Improve stability of `r_eff` calculation for loo

[jgabry]

Submission Checklist

• [x] Run unit tests
• [x] Declare copyright holder and agree to license (see below)

Summary

Improve computation of r_eff to better handle very small log-ratios. See https://github.com/stan-dev/loo/issues/272.

Copyright and Licensing

Please list the copyright holder for the work you are submitting (this will be you or your assignee, such as a university or company): Columbia University

By submitting this pull request, the copyright holder is agreeing to license the submitted work under the following licenses:

• Code: BSD 3-clause (https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause)
• Documentation: CC-BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)