Add code quality linting checks via `ruff` through `pre-commit`

[d33bs]

Description

This PR adds a few code quality linting checks via ruff to help us develop the almanack Python package and related. These checks are performed through the existing pre-commit workflows related to the repository. They're also meant to perform checks gradually, meaning new code is checked but we haven't retroactively changed any other code to meet these standards. That said, some minor changes to existing code are applied to help pass the initial settings.

Through these changes we will use pyflakes, pylint, mccabe, and ruff-specific rules to check code.

Thanks for any feedback you may have!

Closes #56

What is the nature of your change?

• [ ] Content additions or updates (adds or updates content)
• [ ] Bug fix (fixes an issue).
• [x] Enhancement (adds functionality).
• [ ] Breaking change (these changes would cause existing functionality to not work as expected).

Checklist

Please ensure that all boxes are checked before indicating that this pull request is ready for review.

• [x] I have read the CONTRIBUTING.md guidelines.
• [x] My code follows the style guidelines of this project.
• [x] I have performed a self-review of my own contributions.
• [x] I have commented my content, particularly in hard-to-understand areas.
• [ ] I have made corresponding changes to related documentation (outside of book content).
• [x] My changes generate no new warnings.
• [x] New and existing tests pass locally with my changes.
• [ ] I have added tests that prove my additions are effective or that my feature works.
• [x] I have deleted all non-relevant text in this pull request template.

[d33bs]

Thanks @gwaybio ! Merging this in.