vitalwarley
commented
9 months ago Approach
Prototype-based Loss
- The authors provide the equation for the softmax loss function for $N$ identities: $L = -\log \frac{e^{W_{y_i} \dot fi + b{yi}}}{\sum{j=1}^N e^{W_j \dot f_i + b_j}}$. After reformulating, they present the CosFace Loss: $L = -\log \frac{e^{s\cdot[{\cos(\hat f_i, \hat W_j) - m}]}}{e^{s\cdot[{\cos(\hat f_i, \hat Wj) - m}]} \sum{j \neq y_i}^N e^{s\cdot\cos(\hat f_i, \hat W_j)}}$ , where $m$ is the margin for improving the decision boundary and $\hat W$ is the prototype of all identities in the training dataset.
MixFair Adapter
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They propose the MixFair Adapter to estimate the identity bias (introduced by races, genders, or other individual differences). This method is based on a mixing strategy, but no reference for it is given. They assume each feature map is comprised of two terms: the bias-free representation and the identity term: $f_i = r_i + b_i, \quad f_j = r_j + b_j$, where $r_i$ and $r_j$ are bias-free contour representations, while $b_i$ and $b_j$ are their corresponding identity biases.
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Then, considering the mixed feature map of $f_i$ and $f_j$: $f_m = \frac{1}{2} (f_i + f_j)$, they show that when $f_i$ is a largely biased feature map (i.e., $|b_i| \gg |b_j|$), it is observed that the output of a non-linear layer $M$ tend to preserve more similar feature of $f_i$: $\cos(M(f_m), M(f_i))^2 - \cos(M(f_m), M(f_j))^2 = \epsilon > 0$, where $\cos$ indicates the cosine similarity function, and $\epsilon$ is the bias difference. They then infer which one of the feature map has a larger identity bias according to $\epsilon$.
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They don't show evidence for this observation or inference, but it makes sense.
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In the context of face recognition, the bias-free contour representations for a positive pair (same individuals) would ideally be of similar direction. Similarly, in the context of kinship verification, for a positive pair (same family) we would have a similar direction, however I think in this context this 'assumption' is harder because of the higher intra-class variance.
- What if we would have a "Deidentify layer" that removes the identity bias, preserving only the family traits?
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Nonetheless, here are my justifications for their observation
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As the feature maps are supposidely similar for positive pairs, $f_m$ will be more similar to the feature map with higher bias.
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Non-linear layers as $M$ tend to amplify dominant features in their input while diminishing less significant ones, specially in the presence of activation functions like ReLU which introduces sparsity. When $M$ is applied, it is likely to retain the orientation of the dominant feature map due to its higher magnitude. This explains why $\epsilon$ would be positive if $f_i$ is a largely biased feature map.
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The squared cosine similarity only accentuates the difference between the similarities, which highlights the bias disparity.
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In the paragraph MixFair Adapter, they cite "two different identites". Is this layer not used for positive pairs?
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By making $\epsilon \approx 0$, they claim both feature maps are not dominated by their own identity biases.
MixFairFace Framework
- TODO -- need to understand why they use different identities in the loss function.
Ver seção Loss Function aqui, especificamente a definição do $\epsilon$.