xiaokaim
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7 years ago print "hello, world"
Open xiaokaim opened 7 years ago
xiaokaim
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7 years ago print "hello, world"
xiaokaim
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6 years ago codecs — Codec registry and base classes Source code: Lib/codecs.py This module defines base classes for standard Python codecs (encoders and decoders) and provides access to the internal Python codec registry, which manages the codec and error handling lookup process. Most standard codecs are text encodings, which encode text to bytes, but there are also codecs provided that encode text to text, and bytes to bytes. Custom codecs may encode and decode between arbitrary types, but some module features are restricted to use specifically with text encodings, or with codecs that encode to bytes. The module defines the following functions for encoding and decoding with any codec: codecs.encode(obj, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict') Encodes obj using the codec registered for encoding. Errors may be given to set the desired error handling scheme. The default error handler is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise ValueError (or a more codec specific subclass, such as UnicodeEncodeError). Refer to Codec Base Classes for more information on codec error handling. codecs.decode(obj, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict') Decodes obj using the codec registered for encoding. Errors may be given to set the desired error handling scheme. The default error handler is 'strict' meaning that decoding errors raise ValueError (or a more codec specific subclass, such as UnicodeDecodeError). Refer to Codec Base Classes for more information on codec error handling. The full details for each codec can also be looked up directly: codecs.lookup(encoding) Looks up the codec info in the Python codec registry and returns a CodecInfo object as defined below. Encodings are first looked up in the registry’s cache. If not found, the list of registered search functions is scanned. If no CodecInfo object is found, a LookupError is raised. Otherwise, the CodecInfo object is stored in the cache and returned to the caller. class codecs.CodecInfo(encode, decode, streamreader=None, streamwriter=None, incrementalencoder=None, incrementaldecoder=None, name=None) Codec details when looking up the codec registry. The constructor arguments are stored in attributes of the same name: name The name of the encoding. encode decode The stateless encoding and decoding functions. These must be functions or methods which have the same interface as the encode() and decode() methods of Codec instances (see Codec Interface). The functions or methods are expected to work in a stateless mode. incrementalencoder incrementaldecoder Incremental encoder and decoder classes or factory functions. These have to provide the interface defined by the base classes IncrementalEncoder and IncrementalDecoder, respectively. Incremental codecs can maintain state. streamwriter streamreader Stream writer and reader classes or factory functions. These have to provide the interface defined by the base classes StreamWriter and StreamReader, respectively. Stream codecs can maintain state. To simplify access to the various codec components, the module provides these additional functions which use lookup() for the codec lookup: codecs.getencoder(encoding) Look up the codec for the given encoding and return its encoder function. Raises a LookupError in case the encoding cannot be found. codecs.getdecoder(encoding) Look up the codec for the given encoding and return its decoder function. Raises a LookupError in case the encoding cannot be found. codecs.getincrementalencoder(encoding) Look up the codec for the given encoding and return its incremental encoder class or factory function. Raises a LookupError in case the encoding cannot be found or the codec doesn’t support an incremental encoder. codecs.getincrementaldecoder(encoding) Look up the codec for the given encoding and return its incremental decoder class or factory function. Raises a LookupError in case the encoding cannot be found or the codec doesn’t support an incremental decoder. codecs.getreader(encoding) Look up the codec for the given encoding and return its StreamReader class or factory function. Raises a LookupError in case the encoding cannot be found. codecs.getwriter(encoding) Look up the codec for the given encoding and return its StreamWriter class or factory function. Raises a LookupError in case the encoding cannot be found. Custom codecs are made available by registering a suitable codec search function: codecs.register(search_function) Register a codec search function. Search functions are expected to take one argument, being the encoding name in all lower case letters, and return a CodecInfo object. In case a search function cannot find a given encoding, it should return None. Note Search function registration is not currently reversible, which may cause problems in some cases, such as unit testing or module reloading. While the builtin open() and the associated io module are the recommended approach for working with encoded text files, this module provides additional utility functions and classes that allow the use of a wider range of codecs when working with binary files: codecs.open(filename, mode='r', encoding=None, errors='strict', buffering=1) Open an encoded file using the given mode and return an instance of StreamReaderWriter, providing transparent encoding/decoding. The default file mode is 'r', meaning to open the file in read mode. Note Underlying encoded files are always opened in binary mode. No automatic conversion of '\n' is done on reading and writing. The mode argument may be any binary mode acceptable to the built-in open() function; the 'b' is automatically added. encoding specifies the encoding which is to be used for the file. Any encoding that encodes to and decodes from bytes is allowed, and the data types supported by the file methods depend on the codec used. errors may be given to define the error handling. It defaults to 'strict' which causes a ValueError to be raised in case an encoding error occurs. buffering has the same meaning as for the built-in open() function. It defaults to line buffered. codecs.EncodedFile(file, data_encoding, file_encoding=None, errors='strict') Return a StreamRecoder instance, a wrapped version of file which provides transparent transcoding. The original file is closed when the wrapped version is closed. Data written to the wrapped file is decoded according to the given data_encoding and then written to the original file as bytes using file_encoding. Bytes read from the original file are decoded according to file_encoding, and the result is encoded using data_encoding. If file_encoding is not given, it defaults to data_encoding. errors may be given to define the error handling. It defaults to 'strict', which causes ValueError to be raised in case an encoding error occurs. codecs.iterencode(iterator, encoding, errors='strict', kwargs) Uses an incremental encoder to iteratively encode the input provided by iterator. This function is a generator. The errors argument (as well as any other keyword argument) is passed through to the incremental encoder. This function requires that the codec accept text str objects to encode. Therefore it does not support bytes-to-bytes encoders such as base64_codec. codecs.iterdecode(iterator, encoding, errors='strict', kwargs) Uses an incremental decoder to iteratively decode the input provided by iterator. This function is a generator. The errors argument (as well as any other keyword argument) is passed through to the incremental decoder. This function requires that the codec accept bytes objects to decode. Therefore it does not support text-to-text encoders such as rot_13, although rot_13 may be used equivalently with iterencode(). The module also provides the following constants which are useful for reading and writing to platform dependent files: codecs.BOM codecs.BOM_BE codecs.BOM_LE codecs.BOM_UTF8 codecs.BOM_UTF16 codecs.BOM_UTF16_BE codecs.BOM_UTF16_LE codecs.BOM_UTF32 codecs.BOM_UTF32_BE codecs.BOM_UTF32_LE These constants define various byte sequences, being Unicode byte order marks (BOMs) for several encodings. They are used in UTF-16 and UTF-32 data streams to indicate the byte order used, and in UTF-8 as a Unicode signature. BOM_UTF16 is either BOM_UTF16_BE or BOM_UTF16_LE depending on the platform’s native byte order, BOM is an alias for BOM_UTF16, BOM_LE for BOM_UTF16_LE and BOM_BE for BOM_UTF16_BE. The others represent the BOM in UTF-8 and UTF-32 encodings.
'strict' Raise UnicodeError (or a subclass); this is the default. Implemented in strict_errors(). 'ignore' Ignore the malformed data and continue without further notice. Implemented in ignore_errors(). The following error handlers are only applicable to text encodings: Value Meaning
'replace' Replace with a suitable replacement marker; Python will use the official U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER for the built-in codecs on decoding, and ‘?’ on encoding. Implemented in replace_errors(). 'xmlcharrefreplace' Replace with the appropriate XML character reference (only for encoding). Implemented in xmlcharrefreplace_errors(). 'backslashreplace' Replace with backslashed escape sequences. Implemented in backslashreplace_errors(). 'namereplace' Replace with \N{...} escape sequences (only for encoding). Implemented in namereplace_errors(). 'surrogateescape' On decoding, replace byte with individual surrogate code ranging from U+DC80 to U+DCFF. This code will then be turned back into the same byte when the 'surrogateescape' error handler is used when encoding the data. (See PEP 383 for more.) In addition, the following error handler is specific to the given codecs: Value Codecs Meaning
'surrogatepass' utf-8, utf-16, utf-32, utf-16-be, utf-16-le, utf-32-be, utf-32-le Allow encoding and decoding of surrogate codes. These codecs normally treat the presence of surrogates as an error. New in version 3.1: The 'surrogateescape' and 'surrogatepass' error handlers. Changed in version 3.4: The 'surrogatepass' error handlers now works with utf-16 and utf-32 codecs. New in version 3.5: The 'namereplace' error handler. Changed in version 3.5: The 'backslashreplace' error handlers now works with decoding and translating. The set of allowed values can be extended by registering a new named error handler: codecs.register_error(name, error_handler) Register the error handling function error_handler under the name name. The error_handler argument will be called during encoding and decoding in case of an error, when name is specified as the errors parameter. For encoding, error_handler will be called with a UnicodeEncodeError instance, which contains information about the location of the error. The error handler must either raise this or a different exception, or return a tuple with a replacement for the unencodable part of the input and a position where encoding should continue. The replacement may be either str or bytes. If the replacement is bytes, the encoder will simply copy them into the output buffer. If the replacement is a string, the encoder will encode the replacement. Encoding continues on original input at the specified position. Negative position values will be treated as being relative to the end of the input string. If the resulting position is out of bound an IndexError will be raised. Decoding and translating works similarly, except UnicodeDecodeError or UnicodeTranslateError will be passed to the handler and that the replacement from the error handler will be put into the output directly. Previously registered error handlers (including the standard error handlers) can be looked up by name: codecs.lookup_error(name) Return the error handler previously registered under the name name. Raises a LookupError in case the handler cannot be found. The following standard error handlers are also made available as module level functions: codecs.strict_errors(exception) Implements the 'strict' error handling: each encoding or decoding error raises a UnicodeError. codecs.replace_errors(exception) Implements the 'replace' error handling (for text encodings only): substitutes '?' for encoding errors (to be encoded by the codec), and '\ufffd' (the Unicode replacement character) for decoding errors. codecs.ignore_errors(exception) Implements the 'ignore' error handling: malformed data is ignored and encoding or decoding is continued without further notice. codecs.xmlcharrefreplace_errors(exception) Implements the 'xmlcharrefreplace' error handling (for encoding with text encodings only): the unencodable character is replaced by an appropriate XML character reference. codecs.backslashreplace_errors(exception) Implements the 'backslashreplace' error handling (for text encodings only): malformed data is replaced by a backslashed escape sequence. codecs.namereplace_errors(exception) Implements the 'namereplace' error handling (for encoding with text encodings only): the unencodable character is replaced by a \N{...} escape sequence. New in version 3.5. 1.2. Stateless Encoding and Decoding The base Codec class defines these methods which also define the function interfaces of the stateless encoder and decoder: Codec.encode(input[, errors]) Encodes the object input and returns a tuple (output object, length consumed). For instance, text encoding converts a string object to a bytes object using a particular character set encoding (e.g., cp1252 or iso-8859-1). The errors argument defines the error handling to apply. It defaults to 'strict' handling. The method may not store state in the Codec instance. Use StreamWriter for codecs which have to keep state in order to make encoding efficient. The encoder must be able to handle zero length input and return an empty object of the output object type in this situation. Codec.decode(input[, errors]) Decodes the object input and returns a tuple (output object, length consumed). For instance, for a text encoding, decoding converts a bytes object encoded using a particular character set encoding to a string object. For text encodings and bytes-to-bytes codecs, input must be a bytes object or one which provides the read-only buffer interface – for example, buffer objects and memory mapped files. The errors argument defines the error handling to apply. It defaults to 'strict' handling. The method may not store state in the Codec instance. Use StreamReader for codecs which have to keep state in order to make decoding efficient. The decoder must be able to handle zero length input and return an empty object of the output object type in this situation. 1.3. Incremental Encoding and Decoding The IncrementalEncoder and IncrementalDecoder classes provide the basic interface for incremental encoding and decoding. Encoding/decoding the input isn’t done with one call to the stateless encoder/decoder function, but with multiple calls to the encode()/decode() method of the incremental encoder/decoder. The incremental encoder/decoder keeps track of the encoding/decoding process during method calls. The joined output of calls to the encode()/decode() method is the same as if all the single inputs were joined into one, and this input was encoded/decoded with the stateless encoder/decoder. 1.3.1. IncrementalEncoder Objects The IncrementalEncoder class is used for encoding an input in multiple steps. It defines the following methods which every incremental encoder must define in order to be compatible with the Python codec registry. class codecs.IncrementalEncoder(errors='strict') Constructor for an IncrementalEncoder instance. All incremental encoders must provide this constructor interface. They are free to add additional keyword arguments, but only the ones defined here are used by the Python codec registry. The IncrementalEncoder may implement different error handling schemes by providing the errors keyword argument. See Error Handlers for possible values. The errors argument will be assigned to an attribute of the same name. Assigning to this attribute makes it possible to switch between different error handling strategies during the lifetime of the IncrementalEncoder object. encode(object[, final]) Encodes object (taking the current state of the encoder into account) and returns the resulting encoded object. If this is the last call to encode() final must be true (the default is false). reset() Reset the encoder to the initial state. The output is discarded: call .encode(object, final=True), passing an empty byte or text string if necessary, to reset the encoder and to get the output. getstate() Return the current state of the encoder which must be an integer. The implementation should make sure that 0 is the most common state. (States that are more complicated than integers can be converted into an integer by marshaling/pickling the state and encoding the bytes of the resulting string into an integer). setstate(state) Set the state of the encoder to state. state must be an encoder state returned by getstate(). 1.3.2. IncrementalDecoder Objects The IncrementalDecoder class is used for decoding an input in multiple steps. It defines the following methods which every incremental decoder must define in order to be compatible with the Python codec registry. class codecs.IncrementalDecoder(errors='strict') Constructor for an IncrementalDecoder instance. All incremental decoders must provide this constructor interface. They are free to add additional keyword arguments, but only the ones defined here are used by the Python codec registry. The IncrementalDecoder may implement different error handling schemes by providing the errors keyword argument. See Error Handlers for possible values. The errors argument will be assigned to an attribute of the same name. Assigning to this attribute makes it possible to switch between different error handling strategies during the lifetime of the IncrementalDecoder object. decode(object[, final]) Decodes object (taking the current state of the decoder into account) and returns the resulting decoded object. If this is the last call to decode() final must be true (the default is false). If final is true the decoder must decode the input completely and must flush all buffers. If this isn’t possible (e.g. because of incomplete byte sequences at the end of the input) it must initiate error handling just like in the stateless case (which might raise an exception). reset() Reset the decoder to the initial state. getstate() Return the current state of the decoder. This must be a tuple with two items, the first must be the buffer containing the still undecoded input. The second must be an integer and can be additional state info. (The implementation should make sure that 0 is the most common additional state info.) If this additional state info is 0 it must be possible to set the decoder to the state which has no input buffered and 0 as the additional state info, so that feeding the previously buffered input to the decoder returns it to the previous state without producing any output. (Additional state info that is more complicated than integers can be converted into an integer by marshaling/pickling the info and encoding the bytes of the resulting string into an integer.) setstate(state) Set the state of the encoder to state. state must be a decoder state returned by getstate(). 1.4. Stream Encoding and Decoding The StreamWriter and StreamReader classes provide generic working interfaces which can be used to implement new encoding submodules very easily. See encodings.utf_8 for an example of how this is done. 1.4.1. StreamWriter Objects The StreamWriter class is a subclass of Codec and defines the following methods which every stream writer must define in order to be compatible with the Python codec registry. class codecs.StreamWriter(stream, errors='strict') Constructor for a StreamWriter instance. All stream writers must provide this constructor interface. They are free to add additional keyword arguments, but only the ones defined here are used by the Python codec registry. The stream argument must be a file-like object open for writing text or binary data, as appropriate for the specific codec. The StreamWriter may implement different error handling schemes by providing the errors keyword argument. See Error Handlers for the standard error handlers the underlying stream codec may support. The errors argument will be assigned to an attribute of the same name. Assigning to this attribute makes it possible to switch between different error handling strategies during the lifetime of the StreamWriter object. write(object) Writes the object’s contents encoded to the stream. writelines(list) Writes the concatenated list of strings to the stream (possibly by reusing the write() method). The standard bytes-to-bytes codecs do not support this method. reset() Flushes and resets the codec buffers used for keeping state. Calling this method should ensure that the data on the output is put into a clean state that allows appending of new fresh data without having to rescan the whole stream to recover state. In addition to the above methods, the StreamWriter must also inherit all other methods and attributes from the underlying stream. 1.4.2. StreamReader Objects The StreamReader class is a subclass of Codec and defines the following methods which every stream reader must define in order to be compatible with the Python codec registry. class codecs.StreamReader(stream, errors='strict') Constructor for a StreamReader instance. All stream readers must provide this constructor interface. They are free to add additional keyword arguments, but only the ones defined here are used by the Python codec registry. The stream argument must be a file-like object open for reading text or binary data, as appropriate for the specific codec. The StreamReader may implement different error handling schemes by providing the errors keyword argument. See Error Handlers for the standard error handlers the underlying stream codec may support. The errors argument will be assigned to an attribute of the same name. Assigning to this attribute makes it possible to switch between different error handling strategies during the lifetime of the StreamReader object. The set of allowed values for the errors argument can be extended with register_error(). read([size[, chars[, firstline]]]) Decodes data from the stream and returns the resulting object. The chars argument indicates the number of decoded code points or bytes to return. The read() method will never return more data than requested, but it might return less, if there is not enough available. The size argument indicates the approximate maximum number of encoded bytes or code points to read for decoding. The decoder can modify this setting as appropriate. The default value -1 indicates to read and decode as much as possible. This parameter is intended to prevent having to decode huge files in one step. The firstline flag indicates that it would be sufficient to only return the first line, if there are decoding errors on later lines. The method should use a greedy read strategy meaning that it should read as much data as is allowed within the definition of the encoding and the given size, e.g. if optional encoding endings or state markers are available on the stream, these should be read too. readline([size[, keepends]]) Read one line from the input stream and return the decoded data. size, if given, is passed as size argument to the stream’s read() method. If keepends is false line-endings will be stripped from the lines returned. readlines([sizehint[, keepends]]) Read all lines available on the input stream and return them as a list of lines. Line-endings are implemented using the codec’s decoder method and are included in the list entries if keepends is true. sizehint, if given, is passed as the size argument to the stream’s read() method. reset() Resets the codec buffers used for keeping state. Note that no stream repositioning should take place. This method is primarily intended to be able to recover from decoding errors. In addition to the above methods, the StreamReader must also inherit all other methods and attributes from the underlying stream. 1.4.3. StreamReaderWriter Objects The StreamReaderWriter is a convenience class that allows wrapping streams which work in both read and write modes. The design is such that one can use the factory functions returned by the lookup() function to construct the instance. class codecs.StreamReaderWriter(stream, Reader, Writer, errors='strict') Creates a StreamReaderWriter instance. stream must be a file-like object. Reader and Writer must be factory functions or classes providing the StreamReader and StreamWriter interface resp. Error handling is done in the same way as defined for the stream readers and writers. StreamReaderWriter instances define the combined interfaces of StreamReader and StreamWriter classes. They inherit all other methods and attributes from the underlying stream. 1.4.4. StreamRecoder Objects The StreamRecoder translates data from one encoding to another, which is sometimes useful when dealing with different encoding environments. The design is such that one can use the factory functions returned by the lookup() function to construct the instance. class codecs.StreamRecoder(stream, encode, decode, Reader, Writer, errors='strict') Creates a StreamRecoder instance which implements a two-way conversion: encode and decode work on the frontend — the data visible to code calling read() and write(), while Reader and Writer work on the backend — the data in stream. You can use these objects to do transparent transcodings from e.g. Latin-1 to UTF-8 and back. The stream argument must be a file-like object. The encode and decode arguments must adhere to the Codec interface. Reader and Writer must be factory functions or classes providing objects of the StreamReader and StreamWriter interface respectively. Error handling is done in the same way as defined for the stream readers and writers. StreamRecoder instances define the combined interfaces of StreamReader and StreamWriter classes. They inherit all other methods and attributes from the underlying stream.
U-00000000 … U-0000007F 0xxxxxxx U-00000080 … U-000007FF 110xxxxx 10xxxxxx U-00000800 … U-0000FFFF 1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx U-00010000 … U-0010FFFF 11110xxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx The least significant bit of the Unicode character is the rightmost x bit. As UTF-8 is an 8-bit encoding no BOM is required and any U+FEFF character in the decoded string (even if it’s the first character) is treated as a ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE. Without external information it’s impossible to reliably determine which encoding was used for encoding a string. Each charmap encoding can decode any random byte sequence. However that’s not possible with UTF-8, as UTF-8 byte sequences have a structure that doesn’t allow arbitrary byte sequences. To increase the reliability with which a UTF-8 encoding can be detected, Microsoft invented a variant of UTF-8 (that Python 2.5 calls "utf-8-sig") for its Notepad program: Before any of the Unicode characters is written to the file, a UTF-8 encoded BOM (which looks like this as a byte sequence: 0xef, 0xbb, 0xbf) is written. As it’s rather improbable that any charmap encoded file starts with these byte values (which would e.g. map to in iso-8859-1), this increases the probability that a utf-8-sig encoding can be correctly guessed from the byte sequence. So here the BOM is not used to be able to determine the byte order used for generating the byte sequence, but as a signature that helps in guessing the encoding. On encoding the utf-8-sig codec will write 0xef, 0xbb, 0xbf as the first three bytes to the file. On decoding utf-8-sig will skip those three bytes if they appear as the first three bytes in the file. In UTF-8, the use of the BOM is discouraged and should generally be avoided.
ascii 646, us-ascii English big5 big5-tw, csbig5 Traditional Chinese big5hkscs big5-hkscs, hkscs Traditional Chinese cp037 IBM037, IBM039 English cp273 273, IBM273, csIBM273 German New in version 3.4. cp424 EBCDIC-CP-HE, IBM424 Hebrew cp437 437, IBM437 English cp500 EBCDIC-CP-BE, EBCDIC-CP-CH, IBM500 Western Europe cp720 Arabic cp737 Greek cp775 IBM775 Baltic languages cp850 850, IBM850 Western Europe cp852 852, IBM852 Central and Eastern Europe cp855 855, IBM855 Bulgarian, Byelorussian, Macedonian, Russian, Serbian cp856 Hebrew cp857 857, IBM857 Turkish cp858 858, IBM858 Western Europe cp860 860, IBM860 Portuguese cp861 861, CP-IS, IBM861 Icelandic cp862 862, IBM862 Hebrew cp863 863, IBM863 Canadian cp864 IBM864 Arabic cp865 865, IBM865 Danish, Norwegian cp866 866, IBM866 Russian cp869 869, CP-GR, IBM869 Greek cp874 Thai cp875 Greek cp932 932, ms932, mskanji, ms-kanji Japanese cp949 949, ms949, uhc Korean cp950 950, ms950 Traditional Chinese cp1006 Urdu cp1026 ibm1026 Turkish cp1125 1125, ibm1125, cp866u, ruscii Ukrainian New in version 3.4. cp1140 ibm1140 Western Europe cp1250 windows-1250 Central and Eastern Europe cp1251 windows-1251 Bulgarian, Byelorussian, Macedonian, Russian, Serbian cp1252 windows-1252 Western Europe cp1253 windows-1253 Greek cp1254 windows-1254 Turkish cp1255 windows-1255 Hebrew cp1256 windows-1256 Arabic cp1257 windows-1257 Baltic languages cp1258 windows-1258 Vietnamese cp65001 Windows only: Windows UTF-8 (CP_UTF8) New in version 3.3. euc_jp eucjp, ujis, u-jis Japanese euc_jis_2004 jisx0213, eucjis2004 Japanese euc_jisx0213 eucjisx0213 Japanese euc_kr euckr, korean, ksc5601, ks_c-5601, ks_c-5601-1987, ksx1001, ks_x-1001 Korean gb2312 chinese, csiso58gb231280, euc- cn, euccn, eucgb2312-cn, gb2312-1980, gb2312-80, iso- ir-58 Simplified Chinese gbk 936, cp936, ms936 Unified Chinese gb18030 gb18030-2000 Unified Chinese hz hzgb, hz-gb, hz-gb-2312 Simplified Chinese iso2022_jp csiso2022jp, iso2022jp, iso-2022-jp Japanese iso2022_jp_1 iso2022jp-1, iso-2022-jp-1 Japanese iso2022_jp_2 iso2022jp-2, iso-2022-jp-2 Japanese, Korean, Simplified Chinese, Western Europe, Greek iso2022_jp_2004 iso2022jp-2004, iso-2022-jp-2004 Japanese iso2022_jp_3 iso2022jp-3, iso-2022-jp-3 Japanese iso2022_jp_ext iso2022jp-ext, iso-2022-jp-ext Japanese iso2022_kr csiso2022kr, iso2022kr, iso-2022-kr Korean latin_1 iso-8859-1, iso8859-1, 8859, cp819, latin, latin1, L1 West Europe iso8859_2 iso-8859-2, latin2, L2 Central and Eastern Europe iso8859_3 iso-8859-3, latin3, L3 Esperanto, Maltese iso8859_4 iso-8859-4, latin4, L4 Baltic languages iso8859_5 iso-8859-5, cyrillic Bulgarian, Byelorussian, Macedonian, Russian, Serbian iso8859_6 iso-8859-6, arabic Arabic iso8859_7 iso-8859-7, greek, greek8 Greek iso8859_8 iso-8859-8, hebrew Hebrew iso8859_9 iso-8859-9, latin5, L5 Turkish iso8859_10 iso-8859-10, latin6, L6 Nordic languages iso8859_11 iso-8859-11, thai Thai languages iso8859_13 iso-8859-13, latin7, L7 Baltic languages iso8859_14 iso-8859-14, latin8, L8 Celtic languages iso8859_15 iso-8859-15, latin9, L9 Western Europe iso8859_16 iso-8859-16, latin10, L10 South-Eastern Europe johab cp1361, ms1361 Korean koi8_r Russian koi8_t Tajik New in version 3.5. koi8_u Ukrainian kz1048 kz_1048, strk1048_2002, rk1048 Kazakh New in version 3.5. mac_cyrillic maccyrillic Bulgarian, Byelorussian, Macedonian, Russian, Serbian mac_greek macgreek Greek mac_iceland maciceland Icelandic mac_latin2 maclatin2, maccentraleurope Central and Eastern Europe mac_roman macroman, macintosh Western Europe mac_turkish macturkish Turkish ptcp154 csptcp154, pt154, cp154, cyrillic-asian Kazakh shift_jis csshiftjis, shiftjis, sjis, s_jis Japanese shift_jis_2004 shiftjis2004, sjis_2004, sjis2004 Japanese shift_jisx0213 shiftjisx0213, sjisx0213, s_jisx0213 Japanese utf_32 U32, utf32 all languages utf_32_be UTF-32BE all languages utf_32_le UTF-32LE all languages utf_16 U16, utf16 all languages utf_16_be UTF-16BE all languages utf_16_le UTF-16LE all languages utf_7 U7, unicode-1-1-utf-7 all languages utf_8 U8, UTF, utf8 all languages utf_8_sig all languages Changed in version 3.4: The utf-16 and utf-32 encoders no longer allow surrogate code points (U+D800–U+DFFF) to be encoded. The utf-32* decoders no longer decode byte sequences that correspond to surrogate code points.
idna Implements RFC 3490, see also encodings.idna. Only errors='strict' is supported. mbcs ansi, dbcs Windows only: Encode operand according to the ANSI codepage (CP_ACP) oem Windows only: Encode operand according to the OEM codepage (CP_OEMCP) New in version 3.6. palmos Encoding of PalmOS 3.5 punycode Implements RFC 3492. Stateful codecs are not supported. raw_unicode_escape Latin-1 encoding with \uXXXX and \UXXXXXXXX for other code points. Existing backslashes are not escaped in any way. It is used in the Python pickle protocol. undefined Raise an exception for all conversions, even empty strings. The error handler is ignored. unicode_escape Encoding suitable as the contents of a Unicode literal in ASCII-encoded Python source code, except that quotes are not escaped. Decodes from Latin-1 source code. Beware that Python source code actually uses UTF-8 by default. unicode_internal Return the internal representation of the operand. Stateful codecs are not supported. Deprecated since version 3.3: This representation is obsoleted by PEP 393. 4.2. Binary Transforms The following codecs provide binary transforms: bytes-like object to bytes mappings. They are not supported by bytes.decode() (which only produces str output). Codec Aliases Purpose Encoder / decoder
base64_codec [1] base64, base_64 Convert operand to multiline MIME base64 (the result always includes a trailing '\n') base64.encodebytes() / base64.decodebytes() Changed in version 3.4: accepts any bytes-like object as input for encoding and decoding bz2_codec bz2 Compress the operand using bz2 bz2.compress() / bz2.decompress() hex_codec hex Convert operand to hexadecimal representation, with two digits per byte binascii.b2a_hex() / binascii.a2b_hex() quopri_codec quopri, quotedprintable, quoted_printable Convert operand to MIME quoted printable quopri.encode() with quotetabs=True / quopri.decode() uu_codec uu Convert the operand using uuencode uu.encode() / uu.decode() zlib_codec zip, zlib Compress the operand using gzip zlib.compress() / zlib.decompress() [1] In addition to bytes-like objects, 'base64_codec' also accepts ASCII-only instances of str for decoding New in version 3.2: Restoration of the binary transforms. Changed in version 3.4: Restoration of the aliases for the binary transforms. 4.3. Text Transforms The following codec provides a text transform: a str to str mapping. It is not supported by str.encode() (which only produces bytes output). Codec Aliases Purpose
rot_13 rot13 Returns the Caesar-cypher encryption of the operand New in version 3.2: Restoration of the rot_13 text transform. Changed in version 3.4: Restoration of the rot13 alias.
Allows you to control the settings of IncognIt VPN router-anonymizer from your browser: enable or disable the VPN, select VPN-servers from the list (change IP-address and country), and quickly access other VPN settings in the router web-interface. import sys
print('The command line arguments are:') for i in sys.argv: print(i)
print('\n\nThe PYTHONPATH is', sys.path, '\n')