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https://sentenz.github.io/convention/
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Modify article about `Everything as Code (XaC)` #264

Open sentenz opened 8 months ago

sentenz commented 8 months ago

Everything as Code (XaC)

Everything as Code (XaC) is a software development philosophy that treats infrastructure as code.

1. Category

Everything as Code (XaC) involves representing various aspects of software development, deployment, and operations as code, enabling automation, reproducibility, and collaboration. This approach involves storing configurations and settings within version-controlled code repositories, using markup languages like YAML or JSON. XaC integrates workflows into the development pipeline, fostering collaboration, versioning, and automation. It emphasizes practices such as structured repository organization, version control integration, and automated builds to ensure XaC evolves seamlessly with code changes.

1.1. Infrastructure as Code

Infrastructure as Code (IaC) involves managing and provisioning infrastructure resources (e.g. virtual machines, networks, storage) through code, rather than using manual processes to configure devices or systems.

Tools and Frameworks:

Examples and Explanations:

Using Terraform to create an AWS EC2 instance:

resource "aws_instance" "example" {
  ami           = "ami-0c94855ba95c71c99"
  instance_type = "t2.micro"
}

1.2. Configuration as Code

In Configuration as Code (CaC) application and system configurations are represented as code, treating application config resources as versioned artifacts to manage and deploy consistent configurations across different environments.

NOTE See Configuration Management for details.

Tools and Frameworks:

Examples and Explanations:

Using Ansible to install and configure Nginx on a server:

---
- name: Install and start nginx
  hosts: webservers
  tasks:
    - name: Install nginx
      apt:
        name: nginx
        state: present
    - name: Start nginx
      service:
        name: nginx
        state: started

1.3. Documentation as Code

Documentation as Code (DaC) involves writing documentation as code, allowing teams to manage documentation in version-controlled repositories and automate documentation generation.

NOTE See Docs as Code for details.

  1. Benefits and Features
  1. Tools and Frameworks
  1. Conventions and Standards
  1. Examples and Explanations

Using Markdown to write documentation as code:

# My Project

This is the documentation for my project.

## Getting Started

To get started with my project, follow these steps:

1. Install the dependencies by running `npm install`.
2. Start the development server by running `npm start`.

## Usage

To use my project, do the following:

1. Click on the "New" button to create a new item.
2. Enter the details for the item and click "Save".

1.4. Diagram as Code

Diagram as Code (DaC) refers to the practice of representing system architecture, infrastructure, or workflows using a programming language or domain-specific language instead of graphical tools. This approach allows for version control, collaboration, and automation in the creation, generation and modification of diagrams.

Tools and Frameworks:

Examples and Explanations:

Using Mermaid to create a sequence diagram:

gitGraph
    commit
    commit
    branch feature
    checkout feature
    commit
    commit
    checkout main
    merge feature
    commit
    commit

1.5. Security as Code

Security as Code (SaC) involves expressing security policies, controls, and configurations as code, enabling security teams to manage and enforce security measures programmatically.

Tools and Frameworks:

Examples and Explanations:

Using Open Policy Agent (OPA) to enforce a security policy that only allows traffic from certain IP addresses:

package httpapi.authz

default allow = false

allow {
    input.method == "GET"
    input.path = ["salary", employee_id]
    input.headers["X-Forwarded-For"] == "192.0.2.146"
}

1.6. Compliance as Code

Compliance as Code (CoC) refers to the presentation of compliance requirements to embed the core activities of compliance: prevent, detect, remediate.

Tools and Frameworks:

Examples and Explanations:

Using InSpec to check if a server is compliant with a certain security policy:

control 'ssh-1' do
  impact 1.0
  title 'Server: Configure sshd_config'
  desc 'Set sshd_config options for secure access'
  describe sshd_config do
    its('PermitRootLogin') { should eq 'no' }
    its('PasswordAuthentication') { should eq 'no' }
    its('ChallengeResponseAuthentication') { should eq 'no' }
    its('KbdInteractiveAuthentication') { should eq 'no' }
  end
end

1.7. Database as Code

Database as Code (DaC) involves representing database schema, configurations, and migrations as code.

Tools and Frameworks:

Examples and Explanations:

Using Liquibase to manage database schema changes:

<changeSet id="create_table_person" author="liquibase-docs">
    <createTable tableName="person">
        <column name="id" type="int">
            <constraints primaryKey="true" nullable="false"/>
        </column>
        <column name="firstname" type="varchar(50)"/>
        <column name="lastname" type="varchar(50)">
            <constraints nullable="false"/>
        </column>
    </createTable>
</changeSet>

1.8. Test as Code

Test as Code (TaC) involves writing automated tests and test scenarios as code to ensure software quality and enable continuous testing in CI/CD pipelines.

NOTE See Test Frameworks for details.

Tools and Frameworks:

Examples and Explanations:

Using PyTest to write a unit test for a Python function:

def add(x, y):
    return x + y

def test_add():
    assert add(1, 2) == 3

1.9. Policy as Code

Policy as Code (PaC) refers to expressing business policies, guidelines, and rules as code, allowing for consistency and centrally manage policies, and automation in policy enforcement. It is often related to governance and compliance.

Tools and Frameworks:

Examples and Explanations:

Using Sentinel to enforce a policy that restricts the creation of AWS EC2 instances to certain regions:

import "tfplan"

main = rule {
    all tfplan.resources.aws_instance as _, instances {
        all instances as _, r {
            r.applied.change.after.region in ["us-west-2", "us-east-1"]
        }
    }
}

1.10. Logging as Code

Logging as Code (LaC) involves defining logging configurations, log formats, and log storage settings as code, making it easier to manage and maintain log systems across various components.

Tools and Frameworks:

Examples and Explanations:

Using Logback to configure logging for a Java application:

<configuration>
  <appender name="STDOUT" class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender">
    <encoder>
      <pattern>%d{HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%thread] %-5level %logger{36} - %msg%n</pattern>
    </encoder>
  </appender>

  <root level="debug">
    <appender-ref ref="STDOUT" />
  </root>
</configuration>

1.11. Monitoring as Code

Monitoring as Code (MaC) focuses on representing monitoring and observability settings, alerts, and metric configurations as code, allowing teams to centrally manage and automate their monitoring practices.

Tools and Frameworks:

Examples and Explanations:

Using Prometheus to configure monitoring for a server:

global:
  scrape_interval: 15s
  evaluation_interval: 15s

scrape_configs:
  - job_name: 'node'
    static_configs:
      - targets: ['localhost:9100']

1.12. Network as Code

Network as Code (NaC) involves defining and managing network infrastructure as code, allowing teams to deploy and manage network resources appling software engineering practices.

Tools and Frameworks:

Examples and Explanations:

Using NAPALM to configure a network device:

from napalm import get_network_driver

driver = get_network_driver('ios')
device = driver('192.0.2.1', 'admin', 'password')
device.open()

config = [
    'hostname myrouter',
    'interface Ethernet1',
    'description Uplink to ISP',
    'ip address 203.0.113.1 255.255.255.252'
]

device.load_merge_candidate(config=config)
device.commit_config()
device.close()

1.13. Detection as code

Detection as code (DaC) is a security paradigm that treats threat detection as code. Detection rules are written in a structured, machine-readable format, allowing teams to apply automated threat detection and response management.

Tools and Frameworks:

Examples:

Using Sigma to define a detection rule for a specific type of attack:

title: Suspicious Process Creation
status: experimental
description: Detects suspicious process creation
author: Florian Roth
logsource:
    product: windows
    service: sysmon
detection:
    selection:
        EventID: 1
        CommandLine|contains|all:
            - '-n'
            - '-e'
            - 'cmd'
    condition: selection
fields:
    - CommandLine
    - ParentCommandLine
falsepositives:
    - Unknown
level: high

1.14. Data as Code

TODO

2. Principles

Everything as Code (XaC) is a concept that extends the idea of Infrastructure as Code (IaC) to include various aspects of software development, deployment, and operations represented as code. While there is no standardized set of principles specifically labeled as XaC principles, the concept aligns with the principles of IaC and the general principles of software development and DevOps practices.

NOTE XaC is a flexible concept, and its principles may be adapted and expanded based on the specific needs and goals of an organization. By adopting XaC principles, teams can foster a culture of automation, collaboration, and efficiency in software development, operations, and infrastructure management.

3. Best Practice

Implementing Everything as Code (XaC) involves applying code-based practices to various aspects of software development, deployment, and operations.

By following best practices, organizations can benefit from the advantages of XaC, including automation, reproducibility, scalability, security, and collaboration, leading to more efficient, reliable, and maintainable software and infrastructure systems.

4. Terminology

sentenz commented 8 months ago

Related #238