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读懂AST抽象语法树的基础 #26

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解析器 Parser

JavaScript Parser 是把js源码转化为抽象语法树(AST)的解析器。这个步骤分为两个阶段:词法分析(Lexical Analysis)语法分析(Syntactic Analysis)

常用的JavaScript Parser

词法分析

词法分析阶段把字符串形式的代码转换为 令牌(tokens)流。你可以把令牌看作是一个扁平的语法片段数组。

n * n;

例如上面n*n的词法分析得到结果如下:

[
  { type: { ... }, value: "n", start: 0, end: 1, loc: { ... } },
  { type: { ... }, value: "*", start: 2, end: 3, loc: { ... } },
  { type: { ... }, value: "n", start: 4, end: 5, loc: { ... } },
]

每一个 type 有一组属性来描述该令牌:

{
  type: {
    label: 'name',
    keyword: undefined,
    beforeExpr: false,
    startsExpr: true,
    rightAssociative: false,
    isLoop: false,
    isAssign: false,
    prefix: false,
    postfix: false,
    binop: null,
    updateContext: null
  },
  ...
}

和 AST 节点一样它们也有 start,end,loc 属性。

语法分析

语法分析就是根据词法分析的结果,也就是令牌tokens,将其转换成AST。

function square(n) {
  return n * n;
}

上面的代码,生成的AST结构如下:

{
  type: "FunctionDeclaration",
  id: {
    type: "Identifier",
    name: "square"
  },
  params: [{
    type: "Identifier",
    name: "n"
  }],
  body: {
    type: "BlockStatement",
    body: [{
      type: "ReturnStatement",
      argument: {
        type: "BinaryExpression",
        operator: "*",
        left: {
          type: "Identifier",
          name: "n"
        },
        right: {
          type: "Identifier",
          name: "n"
        }
      }
    }]
  }
}

AST各个类型节点的含义

Node

所有节点类型都实现 Node 接口:

interface Node {
  type: string;
  range?: [number, number];
  loc?: SourceLocation;
}

type 字段是表示AST变体类型的字符串。loc 字段表示节点的源位置信息。如果解析器没有生成有关节点源位置的信息,则该字段为 null, 否则它是一个对象,包括一个起始位置(被解析的源区域的第一个字符的位置)和一个结束位置.

interface SourceLocation {
    start: Position;
    end: Position;
    source?: string | null;
}

每个Position对象由一个line数字(1索引)和一个column数字(0索引)组成:

interface Position {
    line: uint32 >= 1;
    column: uint32 >= 0;
}

Programs

interface Program <: Node {
    type: "Program";
    sourceType: 'script' | 'module';
    body: StatementListItem[] | ModuleItem[];
}

表示一个完整的源代码树。

Scripts and Modules

源代码数的来源包括两种,一种是script脚本,一种是modules模块

当为script时,body为StatementListItem。 当为modules时,body为ModuleItem

类型StatementListItemModuleItem类型如下。

type StatementListItem = Declaration | Statement;
type ModuleItem = ImportDeclaration | ExportDeclaration | StatementListItem;

ImportDeclaration

import语法,导入模块

type ImportDeclaration {
    type: 'ImportDeclaration';
    specifiers: ImportSpecifier[];
    source: Literal;
}

ImportSpecifier类型如下:

interface ImportSpecifier {
    type: 'ImportSpecifier' | 'ImportDefaultSpecifier' | 'ImportNamespaceSpecifier';
    local: Identifier;
    imported?: Identifier;
}

ImportSpecifier语法如下:

import { foo } from './foo';

ImportDefaultSpecifier语法如下:

import foo from './foo';

ImportNamespaceSpecifier语法如下

import * as foo from './foo';

ExportDeclaration

export类型如下

type ExportDeclaration = ExportAllDeclaration | ExportDefaultDeclaration | ExportNamedDeclaration;

ExportAllDeclaration从指定模块中导出

interface ExportAllDeclaration {
    type: 'ExportAllDeclaration';
    source: Literal;
}

语法如下:

export * from './foo';

ExportDefaultDeclaration导出默认模块

interface ExportDefaultDeclaration {
    type: 'ExportDefaultDeclaration';
    declaration: Identifier | BindingPattern | ClassDeclaration | Expression | FunctionDeclaration;
}

语法如下:

export default 'foo';

ExportNamedDeclaration导出部分模块

interface ExportNamedDeclaration {
    type: 'ExportNamedDeclaration';
    declaration: ClassDeclaration | FunctionDeclaration | VariableDeclaration;
    specifiers: ExportSpecifier[];
    source: Literal;
}

语法如下:

export const foo = 'foo';

Declarations and Statements

declaration,即声明,类型如下:

type Declaration = VariableDeclaration | FunctionDeclaration | ClassDeclaration;

statements,即语句,类型如下:

type Statement = BlockStatement | BreakStatement | ContinueStatement |
    DebuggerStatement | DoWhileStatement | EmptyStatement |
    ExpressionStatement | ForStatement | ForInStatement |
    ForOfStatement | FunctionDeclaration | IfStatement |
    LabeledStatement | ReturnStatement | SwitchStatement |
    ThrowStatement | TryStatement | VariableDeclaration |
    WhileStatement | WithStatement;

VariableDeclarator

变量声明,kind 属性表示是什么类型的声明,因为 ES6 引入了 const/let。

interface VariableDeclaration <: Declaration {
    type: "VariableDeclaration";
    declarations: [ VariableDeclarator ];
    kind: "var" | "let" | "const";
}

FunctionDeclaration

函数声明(非函数表达式)

interface FunctionDeclaration {
    type: 'FunctionDeclaration';
    id: Identifier | null;
    params: FunctionParameter[];
    body: BlockStatement;
    generator: boolean;
    async: boolean;
    expression: false;
}

例如:

function foo() {}

function *bar() { yield "44"; }

async function noop() { await new Promise(function(resolve, reject) { resolve('55'); }) }

ClassDeclaration

类声明(非类表达式)

interface ClassDeclaration {
    type: 'ClassDeclaration';
    id: Identifier | null;
    superClass: Identifier | null;
    body: ClassBody;
}

ClassBody声明如下:

interface ClassBody {
    type: 'ClassBody';
    body: MethodDefinition[];
}

MethodDefinition表示方法声明;

interface MethodDefinition {
    type: 'MethodDefinition';
    key: Expression | null;
    computed: boolean;
    value: FunctionExpression | null;
    kind: 'method' | 'constructor';
    static: boolean;
}
class foo {
    constructor() {}
    method() {}
};

ContinueStatement

continue语句

interface ContinueStatement {
    type: 'ContinueStatement';
    label: Identifier | null;
}

例如:

for (var i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
    if (i === 0) {
        continue;
    }
}

DebuggerStatement

debugger语句

interface DebuggerStatement {
    type: 'DebuggerStatement';
}

例如

while(true) {
    debugger;
}

DoWhileStatement

do-while语句

interface DoWhileStatement {
    type: 'DoWhileStatement';
    body: Statement;
    test: Expression;
}

test表示while条件

例如:

var i = 0;
do {
    i++;
} while(i = 2)

EmptyStatement

空语句

interface EmptyStatement {
    type: 'EmptyStatement';
}

例如:

if(true);

var a = [];
for(i = 0; i < a.length; a[i++] = 0);

ExpressionStatement

表达式语句,即,由单个表达式组成的语句。

interface ExpressionStatement {
    type: 'ExpressionStatement';
    expression: Expression;
    directive?: string;
}

当表达式语句表示一个指令(例如“use strict”)时,directive属性将包含该指令字符串。

例如:

(function(){});

ForStatement

for语句

interface ForStatement {
    type: 'ForStatement';
    init: Expression | VariableDeclaration | null;
    test: Expression | null;
    update: Expression | null;
    body: Statement;
}

ForInStatement

for...in语句

interface ForInStatement {
    type: 'ForInStatement';
    left: Expression;
    right: Expression;
    body: Statement;
    each: false;
}

ForOfStatement

for...of语句

interface ForOfStatement {
    type: 'ForOfStatement';
    left: Expression;
    right: Expression;
    body: Statement;
}

IfStatement

if 语句

interface IfStatement {
    type: 'IfStatement';
    test: Expression;
    consequent: Statement;
    alternate?: Statement;
}

consequent表示if命中后内容,alternate表示else或者else if的内容。

LabeledStatement

label语句,多用于精确的使用嵌套循环中的continue和break。

interface LabeledStatement {
    type: 'LabeledStatement';
    label: Identifier;
    body: Statement;
}

如:

var num = 0;
outPoint:
for (var i = 0 ; i < 10 ; i++){
        for (var j = 0 ; j < 10 ; j++){
            if( i == 5 && j == 5 ){
                break outPoint;
            }
            num++;
        }
}

ReturnStatement

return 语句

interface ReturnStatement {
    type: 'ReturnStatement';
    argument: Expression | null;
}

SwitchStatement

Switch语句

interface SwitchStatement {
    type: 'SwitchStatement';
    discriminant: Expression;
    cases: SwitchCase[];
}

discriminant表示switch的变量。

SwitchCase类型如下

interface SwitchCase {
    type: 'SwitchCase';
    test: Expression | null;
    consequent: Statement[];
}

ThrowStatement

throw语句

interface ThrowStatement {
    type: 'ThrowStatement';
    argument: Expression;
}

TryStatement

try...catch语句

interface TryStatement {
    type: 'TryStatement';
    block: BlockStatement;
    handler: CatchClause | null;
    finalizer: BlockStatement | null;
}

handler为catch处理声明内容,finalizer为finally内容。

CatchClaus 类型如下

interface CatchClause {
    type: 'CatchClause';
    param: Identifier | BindingPattern;
    body: BlockStatement;
}

例如:

try {
    foo();
} catch (e) {
    console.erroe(e);
} finally {
    bar();
}

WhileStatement

while语句

interface WhileStatement {
    type: 'WhileStatement';
    test: Expression;
    body: Statement;
}

test为判定表达式

WithStatement

with语句(指定块语句的作用域)

interface WithStatement {
    type: 'WithStatement';
    object: Expression;
    body: Statement;
}

如:

var a = {};

with(a) {
    name = 'xiao.ming';
}

console.log(a); // {name: 'xiao.ming'}

Expressions and Patterns

Expressions可用类型如下:

type Expression = ThisExpression | Identifier | Literal |
    ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | ClassExpression |
    TaggedTemplateExpression | MemberExpression | Super | MetaProperty |
    NewExpression | CallExpression | UpdateExpression | AwaitExpression | UnaryExpression |
    BinaryExpression | LogicalExpression | ConditionalExpression |
    YieldExpression | AssignmentExpression | SequenceExpression;

Patterns可用有两种类型,函数模式和对象模式如下:

type BindingPattern = ArrayPattern | ObjectPattern;

ThisExpression

this 表达式

interface ThisExpression {
    type: 'ThisExpression';
}

Identifier

标识符,就是我们写 JS 时自定义的名称,如变量名,函数名,属性名,都归为标识符。相应的接口是这样的:

interface Identifier {
    type: 'Identifier';
    name: string;
}

Literal

字面量,这里不是指 [] 或者 {} 这些,而是本身语义就代表了一个值的字面量,如 1,“hello”, true 这些,还有正则表达式(有一个扩展的 Node 来表示正则表达式),如 /\d?/。

interface Literal {
    type: 'Literal';
    value: boolean | number | string | RegExp | null;
    raw: string;
    regex?: { pattern: string, flags: string };
}

例如:

var a = 1;
var b = 'b';
var c = false;
var d = /\d/;

ArrayExpression

数组表达式

interface ArrayExpression {
    type: 'ArrayExpression';
    elements: ArrayExpressionElement[];
}

例:

[1, 2, 3, 4];

ArrayExpressionElement

数组表达式的节点,类型如下

type ArrayExpressionElement = Expression | SpreadElement;

Expression包含所有表达式,SpreadElement为扩展运算符语法。

SpreadElement

扩展运算符

interface SpreadElement {
    type: 'SpreadElement';
    argument: Expression;
}

如:

var a = [3, 4];
var b = [1, 2, ...a];

var c = {foo: 1};
var b = {bar: 2, ...c};

ObjectExpression

对象表达式

interface ObjectExpression {
    type: 'ObjectExpression';
    properties: Property[];
}

Property代表为对象的属性描述

类型如下

interface Property {
    type: 'Property';
    key: Expression;
    computed: boolean;
    value: Expression | null;
    kind: 'get' | 'set' | 'init';
    method: false;
    shorthand: boolean;
}

kind用来表示是普通的初始化,或者是 get/set。

例如:

var obj = {
    foo: 'foo',
    bar: function() {},
    noop() {}, // method 为 true
    ['computed']: 'computed'  // computed 为 true
}

FunctionExpression

函数表达式

interface FunctionExpression {
    type: 'FunctionExpression';
    id: Identifier | null;
    params: FunctionParameter[];
    body: BlockStatement;
    generator: boolean;
    async: boolean;
    expression: boolean;
}

例如:

var foo = function () {}

ArrowFunctionExpression

箭头函数表达式

interface ArrowFunctionExpression {
    type: 'ArrowFunctionExpression';
    id: Identifier | null;
    params: FunctionParameter[];
    body: BlockStatement | Expression;
    generator: boolean;
    async: boolean;
    expression: false;
}

generator表示是否为generator函数,async表示是否为async/await函数,params为参数定义。

FunctionParameter类型如下

type FunctionParameter = AssignmentPattern | Identifier | BindingPattern;

例:

var foo = () => {};

ClassExpression

类表达式

interface ClassExpression {
    type: 'ClassExpression';
    id: Identifier | null;
    superClass: Identifier | null;
    body: ClassBody;
}

例如:

var foo = class {
    constructor() {}
    method() {}
};

TaggedTemplateExpression

标记模板文字函数

interface TaggedTemplateExpression {
    type: 'TaggedTemplateExpression';
    readonly tag: Expression;
    readonly quasi: TemplateLiteral;
}

TemplateLiteral类型如下

interface TemplateLiteral {
    type: 'TemplateLiteral';
    quasis: TemplateElement[];
    expressions: Expression[];
}

TemplateElement类型如下

interface TemplateElement {
    type: 'TemplateElement';
    value: { cooked: string; raw: string };
    tail: boolean;
}

例如

var foo = function(a){ console.log(a); }
foo`test`;

MemberExpression

属性成员表达式

interface MemberExpression {
    type: 'MemberExpression';
    computed: boolean;
    object: Expression;
    property: Expression;
}

例如:

const foo = {bar: 'bar'};
foo.bar;
foo['bar']; // computed 为 true

Super

父类关键字

interface Super {
    type: 'Super';
}

例如:

class foo {};
class bar extends foo {
    constructor() {
        super();
    }
}

MetaProperty

(这个不知道干嘛用的)

interface MetaProperty {
    type: 'MetaProperty';
    meta: Identifier;
    property: Identifier;
}

例如:

new.target  // 通过new 声明的对象,new.target会存在

import.meta

CallExpression

函数执行表达式

interface CallExpression {
    type: 'CallExpression';
    callee: Expression | Import;
    arguments: ArgumentListElement[];
}

Import类型,没搞懂。

interface Import {
    type: 'Import'
}

ArgumentListElement类型

type ArgumentListElement = Expression | SpreadElement;

如:

var foo = function (){};
foo();

NewExpression

new 表达式

interface NewExpression {
    type: 'NewExpression';
    callee: Expression;
    arguments: ArgumentListElement[];
}

UpdateExpression

更新操作符表达式,如++--;

interface UpdateExpression {
  type: "UpdateExpression";
  operator: '++' | '--';
  argument: Expression;
  prefix: boolean;
}

如:

var i = 0;
i++;
++i; // prefix为true

AwaitExpression

await表达式,会与async连用。

interface AwaitExpression {
    type: 'AwaitExpression';
    argument: Expression;
}

async function foo() {
    var bar = function() {
        new Primise(function(resolve, reject) {
            setTimeout(function() {
                resove('foo')
            }, 1000);
        });
    }
    return await bar();
}

foo() // foo

UnaryExpression

一元操作符表达式

interface UnaryExpression {
  type: "UnaryExpression";
  operator: UnaryOperator;
  prefix: boolean;
  argument: Expression;
}

枚举UnaryOperator

enum UnaryOperator {
  "-" | "+" | "!" | "~" | "typeof" | "void" | "delete" | "throw"
}

BinaryExpression

二元操作符表达式

interface BinaryExpression {
    type: 'BinaryExpression';
    operator: BinaryOperator;
    left: Expression;
    right: Expression;
}

枚举BinaryOperator

enum BinaryOperator {
  "==" | "!=" | "===" | "!=="
     | "<" | "<=" | ">" | ">="
     | "<<" | ">>" | ">>>"
     | "+" | "-" | "*" | "/" | "%"
     | "**" | "|" | "^" | "&" | "in"
     | "instanceof"
     | "|>"
}

LogicalExpression

逻辑运算符表达式

interface LogicalExpression {
    type: 'LogicalExpression';
    operator: '||' | '&&';
    left: Expression;
    right: Expression;
}

如:

var a = '-';
var b = a || '-';

if (a && b) {}

ConditionalExpression

条件运算符

interface ConditionalExpression {
    type: 'ConditionalExpression';
    test: Expression;
    consequent: Expression;
    alternate: Expression;
}

例如:

var a = true;
var b = a ? 'consequent' : 'alternate';

YieldExpression

yield表达式

interface YieldExpression {
    type: 'YieldExpression';
    argument: Expression | null;
    delegate: boolean;
}

例如:

function* gen(x) {
  var y = yield x + 2;
  return y;
}

AssignmentExpression

赋值表达式。

interface AssignmentExpression {
    type: 'AssignmentExpression';
    operator: '=' | '*=' | '**=' | '/=' | '%=' | '+=' | '-=' |
        '<<=' | '>>=' | '>>>=' | '&=' | '^=' | '|=';
    left: Expression;
    right: Expression;
}

operator属性表示一个赋值运算符,leftright是赋值运算符左右的表达式。

SequenceExpression

序列表达式(使用逗号)。

interface SequenceExpression {
    type: 'SequenceExpression';
    expressions: Expression[];
}
var a, b;
a = 1, b = 2

ArrayPattern

数组解析模式

interface ArrayPattern {
    type: 'ArrayPattern';
    elements: ArrayPatternElement[];
}

例:

const [a, b] = [1,3];

elements代表数组节点

ArrayPatternElement如下

type ArrayPatternElement = AssignmentPattern | Identifier | BindingPattern | RestElement | null;

AssignmentPattern

默认赋值模式,数组解析、对象解析、函数参数默认值使用。

interface AssignmentPattern {
    type: 'AssignmentPattern';
    left: Identifier | BindingPattern;
    right: Expression;
}

例:

const [a, b = 4] = [1,3];

RestElement

剩余参数模式,语法与扩展运算符相近。

interface RestElement {
    type: 'RestElement';
    argument: Identifier | BindingPattern;
}

例:

const [a, b, ...c] = [1, 2, 3, 4];

ObjectPatterns

对象解析模式

interface ObjectPattern {
    type: 'ObjectPattern';
    properties: Property[];
}

例:

const object = {a: 1, b: 2};
const { a, b } = object;

结束

AST的作用大致分为几类

  1. IDE使用,如代码风格检测(eslint等)、代码的格式化,代码高亮,代码错误等等

  2. 代码的混淆压缩

  3. 转换代码的工具。如webpack,rollup,各种代码规范之间的转换,ts,jsx等转换为原生js

了解AST,最终还是为了让我们了解我们使用的工具,当然也让我们更了解JavaScript,更靠近JavaScript。

参考文献