Optimize signature binding and other fixups

[seandstewart]

Optimizations

This change introduces an overhauled evaluation of callable signatures which now provides comparable performance to our serdes protocol bindings.

import dataclasses
import timeit
import typic

@dataclasses.dataclass
class Foo:
    bar: str

@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
class Froze:
    bar: str

foo_proto = typic.protocol(Foo)
froze_proto = typic.protocol(Froze)

print(timeit.timeit('foo_proto.transmute({"bar": 1})', globals=globals()))
#> 2.1221675970000007
print(timeit.timeit('froze_proto.transmute({"bar": 1})', globals=globals()))
#> 2.264840293000006

The previous implementation was up to 10X slower.

Improvements

More descriptive type-hints for our api module to aid IDE and MyPy.

Fixes

Resolves the issues mentioned in #170 & #174

[codecov[bot]]

Codecov Report

Merging #175 (bd0334f) into main (0f1fc60) will increase coverage by 0.13%. The diff coverage is 98.52%.

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main     #175      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   94.84%   94.98%   +0.13%     
==========================================
  Files          37       37              
  Lines        4058     4125      +67     
  Branches      558      575      +17     
==========================================
+ Hits         3849     3918      +69     
+ Misses        130      128       -2     
  Partials       79       79              

Flag	Coverage Δ
unittests	94.86% <98.52%> (+0.13%)	:arrow_up:

Flags with carried forward coverage won't be shown. Click here to find out more.

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
typic/constraints/factory.py	98.19% <ø> (ø)
typic/serde/translator.py	98.78% <ø> (-0.02%)	:arrow_down:
typic/api.py	95.69% <95.45%> (-0.95%)	:arrow_down:
typic/serde/des.py	92.91% <96.15%> (+0.47%)	:arrow_up:
typic/__init__.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
typic/checks.py	97.33% <100.00%> (+0.09%)	:arrow_up:
typic/compat.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
typic/ext/schema/schema.py	98.91% <100.00%> (ø)
typic/serde/binder.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
typic/serde/resolver.py	94.13% <100.00%> (+0.43%)	:arrow_up:
... and 1 more

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