[BUG] Native macOS Universal AutoFill leaving the 'password' field blank on some websites

Preliminaries

I have ensured that:

[x] I am running the latest version of Strongbox on the App Store by searching for Strongbox and clicking into it to see the Update button (or not)
[x] I have performed a full restart of my device no matter how annoying that is

Version

OS: MacOS Sequoia Version 15.0.1 (Build 24A348)
Strongbox: 1.60.23 (5648)-P

Bug Description

When using macOS Universal AutoFill to input credentials from Strongbox, the 'password' field is left blank on certain websites, even though the username fills correctly. This issue is inconsistent, as AutoFill works perfectly on some sites but fails on others. Importantly, these websites where Universal AutoFill fails to fill the password from Strongbox are compatible with the Apple Passwords, indicating that the HTML form structure is not the issue.

Steps to Reproduce

Create an entry in Strongbox with a username and password for a test site (e.g., https://jack-wolfskin.de).
Enable AutoFill for Strongbox:
- On macOS, go to System Settings > AutoFill & Passwords and enable AutoFill for Strongbox only.
- In Strongbox, go to Database > AutoFill Settings and ensure Enable AutoFill for this Database is enabled. (I also checked everything inside Advanced Settings just in case)
Enable AutoFill in Safari:
- In Safari, go to Settings > AutoFill and confirm that 'User names and passwords' is enabled.
Test AutoFill:
- Open Safari and navigate to https://jack-wolfskin.de.
- Attempt to use AutoFill for the username and password fields.

Expected Result: Both username and password fields are populated by AutoFill.

Actual Result: Only the username is filled, while the password field remains blank.

Screenshots & Recordings

https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/0a145636-666c-4bb7-8203-0347b3b7b484

strongbox-password-safe / Strongbox