ci: support gradle dependency caching in workflows

[MostafaMohamed2002]

Contributor checklist

• [x] This pull request is on a separate branch and not the main branch
• [x] I have tested my code with the ./gradlew lintKotlin detekt test command as directed in the testing section of the contributing guide

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Description

This PR adds support for caching Gradle dependencies in CI workflows to improve build performance.

Related issue

• 212

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Maintainer checklist

• [x] The linting and formatting workflows within the PR checks do not indicate new errors in the files changed

• [x] The CHANGELOG has been updated with a description of the changes for the upcoming release and the corresponding issue (if necessary)