fix crashes with not-yet fully-initialized stackprof global state

[froydnj]

We've been observing rare crashes in several of our Ruby services that seem to implicate races in the stackprof extension. This PR proposes a fix that we think would eliminate at least one of the races.

We sample a percentage of requests with stackprof in wall mode, and noticed that crashes happened more consistently on requests that had stackprof sampling turned on. When we turned stackprof off, the crashes went away. We looked more closely at the crashes, and saw native C frames (printed via Ruby's segfault handler) at the interesting point that looked like:

/path/to/ruby/bin/../lib/libruby.so.3.1(sigsegv+0x4d) [0x7f5034fe53ed] signal.c:964
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpthread.so.0(__restore_rt+0x0) [0x7f5034e01420]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpthread.so.0(pthread_kill+0xb) [0x7f5034dfdf3b]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpthread.so.0(0x14420) [0x7f5034e01420]
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(ppoll+0xa6) [0x7f5034aedcb6]
/path/to/ruby/bin/../lib/libruby.so.3.1(native_ppoll_sleep+0x162) [0x7f5035020162] thread_pthread.c:2200

This is extremely peculiar: we are executing ppoll, we get a signal, we pthread_kill from that signal, and we SIGSEGV in pthread_kill.

Inspecting the register state for the SIGSEGV says that pthread_kill is receiving a NULL pthread_t and is trying to pass along SIGALRM. The only place we can find in our Ruby application that uses pthread_kill and would be passing SIGALRM are these lines from the stackprof extension:

https://github.com/tmm1/stackprof/blob/ebdd3af48a2c4ddf35b0a73858ea72dcdb551188/ext/stackprof/stackprof.c#L757-L767

Notice that this code only triggers when we are profiling in wall mode, which is consistent with the failure mode that we described above.

So our hypothesis is that we're getting a stackprof signal, we forward the signal on, but somehow we are passing a NULL pthread_t here. (Technically there's no such thing, but this is how the implementation works on Linux. Note too that we cannot portably test for NULL pthread_t...but I guess we could consider doing that as a follow-on?) But how would _stackprof.target_thread be NULL? We looked at the initialization code:

https://github.com/tmm1/stackprof/blob/ebdd3af48a2c4ddf35b0a73858ea72dcdb551188/ext/stackprof/stackprof.c#L220-L228

Notice that we set _stackprof.running prior to the initialization of _stackprof.target_thread. So the code in the signal handler:

https://github.com/tmm1/stackprof/blob/ebdd3af48a2c4ddf35b0a73858ea72dcdb551188/ext/stackprof/stackprof.c#L743-L757

can see that we are running, despite the rest of the fields in _stackprof not yet having been initialized, including target_thread.

That is, the sequence of events looks like:

1. We register a signal handler and set a ITIMER_REAL timer.
2. We set _stackprof.running.
3. The timer goes off at some point prior to setting _stackprof.target_thread.
4. We deliver the signal to some thread; it doesn't matter what thread this is.
5. The signal handler sees _stackprof.running is true.
6. The signal handler sees that we are not on _stackprof.target_thread, as it hasn't been set yet.
7. The signal handler forwards the signal, but _stackprof.target_thread is not a valid thread ID.
8. pthread_kill attempts to load data off a null pointer, and we crash.

This would be a pretty rare race condition, but it very much lines up with the facts that we have.

The fix proposed here is in two parts: we need to not set _stackprof.running until all the relevant state has been initialized. But we need to go a little further than that, because there's no relation between the effects of the store to _stackprof.running and the store to _stackprof.target_thread. So we need to ensure that all prior stores are visible to all threads after _stackprof.running has been set; otherwise, we could still observe a true _stackprof.running and a not-yet-initialized _stackprof.target_thread on some other thread. We can only ensure the visibility of those stores with atomic instructions, and since this gem purports to support many different Ruby versions, we have to roll our own support for atomics. And finally, setting _stackprof.running with an atomic instruction effectively makes the type of that field an atomic type, so we should only access it via atomic instructions where supported.

Tested on arm64 darwin; rake test appears to hang, but I verified that it hangs in the same place (via --seed=) before and after this fix, so I don't think this fix changes anything.

[froydnj]

This looks like it triggers an rb_bug in Ruby 3.1.4. :( Unsure whether that's a problem in the PR, or a latent bug in Ruby itself.

[froydnj]

After the fixed commit last week, this passes tests on Ruby 3.1 on OS X.

[froydnj]

I can see the same intermittent failure as "CI / platforms (macos, 3.0)" on my local arm64 laptop (though I more often see test_raw failing)

I'm not sure what's going on with the failure in "CI / rubies (ruby-head)", unless ruby HEAD has changed how it reports allocations. I very rarely see that same failure locally on my laptop (maybe 1 out of every 200-300 rake test runs).