Add step to verify Python installation

[ProchaLu]

A student encountered an issue while installing python and visualstudio2022-workload-vctools during the System Setup process. We run choco install python visualstudio2022-workload-vctools -y, and our documentation mentions that the installation can take up to 20 minutes.

In this case, the installation got stuck, and after waiting 30 minutes, the student stopped the process using control-c. After stopping, Chocolatey reported:

Chocolatey installed 7/7 packages.
 See the log for details (C:\ProgramData\chocolatey\logs\chocolatey.log).
Installed:
 - chocolatey-dotnetfx.extension v1.0.1
 - chocolatey-visualstudio.extension v1.11.1
 - dotnetfx v4.8.0.20220524
 - python v3.12.5
 - visualstudio2022buildtools v117.11.2
 - visualstudio2022-workload-vctools v1.0.0
 - visualstudio-installer v2.0.3

Ideas

1. We should analyze this behavior, and figure out what to do if Chocolatey hangs for a long time.
2. We could also consider splitting up the visualstudio2022-workload-vctools installation from the python installation.
3. We could verify the Python version:
   • Windows: python --version
   • macOS: python3 --version
   • Linux: python3 --version
4. Also, the check could be similar to these pnpm verification steps added in https://github.com/upleveled/system-setup/pull/91 :