fix(server): remove query params from image id

[Ayax0]

🔗 Linked issue

205

❓ Type of change

• [ ] 📖 Documentation (updates to the documentation, readme, or JSdoc annotations)
• [x] 🐞 Bug fix (a non-breaking change that fixes an issue)
• [ ] 👌 Enhancement (improving an existing functionality like performance)
• [ ] ✨ New feature (a non-breaking change that adds functionality)
• [ ] 🧹 Chore (updates to the build process or auxiliary tools and libraries)
• [ ] ⚠️ Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to change)

📚 Description

The query parameters are removed from the image url to allow further information relevant to the server to be provided via query parameters. Resolves #205

📝 Checklist

• [x] I have linked an issue or discussion.
• [ ] I have updated the documentation accordingly.

[pi0]

Thanks for spending time on this PR. I have explained little more in https://github.com/unjs/ipx/issues/205#issuecomment-1888125699 I think it should be really common and also opt-in behavior to strip query params like this from source.

For now closing PR (mainly for triage) but would love to discuss and reconsider this change.