Improve CI pipeline to handle dependency installation and build errors

[zarfld]

Related to #46

Improve CI pipeline to handle dependency installation and build errors.

• Add retry logic to prerequisites.sh and ci-prerequisites.sh for apt-get commands.
• Add caching mechanism for dependencies in .github/workflows/ci.yml.
• Add matrix build strategy to test against multiple Ubuntu versions in .github/workflows/ci.yml.
• Ensure the latest version of PoKeysLib is used in .github/workflows/ci.yml.
• Add automated workflow to handle build failures due to missing packages or dependency errors in .github/workflows/ci.yml.
• Add logs upload in case of build or test failures for diagnostic purposes in .github/workflows/ci.yml.

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