IBM i is an operating system created by IBM. It has very specific functionality which makes it unique: including a development environment & database integration.
File system (QSYS, library list)
Jobs
Database integration
Development environment (ILE / TIMI)
Commands
To access an IBM i menu, you will need Access Client Solutions. You can download ACS from the IBM website here.
Topics to do:
IFS
PASE
File System
The primary file system on IBM i is called the 'library file system' (also known as the QSYS file system). The file system is made up of objects. An object can be a program (*PGM), database table (*FILE), library user profile (*USRPRF), anything. A library (which is also an object - *LIB) is what holds objects in, but a library cannot hold another library within. Both object and library names can only be a max of 10 characters.
A simple way to navigate and search for objects on IBM i is by using the WRKOBJ command (Work with Objects). Simply put, it takes two parameters:
Object path (LIB/OBJ)
Object type (*PGM, *FILE, *ALL, etc)
For example:
to find all objects in a certain library: WRKOBJ YOURLIB/*ALL
to find all programs *PGM in a certain library: WRKOBJ YOURLIB/*ALL *PGM
to find an specific object on the entire system: WRKOBJ *ALL/YOUROBJ
to find all objects that begin with abc: WRKOBJ *ALL/ABC*
to find an object on your library list: WRKOBJ *LIBL/MYFILE
Library list
The library list plays a vital part when working with or developing applications running on IBM i. Each system job has it's own library list. The library list is a similar concept to a path list on other systems. On Windows and Unix, to execute a program without a direct path it would need to be on the path list. That is the same idea on IBM i, but with libraries for objects.
Let's say this is our library list:
Library
QSYS
QSYS2
QHLPSYS
QUSRSYS
QGPL
DEMOLIB
If we wanted to call a program called MYPGM which existed in the YOURLIB library:
CALL YOURLIB/MYPGM would call successfully because we have given a library on the CALL command.
CALL MYPGM would fail because it would search through the libraries in the library list to find the object, but the YOURLIB library is not on it.
The library list may be referenced as *LIBL in system commands. You can read more about the library list on this Wikipedia page.
Jobs
Unlike Windows and Unix, IBM i has a concept of jobs instead of processes. All work done on a system is performed through jobs. Each job has a unique name within the system. All jobs, with the exception of system jobs, run within subsystems.
Each active job contains at least one thread (the initial thread) and may contain additional secondary threads. Threads are independent units of work. Job attributes are shared among the threads of the job, however threads also have some of their own attributes, such as a call stack.
When you start an interactive session on IBM i, that will have it's own job (known as an interactive job, which usually sits in the QINTER subsystem). When you call programs from the command line, they will be run under that interactive job. Each job also gets it's own library list, which can be controlled with a job description object (*JOBD)
A job has lots of characteristics and you can see these by using WRKJOB on the command line, which will allow you to work with your interactive job. Optionally, if you want to work with another job, you can pass in the job information as the second parameter.
Work with Job
System: POWER8
Job: QPADEV0004 User: LALLAN Number: 700310
Select one of the following:
1. Display job status attributes
2. Display job definition attributes
3. Display job run attributes, if active
4. Work with spooled files
10. Display job log, if active, on job queue, or pending
11. Display call stack, if active
12. Work with locks, if active
13. Display library list, if active
14. Display open files, if active
15. Display file overrides, if active
16. Display commitment control status, if active
More...
Selection or command
===>
F3=Exit F4=Prompt F9=Retrieve F12=Cancel
Function key not allowed.
More... indicates that you can page down for more options.
From this screen, you can find out job information like:
library list
locked files
current call stack
job log
You can also end a job from this screen by taking option 41. End job which is useful if you have a job that is stuck in a loop or stuck waiting for something.
Job log
When developing ILE applications, it's useful to have the job log by your side. The job log will report error messages from almost every system command and compiler. You can access a job's job log by using WRKJOB and taking option 10. If you just want to access the job log of your current interactive session, you can use DSPJOBLOG (and then F10 followed by F18 to get to the bottom)
IBM i runs a version of Db2, named Db2 for i, which is integrated into the operating system. This means that it's simple to work with SQL right away. Any file object (*FILE) can be accessed from Db2 for i.
Because of how long IBM i has existed, terminology has changed over time.
Then
Now
Physical
Table
Library
Schema
Field
Column
Record
Row
Logical
View or Index
A logical file contains no data, but it defines views for one or more physical files. Using DDS (data description specifications) to create either tables/files or logicals is outdated and has been replaced with SQL - this is similar to an SQL view or index.
An SQL view is a logical file that never has a key, but is much more powerful than a DDS described logical file, because it can contain everything that is possible with a SELECT statement, except an order by. An SQL view can be specified in an SQL statement, but also with native I/O.
An SQL index is a keyed logical file. The query optimizer needs access paths (either in SQL indexes or keyed logical file) to retrieve the data as fast as possible.
You may also hear SQL referenced as DDL (data definition language). You can read more here about using SQL/DDL over DDS.
Here is an example of creating a table called PRODUCTS in both DDS and SQL/DDL:
DDS
Note that DDS is a fixed spacing definition language, meaning there is a limit on column names.
A*
A UNIQUE
A R PRODUCTS
A*
A PRID 5 0 TEXT('Product Id')
A PRNAME 30 TEXT('Product Name')
A PRDESC 60 TEXT('Description')
A PRPRICE 7 2 TEXT('Price')
A PRIMAGE 60 TEXT('Image URL')
A PRQTY 5 0 TEXT('Quantity Available')
A PRCATID 5 0 TEXT('Category Id')
A*
A K PRID
A*
SQL/DDL
Now, that same definition but in SQL - a lot easier to understand.
CREATE TABLE PRODUCTS (
PRID DECIMAL(5, 0) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
PRNAME CHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
PRDESC CHAR(60) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
PRPRICE DECIMAL(7, 2) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
PRIMAGE CHAR(60) CCSID 37 NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
PRQTY DECIMAL(5, 0) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
PRCATID DECIMAL(5, 0) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
PRIMARY KEY( PRID )
)
Running SQL statements
The best preferred and free method to run SQL statements on your system is by using ACS (Access Client Solutions). There is a tool named Run SQL Scripts built in which looks like this:
Development Environment
IBM i has something called the Integrated Language Environment (ILE). It's a layer above above the machine code that all programming languages use and is compariable to .NET. Like C#, F# and VB .NET all compile to a .NET executable; ILE RPG, ILE COBOL, ILE C, ILE C++, and ILE CL all compile to a program object which is made up of ILE instructions.
This means that each of those languages can call between each other. ILE offers numerous benefits. Those benefits include binding, modularity, reusable components, common runtime services, coexistence, and a source debugger. Read more about those benefits here.
It's worth noting that the version of C available on IBM i is C99.
Program Types
There is also some terminology differences compared to developing on other operating systems.
Programs (*PGM) are made up of modules (*MOD). You can create programs with a single command.
You can also create modules with a single command, but can then statically bind them when creating a program (covered in the RPG course). This is comparable to creating static libraries on Windows and Unix.
You can create something called a Service Program (*SRVPGM) out of a module, which can then be binded to a program dynamically. This is comparable to creating a dynamic library on Windows or Linux.
Activation Groups
All ILE programs and service programs are activated within a substructure of a job called an activation group. This substructure contains the resources necessary to run the programs. These resources fall into the following general categories:
Static program variables
Dynamic storage
Temporary data management resources
Certain types of exception handlers and ending procedures
The separation of these resources among activation groups supports a fundamental concept. That is, the concept that all programs activated within one activation group are developed as one cooperative application.
Development shops may select different activation groups to isolate their programs from other shops' applications running in the same job. When a job starts on IBM i, a default activation group is created for any application to run in by default. But programs can specify an activation group it should run in too.
Commands
Commands on IBM i are very simple. Commands are a maximum of 10 characters long (because they are a *CMD object) and are made up of word abbreviations. For example:
Concatenating the abbreviations can make up commands, which are also pronounceable:
Some of the commands we’ll be using throughout the lectures are the following:
When using commands on the IBM i, if you are unsure of the parameters you are able to prompt the command. You can prompt after you have entered the command and then by pressing F4. This will bring up a list of parameters available for a command. You may also have the option to use F10, which will show more parameters if available.
If you’re searching for a command, you can type the start of the command followed by an asterisk. For example:
IBM i Introduction
IBM i is an operating system created by IBM. It has very specific functionality which makes it unique: including a development environment & database integration.
To access an IBM i menu, you will need Access Client Solutions. You can download ACS from the IBM website here.
Topics to do:
File System
The primary file system on IBM i is called the 'library file system' (also known as the QSYS file system). The file system is made up of objects. An object can be a program (
*PGM), database table (*FILE), library user profile (*USRPRF), anything. A library (which is also an object -*LIB) is what holds objects in, but a library cannot hold another library within. Both object and library names can only be a max of 10 characters.A simple way to navigate and search for objects on IBM i is by using the
WRKOBJcommand (Work with Objects). Simply put, it takes two parameters:LIB/OBJ)*PGM,*FILE,*ALL, etc)For example:
WRKOBJ YOURLIB/*ALL*PGMin a certain library:WRKOBJ YOURLIB/*ALL *PGMWRKOBJ *ALL/YOUROBJabc:WRKOBJ *ALL/ABC*WRKOBJ *LIBL/MYFILELibrary list
The library list plays a vital part when working with or developing applications running on IBM i. Each system job has it's own library list. The library list is a similar concept to a path list on other systems. On Windows and Unix, to execute a program without a direct path it would need to be on the path list. That is the same idea on IBM i, but with libraries for objects.
Let's say this is our library list:
If we wanted to call a program called
MYPGMwhich existed in theYOURLIBlibrary:CALL YOURLIB/MYPGMwould call successfully because we have given a library on theCALLcommand.CALL MYPGMwould fail because it would search through the libraries in the library list to find the object, but theYOURLIBlibrary is not on it.The library list may be referenced as
*LIBLin system commands. You can read more about the library list on this Wikipedia page.Jobs
Unlike Windows and Unix, IBM i has a concept of jobs instead of processes. All work done on a system is performed through jobs. Each job has a unique name within the system. All jobs, with the exception of system jobs, run within subsystems.
Each active job contains at least one thread (the initial thread) and may contain additional secondary threads. Threads are independent units of work. Job attributes are shared among the threads of the job, however threads also have some of their own attributes, such as a call stack.
When you start an interactive session on IBM i, that will have it's own job (known as an interactive job, which usually sits in the
QINTERsubsystem). When you call programs from the command line, they will be run under that interactive job. Each job also gets it's own library list, which can be controlled with a job description object (*JOBD)A job has lots of characteristics and you can see these by using
WRKJOBon the command line, which will allow you to work with your interactive job. Optionally, if you want to work with another job, you can pass in the job information as the second parameter.More...indicates that you can page down for more options.From this screen, you can find out job information like:
You can also end a job from this screen by taking option
41. End jobwhich is useful if you have a job that is stuck in a loop or stuck waiting for something.Job log
When developing ILE applications, it's useful to have the job log by your side. The job log will report error messages from almost every system command and compiler. You can access a job's job log by using
WRKJOBand taking option10. If you just want to access the job log of your current interactive session, you can useDSPJOBLOG(and thenF10followed byF18to get to the bottom)Documentation links:
Integrated Database
IBM i runs a version of Db2, named Db2 for i, which is integrated into the operating system. This means that it's simple to work with SQL right away. Any file object (
*FILE) can be accessed from Db2 for i.Because of how long IBM i has existed, terminology has changed over time.
A logical file contains no data, but it defines views for one or more physical files. Using DDS (data description specifications) to create either tables/files or logicals is outdated and has been replaced with SQL - this is similar to an SQL view or index.
You may also hear SQL referenced as DDL (data definition language). You can read more here about using SQL/DDL over DDS.
Here is an example of creating a table called
PRODUCTSin both DDS and SQL/DDL:DDS
Note that DDS is a fixed spacing definition language, meaning there is a limit on column names.
SQL/DDL
Now, that same definition but in SQL - a lot easier to understand.
Running SQL statements
The best preferred and free method to run SQL statements on your system is by using ACS (Access Client Solutions). There is a tool named Run SQL Scripts built in which looks like this:
Development Environment
IBM i has something called the Integrated Language Environment (ILE). It's a layer above above the machine code that all programming languages use and is compariable to .NET. Like C#, F# and VB .NET all compile to a .NET executable; ILE RPG, ILE COBOL, ILE C, ILE C++, and ILE CL all compile to a program object which is made up of ILE instructions.
This means that each of those languages can call between each other. ILE offers numerous benefits. Those benefits include binding, modularity, reusable components, common runtime services, coexistence, and a source debugger. Read more about those benefits here.
It's worth noting that the version of C available on IBM i is C99.
Program Types
There is also some terminology differences compared to developing on other operating systems.
*PGM) are made up of modules (*MOD). You can create programs with a single command.*SRVPGM) out of a module, which can then be binded to a program dynamically. This is comparable to creating a dynamic library on Windows or Linux.Activation Groups
All ILE programs and service programs are activated within a substructure of a job called an activation group. This substructure contains the resources necessary to run the programs. These resources fall into the following general categories:
The separation of these resources among activation groups supports a fundamental concept. That is, the concept that all programs activated within one activation group are developed as one cooperative application.
Development shops may select different activation groups to isolate their programs from other shops' applications running in the same job. When a job starts on IBM i, a default activation group is created for any application to run in by default. But programs can specify an activation group it should run in too.
Commands
Commands on IBM i are very simple. Commands are a maximum of 10 characters long (because they are a
*CMDobject) and are made up of word abbreviations. For example:Concatenating the abbreviations can make up commands, which are also pronounceable:
Some of the commands we’ll be using throughout the lectures are the following:
When using commands on the IBM i, if you are unsure of the parameters you are able to prompt the command. You can prompt after you have entered the command and then by pressing F4. This will bring up a list of parameters available for a command. You may also have the option to use F10, which will show more parameters if available.
If you’re searching for a command, you can type the start of the command followed by an asterisk. For example:
CRT*will show you all commands starting withCRTWRK*will show you all commands starting withWRK