihe liqByAm liqByaH
Ablative lihaH liqByAm liqByaH
Genitive lihaH lihoH lihAm
Locative lihi lihoH liwsu
Vocative liw lihO lihaH

For the neuter gender, cases 1,2 8 are liw lihI liMhi ; the other cases same as masculine.

funderburkjim commented 5 years ago

Cases of final h with m1s ending in k or h

These optional forms are are mentioned in Panini 8.2.33 for these 4 root-words:

The declension rules

The alternate forms before non-vowel endings are easily inferred from the above rules for k and w, as the example shows.

Declension of m_1_h muh

Case S D P
Nominative muk/muw muhO muhaH
Accusative muham muhO muhaH
Instrumental muhA mugByAm/muqByAm mugBiH/muqBiH
Dative muhe mugByAm/muqByAm mugByaH/muqByaH
Ablative muhaH mugByAm/muqByAm mugByaH/muqByaH
Genitive muhaH muhoH muhAm
Locative muhi muhoH mukzu/muwsu
Vocative muk/muw muhO muhaH

For the neuter gender, cases 1,2 8 are muk/muw muhI muMhi ; the other cases same as masculine.

funderburkjim commented 5 years ago

compounds of ruh

The root ruh (ascend, grow) has many compounds among MW headwords; MW mentions specific m1s endings for several of these

For examples:

Declension of m_1_h ruh
Case 1:  ruw ruhO ruhaH
Case 2:  ruham ruhO ruhaH
Case 3:  ruhA ruqByAm ruqBiH
Case 4:  ruhe ruqByAm ruqByaH
Case 5:  ruhaH ruqByAm ruqByaH
Case 6:  ruhaH ruhoH ruhAm
Case 7:  ruhi ruhoH ruwsu
Case 8:  ruw ruhO ruhaH
Declension of m_1_h A-ruh
Case 1:  Aruk AruhO AruhaH
Case 2:  Aruham AruhO AruhaH
Case 3:  AruhA ArugByAm ArugBiH
Case 4:  Aruhe ArugByAm ArugByaH
Case 5:  AruhaH ArugByAm ArugByaH
Case 6:  AruhaH AruhoH AruhAm
Case 7:  Aruhi AruhoH Arukzu
Case 8:  Aruk AruhO AruhaH
Declension of m_1_h svA-ruh
Case 1:  svArut svAruhO svAruhaH
Case 2:  svAruham svAruhO svAruhaH
Case 3:  svAruhA svArudByAm svArudBiH
Case 4:  svAruhe svArudByAm svArudByaH
Case 5:  svAruhaH svArudByAm svArudByaH
Case 6:  svAruhaH svAruhoH svAruhAm
Case 7:  svAruhi svAruhoH svArutsu
Case 8:  svArut svAruhO svAruhaH
funderburkjim commented 5 years ago

Cases of final h with m1s ending t

The only examples found from MW list are

Declension rules

The masculine and feminine declensions are the same.

For neuter declension, same rules as above, but also

Declension of m_1_h upA-nah

Case S D P
Nominative upAnat upAnahO upAnahaH
Accusative upAnaham upAnahO upAnahaH
Instrumental upAnahA upAnadByAm upAnadBiH
Dative upAnahe upAnadByAm upAnadByaH
Ablative upAnahaH upAnadByAm upAnadByaH
Genitive upAnahaH upAnahoH upAnahAm
Locative upAnahi upAnahoH upAnatsu
Vocative upAnat upAnahO upAnahaH

For the neuter gender, cases 1,2 8 are upAnat upAnahI upAnaMhi ; the other cases same as masculine.

funderburkjim commented 5 years ago

Irregular declension: anaquh

MW: anaquh (ox, bull)- from anas (cart) and vah (carry)

Declension of m_1_h anaquh

Case S D P
Nominative anaqvAn anaqvAhO anaqvAhaH
Accusative anaqvAham anaqvAhO anaquhaH
Instrumental anaquhA anaqudByAm anaqudBiH
Dative anaquhe anaqudByAm anaqudByaH
Ablative anaquhaH anaqudByAm anaqudByaH
Genitive anaquhaH anaquhoH anaquhAm
Locative anaquhi anaquhoH anaqutsu
Vocative anaqvan anaqvAhO anaqvAhaH

Neuter cases 1,2,8: anaqut anaquhI anaqvAMhi. These declensions taken from Kale p. 61 and Deshpande p. 385

funderburkjim commented 5 years ago

Irregular declensions of vah

vah (carry)

These declensions are like the w-type except for the vowel endings from 2p thru 7d. The declension rules used are based on my interpretation of examples from Huet and from Kale's example of viSva-vah

Declension of m_1_h vah

Case S D P
Nominative vAw vAhO vAhaH
Accusative vAham vAhO ohaH
Instrumental ohA vAqByAm vAqBiH
Dative ohe vAqByAm vAqByaH
Ablative ohaH vAqByAm vAqByaH
Genitive ohaH ohoH ohAm
Locative ohi ohoH vAwsu
Vocative vAw vAhO vAhaH

When used in a compound, such as viSva-vah, sandhi rules come into play in joining the final letter preceding -vah with the o endings. When this letter is a, a special sandhi rule is (somehow) involved (Kale p. 14, section 20 -- Exceptions a); the impact is that the o forms of vah become O after a. Thereby we can get Kale's example:

Declension of m_1_h viSva-vah

Case S D P
Nominative viSvavAw viSvavAhO viSvavAhaH
Accusative viSvavAham viSvavAhO viSvOhaH
Instrumental viSvOhA viSvavAqByAm viSvavAqBiH
Dative viSvOhe viSvavAqByAm viSvavAqByaH
Ablative viSvOhaH viSvavAqByAm viSvavAqByaH
Genitive viSvOhaH viSvOhoH viSvOhAm
Locative viSvOhi viSvOhoH viSvavAwsu
Vocative viSvavAw viSvavAhO viSvavAhaH

Declension of m_1_h BU-vah

The forms BUhaH, etc. are mentioned by Kale. 

Case 1:  BUvAw BUvAhO BUvAhaH
Case 2:  BUvAham BUvAhO BUhaH
Case 3:  BUhA BUvAqByAm BUvAqBiH
Case 4:  BUhe BUvAqByAm BUvAqByaH
Case 5:  BUhaH BUvAqByAm BUvAqByaH
Case 6:  BUhaH BUhoH BUhAm
Case 7:  BUhi BUhoH BUvAwsu
Case 8:  BUvAw BUvAhO BUvAhaH

When the compound letter preceding -vah is otherwise, then more or less common vowel sandhi rules apply.
Here is a sort of explanation that cover all representative cases for final letter before -vah in MW compounds of vah; the 3s form is used as example (ohA is 3s of vah per above)

dakziRA-vah : A + ohA  -> OhA  (dakziROhA)
apsu-vah :   u + ohA -> vohA (apsvohA)
SAli-vah :  i + ohA -> yohA  (SAlyohA)
sroto-vah:  o + ohA -> (a + u) + ohA -> a + (u + ohA) -> a + vohA  (srotavohA)
havir-vah: r + ohA -> rohA [no sandhi change] (havirohA)
funderburkjim commented 5 years ago

Compounds with sah (TODO)

sah (bearing, enduring) appears as a nominal , and forms many compounds appearing as MW headwords.
zah also forms many compounds, and is believed to be an alternate spelling for sah in these compounds. There are also a few compounds of sAh and zAh, and I think these are also related to root sah.

In the entries for numerous of these zah compounds, MW mentions that the nominative (i.e. m1s) is zAw, with the long A. For example *aBI-zah, fzi-zah, jalA-zah, niz-zah, etc.

I find no mention of this in Kale. I have not (yet) incorporated this lengthened A in the declensions, since it is unclear to which forms this lengthening should apply.

gasyoun commented 5 years ago

M. B. EMENEAU:

17. h in nah- ‘to bind’ is treated as dh (W 223g); e.g., nah- + syati ⇒ nadh- + syati ⇒ (31, 33) natsyati ‘he will bind.’

18. h in roots with initial d-, in the noun uṣṇih- (a meter) and option-ally in roots druh- ‘hurt,’ snih- ‘be moist,’ muh- 'be confused,’ is treated as gh (W 222a). E.g., duh- ‘milk’ + syati ⇒ dhokṣyati ‘he will milk’; + dhi ⇒ dugdhi ‘milk’.’ + ta- 'past passive participle’ ⇒ dugdha- ‘which has been milked.’

I find no mention of this in Kale.

A. A. ZALIZNJAK:

There are 18 roots ending in J and H that are exclusion, listed bellow (they have different sandhi rules, these 18 dhatus):

§ 34. Шумные согласные в конце словоформы и перед s. Для настоящего параграфа (а также для § 36) существенно различать по две морфонологические единицы (j1, j2, h1, h2 на месте j и h традиционной записи; ср. § 30. Морфонологические единицы j2, h2 представлены на конце корней: yaj «совершать жертвоприношение», vraj «продвигаться», rāj «править», bhrāj «сиять», maj «выти-рать, чистить», sarj «отпускать», bharjj (bhrajj) «жарить»; vah «везти», sah «преодо-левать», lih (rih) «лизать», mih «мочиться», guh (gūh) «прятать», ruh «подниматься», tarh «давить», darh (dṁh) «укреплять», varh (barh) «рвать», baṁh «усиливать». У корня muh «теряться, смущаться» конечное h может вести себя и как h1 и как h2. Во всех прочих случаях j и h традиционной записи с морфонологической точки зрения суть j1 и h1.