Fruit Tree Cultivation Techniques

Apple production technology Main fine apple varieties and their identification Apple is an important deciduous fruit tree in northern China, and is also one of the fruit trees with wide cultivation area and high yield in the world. The Apple has beautiful shape, sweet and sour taste and rich nutrition. According to the determination, the total sugar content of apple fruit is 10%~14.2% , the protein content is 0.3%~0.4% , the fat content is 0.5% , the malic acid content is 0.34~0.61% , the vitamin A, B, C, G, carotene and A small amount of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, iron and other minerals are also included. In addition to fresh food, apples can also be processed fruit wine, fruit juice, preserved fruit, jam, dried fruit, preserved fruit and so on, which is loved by people. Apple varieties, strong adaptability, wide distribution, can use barren mountains, barren beaches, Hills, mountain areas, local conditions to develop Apple production, to increase farmers "income and create foreign exchange, Soil and Water Conservation, environmental improvement can play an important role. The mature period is from the last ten days of June to the last ten days of October, especially some late-maturing varieties are resistant to storage and transportation, and can realize the annual supply market. Apple belongs to the Rosaceae, kernel fruit subfamily, Apple genus. There are 38 species of Apple plants in the world, of which 24 species are native to China.

Growth habit (I) root system The distribution of Apple root system was mainly affected by rootstock species, soil physical and chemical properties, groundwater level, climate conditions and cultivation conditions. In general, the horizontal distribution of root system is 1.5-3 times that of crown, and the root system is concentrated in the soil layer of 15~60cm. Strengthening soil management (such as deep tillage to improve soil, intertillage to weed, tree hole expansion) can promote root growth and increase the extension range. The growth of Apple root system is earlier than that of the aboveground part. Generally, more than a month before the aboveground part sprouts, the shallow root has begun to grow. The root system has 2~3 growth peaks in a year, and alternates with the rapid growth period of branches, leaves and fruits above ground. Apple roots generally start to grow when the soil temperature reaches 3℃ and grow faster when the soil temperature is above 7℃, and the most active temperature for root growth is 20℃~24℃. The optimum soil moisture content for apple tree root growth was 60%~80% of the maximum field capacity. If the soil ventilation is good, the root density is high, the lateral roots are more, and the number of absorbing roots is more. (II) buds When Apple leaf bud sprouts, the scales fall off and leave scale marks, which become ring marks at the base of branches, called bud scale marks. The average temperature required for Apple leaf bud germination is about 10℃, which is different from variety to variety. The germination rate of Apple also has great differences among different varieties, and the germination rate of short-branch varieties is generally high. The latent buds of Apple have a long life span and the tree body is easy to renew. (III) branches The growth of apple trees is vigorous and the stratification is obvious in the young tree stage, and after the fruiting stage, the growth gradually weakens, and the stratification also weakens. In most areas, the new Apple shoots grow obviously twice a year, the part of the first growth is spring shoots, the part of the second extended growth is called autumn shoots, and obvious blind nodes are formed at the junction of spring and autumn. If the autumn shoots can stop growing in time, the branches with full development can often form axillary flower buds, which is conducive to the early fruiting of young trees. There are three kinds of developing branches of Apple: short branch, middle branch and long Branch. The short branch and the Middle branch generally grow only once, stop growing earlier, and are easy to form flower buds; the Long Branch stops growing late, has more leaves, strong photosynthetic production capacity, and wide range of nutrient outward transportation, especially the nutrient exchange with the root system is frequent and strong. Therefore,fruit trees must have a certain number of long branches in order for the root system to grow continuously, enhance the tree vigor and improve the nutritional level of the tree body.however, too many long branches are not conducive to flowering and fruit setting. (IV) leaves The leaves formed at the beginning of germination in spring are smaller, and then gradually increase, and generally the leaves of the 7th to 8th on the new shoots reach the size of the standard leaves. Because of the different order of emergence, the same tree will have different leaf age leaves at the same time, the photosynthetic intensity of mature leaves is greater than that of old leaves and young leaves. The best thickness of Apple leaf curtain is 1.5~2m, and the leaf curtain should have obvious layering. The suitable leaf area coefficient was 4~5. The leaf curtain structure is good, the leaf area coefficient is appropriate, and the yield is high. Fruiting habit (I) flowering and fruiting The long, medium and short fruit branches of Apple can bear fruit, and some varieties have the habit of bearing axillary flower buds. However, in the initial fruiting stage, there were more middle and long fruit branches and axillary flower bud fruit branches, and in the full fruiting stage, the fruit bearing was mainly in the short fruit stage. The morphological differentiation of Apple flower buds began when the short and middle branches stopped growing and the long branches turned to slow growth. It usually takes 40~50 days for all kinds of branches of Apple to stop growing and start flower bud morphological differentiation. The earliest differentiation in flower bud is the central flower. According to observation, in xingcheng area, from mid-September to mid-October, calyx, petals, stamens and pistils appeared in flower buds. Ovary and anther continue to develop in the spring of the next year, if the nutritional conditions are not good at this time, the quality of flower buds will be affected. Therefore, timely harvest and good cultivation management in early spring are very important for flower bud development. The flower buds and leaf buds of most apple varieties can be distinguished from each other in morphology. Leaf buds thin and apex pointed, sometimes more hairy. Flower buds are full, scales are tightly wrapped, and apex is blunt and round. Apple flower buds generally start to sprout at the temperature above 8℃, first sprout short shoots and grow several leaves, and blossom and bear fruit at the top of the short shoots. After fruiting, the short shoots expanded to form a fruit platform. At the same time of fruiting, 1~2 new shoots can occur in the leaf axils of the fruit platform in that year, which are called secondary shoots of the fruit platform. The terminal buds of the secondary shoots of the fruit platform with good nutritional conditions can form flower buds in the same year and bear fruit continuously in the next year. (2) fruit growth and development The fruit of Apple is formed by the common development of ovary and receptacle. The length of time required for fruit growth and development mainly varies from variety to variety. For example, it only takes about 65 days for early victory, about 85 days for Fujimi No. 1, about 115 days for hongjin light, 155~160 days for Jonah King, and 170~180 days for red Fuji. The growth process of apple fruit can be divided into pulp cell division stage and cell volume expansion stage. The cell division of the flesh began after the formation of the floral primordium, stopped temporarily during flowering, and continued after pollination and fertilization until 3~4 weeks after flowering. The cell enlargement was mainly from June to before harvest. There are many factors that affect the number and volume of fruit cells, the main one is that sufficient nutrition and water must be available for the normal development of fruit.

Requirements for environmental conditions (I) climate Whether apples can be cultivated in various places, the first consideration should be whether the local climate conditions are suitable. The main factor affecting Apple growth and development is temperature, followed by precipitation, sunshine and wind. Apples are native to dry summer areas. They require cold winter temperatures, dry summer air and sufficient sunshine. It is generally believed that apples can grow in places with an annual average temperature of 7.5℃~14℃. The northernmost limit of Big Apple cultivation in China is that the average temperature in January is not lower than-14℃, while the average temperature in winter is not higher than 10℃, and the average temperature in summer is higher than 28℃, which is the highest limit of Apple cultivation. Inland areas due to the dry climate in early spring, even in the case of not too low temperature is prone to "strip" and other winter injuries. The average temperature of high-quality Apple production areas from June to August is 20℃~22℃, and the days when the highest temperature exceeds 35℃ are very few, and the daily temperature difference is more than 10℃. Apple likes dry and cool climate, too much rain, annual precipitation more than 1000mm, especially in high temperature and rainy conditions of poor growth and development. Too little rainfall, annual precipitation less than 500mm. As long as there are sufficient irrigation conditions, it can still be suitable for Apple production. Apple flower bud differentiation period requires less rainfall, which is conducive to flower bud differentiation; later growth period requires moderate rainfall, sufficient light, fruit yield and quality improvement. In the lower latitude area, the annual sunshine is less than 1500 hours, especially the sunshine hours from August to September are too low, which is not conducive to fruit coloring. (II) soil and topography Topography and terrain have a certain impact on climate and soil conditions, altitude directly affects the temperature, high latitude and low altitude and low latitude and high altitude areas in summer temperature is not high, temperature difference is large, strong sunshine is conducive to Apple growth and development. Apple trees can be cultivated in mountain slope, plain, Hill and river Valley Beach, while Apple trees cultivated in slope and Leeward gentle slope grow strongly and improve fruit quality. The large area apple orchard should be selected in the gentle slope area with convenient transportation and sufficient water source, and the light loam with deep soil layer, underground water level below 1~1.5m and slight acid to slight alkali should be selected. Soil organic matter should be increased as soon as possible if it is low. In arid areas, apple orchards should be built in eryin land and Gully land.

Main cultivation techniques of Apple (I) deep turning and ripening of Orchard Deep turning and ripening of soil is the valuable experience accumulated by fruit farmers in long-term production practice in China. It can not only improve soil, increase soil organic matter content, but also has obvious promotion effect on the growth of underground part and above-ground part of fruit tree, and has stable and long-term effect on improving yield and fruit quality. In general, the effect of deep turning can be maintained for 4~5 years. (2) Orchard soil management system

The clear tillage method is mainly carried out in mature orchards. No crops are planted in the garden, and the soil surface layer is kept loose and free of weeds. generally in autumn deep plowing, early spring soil thawing in time shallow plowing, in order to reduce water evaporation. Intertillage and weeding are carried out for a plurality of times in the growing season to loosen and ventilate the soil and keep the weed-free State. Orchard clean tillage is beneficial to the transformation and decomposition of soil nutrients and the absorption and utilization of root system. However,long-term clean tillage, soil organic matter will be rapidly reduced, soil structure will also be destroyed, affecting the growth and development of fruit trees, so the orchard using clean tillage method should pay attention to the application of organic fertilizer.
The grass-growing method is to plant other plants (mainly perennial Leguminosae or Gramineae plants) naturally or artificially between rows of orchards. When the grass grows to a certain height, 15~30cm is reserved for multiple grass-growing, and the grass-growing method covers the ground of a tree disc or raises livestock. It is suitable for areas with good irrigation conditions or sufficient rain. Grass growing in Orchard is beneficial to increasing the content of soil organic matter and available nutrients, improving the ecological environment of Orchard, regulating soil temperature and preventing soil erosion. therefore, the grass-growing method is widely used in foreign orchards.
Clear tillage and cover crop method clear tillage and cover crop method is to clear tillage in the early stage of the annual growth cycle of fruit trees, keep the soil loose, make the rows in a leisure state, and store water and nutrients. In the later stage of growth, when most spring shoots stop growing, sowing and covering crops can absorb excess water and nutrients in soil, so that the fruit ripening and coloring can be promoted, the sugar content of the fruit can be improved, the quality of the fruit can be improved, and the branches can be enriched and safely overwinter can be realized. After the covering crops grow up, the covering crops are turned into the soil, so that the soil organic matter can be increased, the soil structure can be improved, and the soil fertility can be improved.
Orchard covering in arid areas is often used because of the bare ground, which has obvious effect on reducing the loss of water and nutrients in soil, increasing the content of soil organic matter, improving soil structure, preventing alkali return and eliminating weeds. The covering mainly includes straw, weeds, leaves, sand and stone, plastic film, coal slag, green fertilizer crops, etc., And the ground covering effect is the best. Orchard cover can be divided into whole garden cover and tree disc cover, the thickness of cover depends on the number of materials, generally 10~15cm, and a gap of 10~15cm is left at the trunk to avoid affecting the growth of root neck and causing diseases and insect pests. After the cover is finished, the semi-rotten organic substances are turned into the soil. And a few permeable holes with the diameter of 2~3cm should be opened near the tree disc, which is beneficial to water seepage and grass-covered Orchard when topdressing fertilizer, the covering should be removed for hole application, and irrigation should be carried out after fertilization.
Orchard interplanting crops can be planted between rows of fruit trees in young orchards and adult orchards with low coverage to make full use of land space and light energy and to cover the soil. Can maintain water and soil in mountainous areas, and can prevent wind and consolidate sand in Sandy land. In addition, it can also reduce grass damage and improve soil humus content and soil fertility. The excellent intercrop should have short growth period, less water and nutrients absorbed in the early stage, a large amount of water and fertilizer requirements staggered with the fruit trees; the plant is short, does not affect the light conditions of the fruit trees; can improve the soil structure, improve the soil fertility; has no common diseases and insect pests with the fruit trees; straw is perishable, has high fertility, and can be used as organic fertilizer.

(III) general soil management of orchards

Orchard soil tillage is beneficial to soil ripening, water retention, soil ventilation improvement, weed removal and pest elimination. The plowing period is mainly concentrated in autumn, and deep plowing in early spring can also be carried out in areas with conditions. The appropriate time of autumn plowing is from fruit harvest to defoliation, at this time, the injured root healing faster, easy to grow new roots. The depth of plowing is generally about 15cm, and the depth near the trunk can be shallower. Autumn plowing Orchard, spring should be early rake, in order to protect water storage. Spring plowing is generally carried out before germination, and the depth is shallower than that of autumn plowing, and is generally controlled in 5~10cm.
Intertillage can eliminate weeds, reduce the consumption of nutrients and water, cut off soil capillaries, reduce water evaporation, and also make soil well ventilated, promote microbial activities, and increase soil effective nutrients. The number of intertillage should be determined according to the climate characteristics and the number of weeds, and the effect is good at the seedling stage and before seed setting of weeds. The depth of intertillage is generally 10~15 cm.
The application of herbicides is mainly used in late spring and early summer and early autumn. There are many kinds of herbicides, most of which are systemic agents commonly used in apple orchards, such as prometryn, simazine, herbicide ether, 2, 4-D and so on. In order to increase the efficacy of herbicides, 0.3%~0.6% washing powder is often added as an adhesive, the effect is better. Spray medicine should be selected before 10:00 a.m. Or after 4:00 p.m. On sunny and windy days, and pay attention to prevent the liquid medicine from spraying on the tree body of the apple tree.

Fertilizer and water management technology (I) Orchard fertilization

The base fertilizer is applied before and after defoliation in autumn. The main application is farm manure, such as stable manure, manure, wall soil, Kang soil, plant ash, compost, crop straw, weeds, green fertilizer, etc., And some compound fertilizers and long-acting fertilizers can also be used. The base fertilizer is gradually decomposed, and can continuously supply various macro-elements and trace elements to fruit trees. According to the experience of high-yield gardens in various places and the actual situation in the local area, the fertilizer amount is determined. It is generally believed that about 20kg of high-quality organic fertilizer and 0.5kg of compound fertilizer are applied to each young tree of 1~2 years old. The number of 3~5-year-old trees should be increased year by year, and 30~50kg of high-quality organic fertilizer and 1kg of compound fertilizer should be applied to each tree annually. In areas lacking organic fertilizer, straw can be used to replace the fertilizer. Generally, about 15kg of corn straw, 1~2kg of ammonium carbonate and 5kg of calcium superphosphate are applied to young orchards. The method of applying base fertilizer to young orchards is mostly combined with deep plowing to carry out the application amount of base fertilizer in apple orchards in the full fruit period. Generally, 4000~5000kg of high-quality organic fertilizer is applied per mu, and a certain amount of quick-acting compound fertilizer is applied. In the full fruit period, the base fertilizer was applied in the whole garden and radial ditch.
Dressing According to the research, in the third year of planting, fertilization is carried out 2~3 times a year, and 5.1kg of pure nitrogen per mu is applied, and the fertilization time is respectively in the first ten days of May, the first ten days of June and the first ten days of July; in the fourth year, fertilization is carried out 4 times, namely in spring, after flowering, during the fruit rapid growth period and before picking, 2.5kg of pure nitrogen, 4.5kg of phosphorus pentoxide and 8.7kg of potassium oxide per mu are applied throughout the year, and meanwhile, from the last ten days of April to September, foliar fertilization is carried out for about 5 times. The amount of fertilizer applied to trees at full fruit stage should be determined according to tree vigor and soil conditions. According to the data, every 100kg fruit of apple tree needs to be applied with 1.23kg of pure nitrogen, 0.56kg of phosphorus pentoxide and 1.18kg of potassium oxide, and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 1:0.5:1, so that high and stable yield can be maintained. In addition to experience, soil nutrition diagnosis and leaf analysis can be used to determine the fertilizer amount if conditions permit. (1) fertilization period. On the basis of applying the base fertilizer, according to the characteristics of fertilizer demand in the phenological period, some quick-acting fertilizers are applied, which are called topdressing fertilizer. The period and frequency of topdressing fertilizer for fruit trees depend on the variety of tree species, the growth and fruiting status and the soil fertility. In general, before and after germination stage, after flowering, fruit expansion stage and flower bud differentiation stage, the nutrient requirement is large, and the effect of topdressing fertilizer is remarkable. A quick-acting fertilizer with nitrogen as the main fertilizer and nitrogen and phosphorus combined before flowering. After flowering is mainly nitrogen fertilizer, such as urea, it is best to spray leaves, can make the growth of new shoots normal, improve the fruit setting rate. Before flower bud differentiation, nitrogen and phosphorus should be the main fertilizer, and appropriate potassium fertilizer should be combined, which not only promoted flower bud differentiation, but also had a good effect on fruit development. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be the main fertilizer in autumn to improve yield and quality, promote branch maturity and nutrition accumulation. (2) topdressing method. The topdressing method is mainly divided into soil fertilization and topdressing outside the root. Soil fertilization includes ring fertilization, radial fertilization and hole fertilization. Topdressing fertilizer outside the root, including branch smearing, branch injection, foliar spraying, etc., Foliar spraying is the most commonly used method. The concentration of foliar spray fertilizer can be adjusted within the range of use concentration according to the air temperature and humidity of the day. Generally, the concentration is easy to be low when the air temperature is high and the air is dry, so as to avoid fertilizer harm. When spraying the medicine, spray evenly, and focus on spraying the back of the leaves to improve the fertilizer efficiency. (II) Orchard irrigation To ensure the growth of fruit trees in the first half of the period, the water supply is sufficient to facilitate the growth and fruiting; and to control the water in the second half of the period, to ensure that the growth is stopped in time, so that the fruit trees enter the dormancy period in time, and to make preparations for overwintering. Depending on the local climate, irrigation must be carried out during the following phenological periods, such as when the soil moisture content is low.
Irrigation period (1) before and after germination to flowering period. At this time, if there is sufficient water in the soil, the growth of new shoots can be strengthened, the leaf area can be increased, the photosynthesis can be increased, the flowering and fruit setting can be normal, and the foundation for high yield in that year can be laid. In dry spring areas, full irrigation is more important in this period. (2) the growth of new shoots and the expansion of young fruits. This period is often called the critical period of water demand of fruit trees. At this time, the physiological function of fruit trees is the most vigorous, if water is insufficient, the leaves seize the water of the young fruit, so that the young fruit wrinkles and falls off. In case of severe drought, the leaves will also take water from the inside of the absorbing root tissue, which will affect the normal absorption of the root, resulting in weakened growth and significantly reduced yield. In rainy areas in the South, this period is usually plum rain season. In addition to paying attention to uniform supply of soil water, attention should also be paid to drainage. (3) rapid fruit expansion period. As far as most of the main deciduous fruit trees are concerned, this is not only the period of rapid fruit expansion, but also the period of a large number of flower bud differentiation. Timely irrigation at this time can not only meet the water requirements of fruit hypertrophy, but also promote the healthy differentiation of flower buds, so as to improve the yield, but also form a large number of effective flower buds, and create conditions for successive years of high yield. (4) from fruit picking to dormancy period. In the arid areas of autumn and winter, irrigation at this time can make the soil store enough water, which is conducive to the decomposition of fertilizer, thus promoting the growth and development of fruit trees in the next spring. It is not advisable to irrigate before the harvest period to avoid reducing the quality or causing fruit cracking. It is very beneficial for apple trees to overwinter by irrigating frozen water once before soil freezing in cold land.
The minimum irrigation amount should make the soil moisture of 50~80cm thick more than 60% of the maximum field water holding capacity and keep it for a certain period of time.

Requirements for environmental conditions (1) whether apples can be cultivated in various climatic places should first consider whether the local climatic conditions are suitable. The main factor affecting Apple growth and development is temperature, followed by precipitation, sunshine and wind. Apples are native to dry summer areas. They require cold winter temperatures, dry summer air and sufficient sunshine. It is generally believed that apples can grow in places with an annual average temperature of 7.5℃~14℃. The northernmost limit of Big Apple cultivation in China is that the average temperature in January is not lower than-14℃, while the average temperature in winter is not higher than 10℃, and the average temperature in summer is higher than 28℃, which is the highest limit of Apple cultivation. Inland areas due to the dry climate in early spring, even in the case of not too low temperature is prone to "strip" and other winter injuries. The average temperature of high-quality Apple production area is 20℃~22℃ from June to August, and the days when the highest temperature exceeds 35 are very few, and the daily temperature difference is more than 10℃. Apple likes dry and cool climate, too much rain, annual precipitation more than 1000mm, especially in high temperature and rainy conditions of poor growth and development. Too little rainfall, annual precipitation less than 500mm. As long as there are sufficient irrigation conditions, it can still be suitable for Apple production. Apple flower bud differentiation period requires less rainfall, which is conducive to flower bud differentiation; later growth period requires moderate rainfall, sufficient light, fruit yield and quality improvement. In the lower latitude area, the annual sunshine is less than 1500 hours, especially the sunshine hours from August to September are too low, which is not conducive to fruit coloring.

(2) soil and topography topography and topography have a certain impact on climate and soil conditions, sea level directly affects the temperature, high latitude and low altitude areas and low latitude and high altitude areas in summer temperature is not high temperature difference, strong sunshine is conducive to Apple growth and development. Apple trees can be cultivated in mountain slope, plain, Hill and river Valley Beach, while Apple trees cultivated in slope and Leeward gentle slope grow strongly and improve fruit quality. The large area apple orchard should be selected in the gentle slope area with convenient transportation and sufficient water source, and the light loam with deep soil layer, underground water level below 1~1.5m and slight acid to slight alkali should be selected. Soil organic matter should be increased as soon as possible if it is low. In arid areas, apple orchards should be built in eryin land and Gully land.

Main cultivation techniques of Apple Deep turning and ripening of Orchard Deep turning and ripening of soil is the valuable experience accumulated by fruit farmers in long-term production practice in China. It can not only improve soil, increase soil organic matter content, but also has obvious promotion effect on the growth of underground part and above-ground part of fruit tree, and has stable and long-term effect on improving yield and fruit quality. In general, the effect of deep turning can be maintained for 4~5 years.

During the deep turning period, the orchard can be deeply turned in all seasons, but it should be carried out in due time according to specific conditions. (1) deep turning in autumn. Deep turning in autumn is generally carried out after fruit picking in autumn to before defoliation. At this time, the growth of the above-ground part is slow, the nutrition begins to move downward and accumulate, and at the same time, it is the third peak period of root growth, the injured root is easy to heal, and the generation of new root is promoted, which is the most suitable period for deep plowing. Deep turning is generally carried out in combination with the application of organic fertilizer, and timely watering is required after deep turning. Deep turning in autumn is conducive to snow preservation in winter. But winter drought and cold autumn deep plowing, easy to cause drought and freezing damage. (2) deep turning in spring. Deep plowing in spring is carried out as soon as possible after soil thawing in early spring. At this time, the aboveground part is in a dormant state, the root system begins to grow, and the injured root is easy to heal and regenerate new roots. Deep turning in spring should be early not late, early deep turning can protect water storage, reduce evaporation. Most areas of Hebei Province are dry in spring, and timely irrigation should be carried out after deep plowing. Spring plowing is not suitable in areas with strong wind, drought, water shortage and cold. (3) deep turning in summer. Deep plowing in summer is carried out before the growth of new shoots stops and the rainy season comes. Mountain orchards lacking irrigation conditions are suitable for deep plowing in summer. At this time, the root system is in the second growth peak, the soil collapses quickly after turning, the phenomenon of root hanging or water loss does not occur, the wound of the injured root is easy to heal, and a large number of new roots can be stimulated. After deep plowing, the soil is loose, which can reduce water surface runoff and is beneficial to Soil and Water Conservation in mountain areas. At this time, deep turning should not hurt the root too much, so as not to cause fruit or leaves. Deep turning in summer, generally should be combined with green fertilizer for deep turning in winter. (4) deep turning in winter. Deep plowing in winter is mainly carried out after winter and before soil freezing. After deep turning, flatten the soil in time to protect the root system to avoid freezing the root system. If the soil moisture is not good after turning, timely irrigation should be carried out to prevent wind-frozen roots; if there is less snow in winter, timely irrigation should be carried out in the spring of the next year. In general, deep turning in winter is not carried out in cold and windy areas in the North.
Depth of deep turn The depth of deep plowing should be determined according to the terrain and soil properties, and it is better to be slightly deeper than the root distribution layer of fruit trees, so as to promote the root system to extend downward and improve the stress resistance of fruit trees. In general, the young trees are 60~80cm, and the adult trees are 40~60cm.
Deep turning mode deep turning commonly used methods are hole expansion deep turning, interlaced or alternate deep turning and the whole garden deep turning. (1) expand the hole and turn deeply (also known as putting the tree nest). Generally, starting from three-year-old trees, combining with the application of base fertilizer, starting from the edge of the fixed planting hole, expanding outwards every year or every other year, digging a circular ditch with the width of 80~100cm and the depth of 60~80cm, respectively placing the turned surface soil and the subsoil, mixing the surface soil with organic fertilizer, backfilling and placing the surface soil into a root concentration layer, and expanding year by year until the whole garden is turned over. This method is suitable for mountain orchards with thin soil layer and many gravel. Has the advantages of less labor per time, and is suitable for orchards with large area and less labor. The disadvantage is that the number of deep turning is large, and the root will be injured every time the hole is expanded, which causes adverse effects on fruit trees. (2) interlaced or alternate deep turning. That is, first in a row deep turn, leave a line not to turn, the next year or a few years later to turn the line not turned. The root system of adult fruit trees criss-cross, in order to overcome the excessive root injury caused by one deep turning, we can take the way of turning one row at intervals, and then deep turning between plants. In this way, each side is only deeply turned once, the root system on one side is damaged, and the growth and development of the tree body are less affected. If it is planted in a single row of terraced fields, it can be deeply turned between plants. (3) deep turning of the whole garden. The soil outside the planting hole is deeply turned at one time. The base fertilizer can be scattered on the ground surface, and the soil of the whole garden can be turned over at one time. The depth of deep turning is 30~50cm. The method is convenient for mechanized operation and beneficial to Orchard cultivation. However, this method hurts more roots, so it is mostly used in young orchards. The purpose of Orchard soil management is to expand the range and depth of rhizosphere soil to create a suitable soil environment for fruit trees; to supply and adjust the nutrients and water absorbed by fruit trees from the soil; to increase and maintain soil organic matter and improve soil fertility; to loosen soil and enhance soil permeability, which is conducive to root expansion; to maintain water and soil and drainage.

Fertilizer and water management technology (I) Orchard fertilization

The base fertilizer is applied before and after defoliation in autumn. The main application is farm manure, such as stable manure, manure, wall soil, Kang soil, plant ash, compost, crop straw, weeds, green fertilizer, etc., And some compound fertilizers and long-acting fertilizers can also be used. The base fertilizer is gradually decomposed, and can continuously supply various macro-elements and trace elements to fruit trees. According to the experience of high-yield gardens in various places and the actual situation in the local area, the fertilizer amount is determined. It is generally believed that about 20kg of high-quality organic fertilizer and 0.5 kg of compound fertilizer are applied to each young tree of 1~2 years old. Kg3~5-year-old trees should be increased year by year, and each tree should be applied with 30~50kg of high-quality organic fertilizer and 1kg of compound fertilizer annually. In areas lacking organic fertilizer, straw can be used to replace it. Generally, about 15kg of corn straw, 1~2kg of ammonium carbonate and kg of calcium superphosphate are applied to young orchards in combination with deep plowing. In the full fruit period, the application amount of the base fertilizer in the apple orchard is generally according to the principle of "Jin Guo Jin fertilizer" or "Jin Guo Jin half fertilizer,"and 400-5000kg of high-quality organic fertilizer is generally applied per mu, and a certain amount of quick-acting compound fertilizer is applied at the same time. In the full fruit period, the base fertilizer was applied in the whole garden and radial ditch.
Dressing According to the research, in the third year of planting, fertilization is carried out 2~3 times a year, and 5.1kg of pure nitrogen per mu is applied, and the fertilization time is respectively in the first ten days of May, the first ten days of June and the first ten days of July; in the fourth year, fertilization is carried out 4 times, namely in spring, after flowering, during the fruit rapid growth period and before picking, 2.5kg of pure nitrogen, 4.5kg of phosphorus pentoxide and 8.7kg of potassium oxide per mu are applied throughout the year, and meanwhile, from the last ten days of April to September, foliar fertilization is carried out for about 5 times. The amount of fertilizer applied to trees at full fruit stage should be determined according to tree vigor and soil conditions. According to the data, every 100kg fruit of apple tree needs to be applied with 1.23kg of pure nitrogen, 0.56kg of phosphorus pentoxide and 1.18kg of potassium oxide, and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 1:0.5:1, so that high and stable yield can be maintained. In addition to experience, soil nutrition diagnosis and leaf analysis can be used to determine the fertilizer amount if conditions permit. (II) Orchard irrigation To ensure the growth of fruit trees in the first half of the period, the water supply is sufficient to facilitate the growth and fruiting; and to control the water in the second half of the period, to ensure that the growth is stopped in time, so that the fruit trees enter the dormancy period in time, and to make preparations for overwintering. Depending on the local climate, irrigation must be carried out during the following phenological periods, such as when the soil moisture content is low. 、
Irrigation period (1) before and after germination to flowering period. At this time, if there is sufficient water in the soil, the growth of new shoots can be strengthened, the leaf area can be increased, the photosynthesis can be increased, the flowering and fruit setting can be normal, and the foundation for high yield in that year can be laid. In dry spring areas, full irrigation is more important in this period. (2) the growth of new shoots and the expansion of young fruits. This period is often called the critical period of water demand of fruit trees. At this time, the physiological function of fruit trees is the most vigorous, if water is insufficient, the leaves seize the water of the young fruit, so that the young fruit wrinkles and falls off. In case of severe drought, the leaves will also take water from the inside of the absorbing root tissue, which will affect the normal absorption of the root, resulting in weakened growth and significantly reduced yield. In rainy areas in the South, this period is usually plum rain season. In addition to paying attention to uniform supply of soil water, attention should also be paid to drainage. (3) rapid fruit expansion period. As far as most of the main deciduous fruit trees are concerned, this is not only the period of rapid fruit expansion, but also the period of a large number of flower bud differentiation. Timely irrigation at this time can not only meet the water requirements of fruit hypertrophy, but also promote the healthy differentiation of flower buds, so as to improve the yield, but also form a large number of effective flower buds, and create conditions for successive years of high yield. (4) from fruit picking to dormancy period. In the arid areas of autumn and winter, irrigation at this time can make the soil store enough water, which is conducive to the decomposition of fertilizer, thus promoting the growth and development of fruit trees in the next spring. It is not advisable to irrigate before the harvest period to avoid reducing the quality or causing fruit cracking. It is very beneficial for apple trees to overwinter by irrigating frozen water once before soil freezing in cold land.
The minimum irrigation amount should make the soil moisture of 50~80cm thick more than 60% of the maximum field water holding capacity and keep it for a certain period of time.

苹果生产技术苹果主要优良品种与识别苹果是我国北方重要的落叶果树，也是世界上栽培面积较广和产量较高的果树之一。苹果果形美观，甜酸适口，营养丰富。据测定，苹果果实总含糖量10%~14.2%, 含蛋白质0.3%~0.4%,脂肪0.5%,苹果酸0.34~0.61%,还有维生素A、B、C、G,胡萝卜素以及少量的钙、磷、钾、铁等矿物质。苹果除鲜食外，还可加工果酒、果汁、果脯、果酱、果干、蜜饯等，深受人们喜爱。苹果品种多，适应性强，分布地区广，可以利用荒山、荒滩、丘陵、山区，因地制宜地发展苹果生产，对提高农民增收创汇，保持水土，环境改善都可以起到重要的作用。成熟期自6月下旬至10月下旬，尤其是一些晚熟品种耐贮藏和运输，可实现周年供应市场。苹果属蔷薇科，仁果亚科，苹果属。全世界的苹果属植物有38种，其中原产于我国的有24种。生长习性（一）根系苹果根系的分布主要受砧木种类、土壤理化性质、地下水位、气候条件和栽培条件的影响。一般根系水平分布是树冠的1.5~3倍，根系集中分布在15~60cm的土层内。加强土壤管理(如深耕改土，中耕除草，扩树穴)，可以促进根系的生长并加大延伸范围。苹果根系的生长比地上部发芽早，一般在地上部发芽前一个多月，浅层的根已开始生长。根系在一年中有2~3次生长高峰，并与地上部枝叶果实的迅速生长期交替进行。苹果根系一般在土温达到3℃时开始生长7℃以上时生长加快，根系生长最为活跃的温度是20℃~24℃。苹果树根系生长最适宜土壤含水量为田间最大持水量的60%~80%。土壤通气状况良好，则根系密度大，侧根多，吸收根数量多。（二）芽苹果叶芽萌发时鳞片脱落，留有鳞痕，成为枝条基部的环痕，叫芽鳞痕。苹果叶芽萌发要求的平均气温为10℃左右，不同品种有所不同。苹果的萌芽率在不同品种间也有很大差异，一般短枝型品种的萌芽率高。苹果的潜伏芽寿命较长，树体易更新。（三）枝苹果幼树期生长旺盛，层性明显，结果期以后，生长量逐渐减弱，层性也随之减弱。大部分地区的苹果新梢在一年有两次明显的生长，第一次生长的部分为春梢，第二次延长生长的部分称秋梢，春秋交界处形成明显的盲节。秋梢若能及时停长，发育充实的枝条，往往能形成腋花芽，有利于幼树提早结果。苹果的发育枝有短枝、中枝和长枝3种。短枝、中枝一般只有一次生长，停止生长较早，容易形成花芽；长枝停止生长时间晚，叶片多，光合生产能力强，养分外运的范围广，尤其与根系的营养交换频繁，交换势强。因此，果树必须有一定数量的长枝，根系才能不断生长，增强树势，提高树体的营养水平；但长枝过多不利于成花和坐果。（四）叶春季开始萌芽时形成的叶片较小，以后逐渐增大，一般新梢上第7~8的叶片才达到标准叶片的大小。由于出现的先后顺序不同，因此同一树上会同时具有不同叶龄的叶片，成龄叶片光合强度大于老叶和幼叶。苹果的叶幕厚度以1.5~2m为最佳，而且叶幕要有明显的层性。适宜的叶面积系数为4~5。叶幕结构良好，叶面积系数适当，产量高。结果习性（一）开花结果苹果长、中、短果枝均能结果，有些品种有腋花芽结果习性。但初结果期以中、长果枝和腋花芽果枝较多，盛果期树多以短果期结果为主。苹果花芽形态分化从短枝和中枝停止生长，长枝转为缓慢生长时开始。苹果各类枝从停止生长到花芽形态分化开始一般过40~50天。花芽内分化最早的是中心花。据观察，在兴城地区，9月中旬至10月中旬，花芽内出现萼片、花瓣、雄蕊和雌蕊。子房和花药在第二年春仍继续发育，如果这时营养条件不好会影响到花芽的质量。所以采收及时，早春良好的栽培管理对花芽发育很重要。大多数苹果品种的花芽和叶芽可从形态上加以区别。叶芽瘦小而先端较尖，有时有较多茸毛。花芽比较饱满，鳞片包被紧密，而先端比较钝圆。苹果花芽一般在气温8℃以上开始萌动，先萌生短梢并长出几个叶片，在短梢的顶端开花结果。结果后短梢膨大，形成果台。在结果同时，果台的叶腋内当年还能发生1~2个新梢，叫果台副梢。营养条件好的果台副梢的顶芽，当年能形成花芽，次年连续结果。（二）果实的生长发育苹果的果实是由子房和花托共同发育形成的。果实生长发育所需时间的长短主要因品种而异。如早捷只需65天左右，藤木1号85天左右，红津轻约115天，乔纳金需155~160天，红富士则需170~180天。苹果果实的生长过程，可分为果肉细胞分裂期和细胞体积膨大期。果肉细胞分裂开始于花原始体形成之后，开花时，细胞分裂暂时停止，经授粉受精后又继续分裂，一直延续到开花后3~4周。细胞膨大主要从6月到采收前。影响果实细胞数目和细胞体积的因素是多方面的，主要是必须有充足营养和水分，果实才能正常发育。对环境条件的要求（一）气候各地能否栽培苹果，首先应考虑当地的气候条件是否适合。影响苹果生长发育起主导作用的是气温，其次是降水、日照计风等。苹果原产在夏干地带，它要求冬季气温冷凉，夏季空气干燥，日照充足的气候。一般认为在年平均气温7.5℃~14℃的地方都可以生长苹果。我国大苹果栽培的最北限是当地最冷的1月份平均气温不低于-14℃,而冬季最冷月平均温度不高于10℃,夏季最热月份平均气温高于28℃是苹果栽培的最高界限。内陆地区由于早春气候干旱，即使在温度不太低的情况下也容易出现“抽条”等越冬伤害。优质苹果生产地区6~8月份平均气温在20℃~22℃,最高温超过35℃的日子很少，日温差大于10℃以上较为合适。苹果喜干凉气候，雨水过多，年降水量超过1000mm,特别在高温多雨情况下生长发育不良。雨量太少，年降水量少于500mm。只要有充足灌水条件，仍能适于苹果生产的需要。苹果花芽分化期要求雨量偏少，有利于花芽分化；生长后期要求雨量适中、光照充足，果实产量和品质提高。在纬度较低地区，年日照量低于1500小时，特别是8~9月的日照时数过低，不利于果实着色。（二）土壤和地势地形和地势对气候和土壤条件有一定影响，海拔高度直接影响到气温，高纬度低海拔和低纬度高海拔地区夏季温度不高，温差大，日照强有利于苹果生长发育。苹果在山区坡地、平原、丘陵及河谷滩地均可栽培，而坡地、背风向阳的缓坡地栽培苹果树生长强健，果实品质提高。大面积的苹果园宜选在交通方便，水源充足的缓坡地带，选土层深厚、地下水位1~1.5m以下、微酸至微碱性的轻壤土为好。土壤有机质偏低者应尽快提高。干旱地区应选二阴地、沟壑地建立苹果园。苹果的主要栽培技术（一）果园深翻熟化土壤深翻熟化，是我国果农在长期的生产实践中积累的宝贵经验。它不但能改良土壤，提高土壤有机质含量，而且对果树地下部和地上部的生长都有明显的促进作用，对提高产量、增进果实品质具有较稳定和长期的效果。一般深翻效果可维持4~5年。（二）果园土壤管理制度

清耕法主要在成龄果园中进行。园内不种植作物，保持土壤表层疏松无杂草状态。一般在秋季深耕，早春土壤解冻后及时浅翻，以减少水分蒸发。在生长季节中进行多次中耕除草，使土壤疏松通气并保持无杂草状态。果园清耕有利于土壤营养物质转化分解和促进根系吸收利用。但长期清耕，土壤有机质会迅速减少，土壤结构也会受到破坏，影响果树生长发育，所以采用清耕法的果园应注意增施有机肥。
生草法生草法是果园行间自然生草或人工种植其他植物（主要是多年生豆科或禾本科植物），当草长到一定高度时，保留15~30cm进行多次刈割，覆于树盘地面或饲养牲畜。适宜于灌溉条件较好或雨水充足的地区。果园生草有利于提高土壤有机质含量和速效养分含量，改善果园生态环境，调节土壤温度，防止水土流失。所以，生草法被国外果园广泛采用。
清耕覆盖作物法清耕覆盖作物法是在果树的年生长周期中，前期清耕，保持土壤疏松，使行间处于休闲状态，蓄存水分和养分。生长后期，多数春梢停止生长时播种覆盖作物，吸收土壤过剩的水分和养分，可促进果实成熟和着色提高果实含糖量，增进品质，并有利于枝条充实，安全越冬。覆盖作物长成后，翻入土中，可增加土壤有机质，改良土壤结构，提高土壤肥力。
果园覆盖干旱地区由于地面裸露常采用地面覆盖的办法，对减少土壤中水分和养分的散失，增加土壤有机质含量，改良土壤结构，防止返碱，消灭杂草效果显著，覆盖物主要有秸秆、杂草、树叶、砂石、塑料薄膜、煤渣、绿肥作物等，其中，地面覆盖效果最好。果园覆盖可分为全园覆盖和树盘覆盖，覆盖的厚度依材料多少而定，一般为10~15cm,树干处留10~15cm间隙，以免影响根颈生长和引发病虫害，待覆盖结束把半腐烂有机物质翻入土中。并在树盘附近应开几个直径2~3cm的透水孔，利于渗水覆草果园追肥时应扒开覆盖物进行穴施，施肥后进行灌水。
果园间作在幼树期果园和覆盖率低的成年果园可在果树行间种植作物，以充分利用土地空间和光能，并对土壤起到覆盖作用。在山地可保持水土，在沙地可防风固沙。此外，还可减少草害，提高土壤腐殖质含量和土壤肥力。优良间作物应具备生长期短，前期吸收水分和养分较少，大量需水、需肥时期与果树错开；植株矮小，不影响果树光照条件；能改良土壤结构，提高土壤肥力；与果树没有共同的病虫害；秸秆易腐烂，肥力高，可充当有机肥料。（三）果园一般土壤管理
果园土壤耕翻耕翻有利于土壤熟化，保蓄水分，提高土壤通气性，清除杂草，消灭害虫。耕翻的时期主要集中在秋季，有条件的地区也可以进行早春深翻。秋季翻耕的时间在果实采收后至落叶前进行为宜，此时伤根愈合较快，易生新根。耕翻的深度一般为15cm左右，树干附近的深度可浅些。秋季耕翻的果园，春季应及早耙地，以利保蓄水分。春季翻耕一般在发芽前进行，深度比秋翻要浅，一般掌握在5~10cm。
中耕中耕可以消灭杂草，减少对养分、水分的消耗，切断土壤毛细管，减少水分蒸发量；还可以使土壤通气良好，促进微生物活动，增加土壤有效养分。中耕次数应根据气候特点和杂草多少而定，在杂草苗期和结籽前进行效果好。中耕深度一般为10~15cm.
应用除草剂除草剂主要在春末夏初和秋初使用。除草剂的种类繁多，苹果园常用的多属于内吸剂，如扑草净、西马津、除草醚、2、4-D等。为了增加除草剂的药效，常掺加0.3%~0.6%的洗衣粉作为黏着剂，效果更好。喷药应选在天气晴朗无风的上午10时前或下午4时后，并注意严防将药液喷到苹果树的树体上。肥水管理技术（一）果园施肥
基肥在秋季落叶前后施用。施用的主要是农家肥，例如厩肥、粪肥、墙土、炕土、草木灰、堆肥、作物秸秆、杂草、绿肥等，也可用一些复合肥和长效肥。基肥逐渐分解，可不断的供给果树各种大量元素和微量元素。根据各地丰产园的经验，结合当地的实际情况确定施肥量。一般认为，1~2年生幼树每株年施优质有机肥20kg左右，复合肥0.5kg.3~5年生树应逐年增加，每株年施优质有机肥30~50kg,复合肥1kg。缺乏有机肥的地区，可用秸秆代替，一般株施玉米秸秆15kg左右，碳铵1~2kg,过磷酸钙5kg幼龄果园施基肥方法多结合深翻进行盛果期苹果园基肥的施用量一般按照“斤果斤肥”或“斤果斤半肥”的原则，一般每亩施优质有机肥4000~5000kg,同时施入一定量的速效复合肥。盛果期树施基肥采用全园撒施和放射状沟施。
追肥据研究，定植到第三年，年施肥2~3次，亩施纯氮5.1kg,施肥时间分别在5月上旬、6月上旬和7月上旬；第四年施4次，即春季、花后、果实速长期和采前，全年亩施纯氮2.5kg、五氧化二磷4.5kg、氧化钾8.7kg,同时从4月下旬至9月，叶面喷肥5次左右。盛果期树的施肥量应根据树势和土壤情况进行确定。据资料介绍，苹果树每生产100kg果实，需施纯氮1.23kg、五氧化二磷0.56kg、氧化钾1.18kg,氮、磷、钾之比为1:0.5:1,可保持高产、稳产。确定施肥量，除根据经验确定外，有条件的可采用土壤营养诊断及叶分析的方法确定。 (1)追肥时期。在施入基肥的基础上，根据物候期需肥特点，再补施一些速效性肥料，叫做追肥。果树追肥的时期和次数依树种品种、生长结果状况和土壤肥力而定。一般在萌芽期前后、开花后、果实膨大期和花芽分化期对养分需要量较大，追肥效果显著。开花前以氮为主，氮磷结合的速效肥料。开花后主要是氮肥，如尿素，最好进行叶面喷施，可使新梢生长正常，提高坐果率。花芽分化前追肥应以氮、磷为主，适当配合钾肥，除促进花芽分化外，对果实发育也有良好作用。秋施追肥，应以磷、钾肥为主，以利产量品质提高，促进枝条成熟及营养积累。 (2)追肥方法。追肥方法主要分为土壤施肥、根外追肥。土壤施肥包括环状施肥、放射状施肥和穴施。根外追肥，包括枝干涂抹、枝干注射、叶面喷施等，以叶面喷施的方法最常用。叶面喷肥的浓度可根据当天的气温、湿度等，在使用浓度范围内进行调节，一般气温高、空气干燥时浓度易低，以免发生肥害。喷药时要喷均匀，着重喷施叶背面，以提高肥效。（二）果园灌水保证果树前半期生长，水分供应充足，以利生长与结果；而后半期要控制水分，保证及时停止生长，使果树适时进入休眠期，作好越冬准备。根据各地的气候状况，在下述物候期中，如土壤含水量低时，必须进行灌溉。
灌溉时期 (1)发芽前后到开花期。此时土壤中如有充足的水分，可以加强新梢的生长，加大叶面积，增加光合作用，并使开花和座果正常，为当年丰产打下基础。春旱地区，此期充分灌水更为重要。 (2)新梢生长和幼果膨大期。此期常称为果树的需水临界期。此时果树的生理机能最旺盛，如水分不足，则叶片夺取幼果的水分，使幼果皱缩而脱落。如严重干旱时，叶片还将从吸收根组织内部夺取水分，影响根的吸收作用正常进行，从而导致生长减弱，产量显著下降。南方多雨地区，此期常值梅雨季节，除注意均匀供给土壤水分外，还应注意排水。 (3)果实迅速膨大期。就多数主要落叶果树而言，此时既是果实迅速膨大期，也是花芽大量分化期，此时及时灌水，不但可以满足果实肥大对水分的要求，还可以促进花芽健壮分化，从而达到在提高产量的同时，又形成大量有效花芽，为连年丰产创造条件。 (4)采果后至休眠期。在秋冬干旱地区，此时灌水可使土壤中贮备足够的水分，有助于肥料的分解，从而促进果树翌春的生长发育。在临近采收期之前不宜灌水，以免降低品质或引起裂果。寒地果树在土壤结冻前灌1次封冻水，对苹果树越冬甚为有利。
灌溉量最低灌溉量，应使50~80cm厚的土壤湿度为最大田间持水量的60%以上，并保持一定时间。对环境条件的要求（一）气候各地能否栽培苹果，首先应考虑当地的气候条件是否适合。影响苹果生长发育起主导作用的是气温，其次是降水、日照计风等。苹果原产在夏干地带，它要求冬季气温冷凉，夏季空气干燥，日照充足的气候。一般认为在年平均气温7.5℃~14℃的地方都可以生长苹果。我国大苹果栽培的最北限是当地最冷的1月份平均气温不低于-14℃,而冬季最冷月平均温度不高于10℃,夏季最热月份平均气温高于28℃是苹果栽培的最高界限。内陆地区由于早春气候干旱，即使在温度不太低的情况下也容易出现“抽条”等越冬伤害。优质苹果生产地区6~8月份平均气温在20℃~22℃,最高温超过35的日子很少，日温差大于10℃以上较为合适。苹果喜干凉气候，雨水过多，年降水量超过1000mm,特别在高温多雨情况下生长发育不良。雨量太少，年降水量少于500mm。只要有充足灌水条件，仍能适于苹果生产的需要。苹果花芽分化期要求雨量偏少，有利于花芽分化；生长后期要求雨量适中、光照充足，果实产量和品质提高。在纬度较低地区，年日照量低于1500小时，特别是8~9月的日照时数过低，不利于果实着色。（二）土壤和地势地形和地势对气候和土壤条件有一定影响，海拔度直接影响到气温，高纬度低海拔和低纬度高海拔地区夏季温度不高温差大，日照强有利于苹果生长发育。苹果在山区坡地、平原、丘陵及河谷滩地均可栽培，而坡地、背风向阳的缓坡地栽培苹果树生长强健，果实品质提高。大面积的苹果园宜选在交通方便，水源充足的缓坡地带，选土层深厚、地下水位1~1.5m以下、微酸至微碱性的轻壤土为好。土壤有机质偏低者应尽快提高。干旱地区应选二阴地、沟壑地建立苹果园。苹果的主要栽培技术果园深翻熟化土壤深翻熟化，是我国果农在长期的生产实践中积累的宝贵经验。它不但能改良土壤，提高土壤有机质含量，而且对果树地下部和地上部的生长都有明显的促进作用，对提高产量、增进果实品质具有较稳定和长期的效果。一般深翻效果可维持4~5年。
深翻时期果园四季均可深翻，但要根据具体情况因地制宜适时进行。 (1)秋季深翻。秋季深翻一般在秋季采果后至落叶前进行。此时地上部分生长缓慢，营养开始向下运转积累，同时又正值根系生长的第三个高峰时期，伤根容易愈合，并促进发生新根，为深翻的最适宜时期。深翻一般结合施有机肥进行，深翻后要及时浇水。秋季深翻，有利于冬季积雪保墒。但冬季干旱寒冷的秋季深翻，易造成旱害和冻害。 (2)春季深翻。春季深翻在早春土壤解冻后及早进行。此时，地上部处于休眠状态，根系开始生长，伤根容易愈合并再生新根。春季深翻宜早不宜迟，早深翻可保蓄水分，减少蒸发量。河北省大部分地区春旱，深翻后要及时灌水，风大干旱缺水及寒冷地区不宜春翻。 (3)夏季深翻。夏季深翻在新梢停止生长、雨季来临前进行。缺乏灌溉条件的山地果园适于夏季深翻。此时根系处于第二次生长高峰，翻后降雨土壤塌实快，不致发生吊根或失水现象，而且伤根伤口易愈合，还能刺激发生大量新根。深翻后，土壤疏松，能减少水分地表径流，有利于山区的水土保持。此时深翻不宜伤根太多，以免引起落果或落叶。夏季深翻，一般应结合压绿肥进行冬季深翻。 (4)冬季深翻。冬季深翻主要在入冬后土壤冻结前进行。深翻后要及时压平土壤保护根系，以免冻根。翻后墒情不好，要及时灌水，以防漏风冻根；如果冬季少雪，来年春季应及时灌溉。一般北部寒冷风沙大的地区不进行冬季深翻。
深翻深度深翻深度应根据地势、土壤性质决定，最好比果树根系分布层稍深些，以促使根系下伸，提高果树抗逆性。一般幼树为60~80cm,成龄树以40~60cm为宜。
深翻方式深翻常用的方式有扩穴深翻、隔行或隔株深翻和全园深翻。 (1)扩穴深翻（又叫放树窝子）。一般从三年生树开始，结合施基肥，从定植穴的边缘开始，每年或隔年向外扩展，挖宽80~100cm,深60~80cm的环状沟，翻出的表土和底土分别放置，表土掺入有机肥后，回填放入根系集中层，这样逐年扩展，直到全园翻遍为止。此法适于土层薄、砾石多的山地果园。优点是每次用工少，适合于面积大、劳力少的果园。缺点是深翻次数多，每次扩穴都要伤根，对果树造成不良影响。 (2)隔行或隔株深翻。即先在一个行间深翻，留一行不翻，第二年或几年后再翻未翻过的一行。成年果树的根系纵横交错，为克服一次深翻伤根过多，可采取隔一行翻一行，然后再深翻株间的方式。这样每边只深翻一次，损伤一侧根系，对树体生长发育影响较小。若为梯田单行栽植，可隔株深翻。 (3)全园深翻。将栽植穴以外的土壤一次深翻完毕。可将基肥撒在地表，全园土壤一次翻完。深翻的深度为30~50cm。这种方法便于机械化作业，有利于果园耕作。但此法伤根多，因此多用于幼龄果园。果园土壤管理的目的是扩大根际土壤范围和深度，为果树创造适宜的土壤环境；供给和调整果树从土壤中吸收的养分与水分；增加和保持土壤有机质，提高土壤肥力；疏松土壤，增强土壤的通透性，有利于根系扩展；保持水土和排水。肥水管理技术（一）果园施肥
基肥在秋季落叶前后施用。施用的主要是农家肥，例如厩肥、粪肥、墙土、炕土、草木灰、堆肥、作物秸秆、杂草、绿肥等，也可用一些复合肥和长效肥。基肥逐渐分解，可不断的供给果树各种大量元素和微量元素。根据各地丰产园的经验，结合当地的实际情况确定施肥量。一般认为，1~2年生幼树每株年施优质有机肥20kg左右，复合肥0.kg3~5年生树应逐年增加，每株年施优质有机肥30~50kg,复合肥1kg。缺乏有机肥的地区，可用秸秆代替，一般株施玉米秸秆15kg左右，碳铵1~2kg,过磷酸钙kg幼龄果园施基肥方法多结合深翻进行。盛果期苹果园基肥的施用量一般按照“斤果斤肥”或“斤果斤半肥”的原则，一般每亩施优质有机肥400-5000kg,同时施入一定量的速效复合肥。盛果期树施基肥采用全园撒施和放射状沟施。
追肥据研究，定植到第三年，年施肥2~3次，亩施纯氮5.1kg,施肥时间分别在5月上旬、6月上旬和7月上旬；第四年施4次，即春季、花后、果实速长期和采前，全年亩施纯氮2.5kg、五氧化二磷4.5kg、氧化钾8.7kg,同时从4月下旬至9月，叶面喷肥5次左右。盛果期树的施肥量应根据树势和土壤情况进行确定。据资料介绍，苹果树每生产100kg果实，需施纯氮1.23kg、五氧化二磷0.56kg、氧化钾1.18kg,氮、磷、钾之比为1:0.5:1,可保持高产、稳产。确定施肥量，除根据经验确定外，有条件的可采用土壤营养诊断及叶分析的方法确定。（二）果园灌水保证果树前半期生长，水分供应充足以利生长与结果；而后半期要控制水分，保证及时停止生长，使果树适时进入休眠期，作好越冬准备。根据各地的气候状况，在下述物候期中，如土壤含水量低时，必须进行灌溉。、
灌溉时期 (1)发芽前后到开花期。此时土壤中如有充足的水分，可以加强新梢的生长，加大叶面积，增加光合作用，并使开花和座果正常，为当年丰产打下基础。春旱地区，此期充分灌水更为重要。 (2)新梢生长和幼果膨大期。此期常称为果树的需水临界期。此时果树的生理机能最旺盛，如水分不足，则叶片夺取幼果的水分，使幼果皱缩而脱落。如严重干旱时，叶片还将从吸收根组织内部夺取水分，影响根的吸收作用正常进行，从而导致生长减弱，产量显著下降。南方多雨地区，此期常值梅雨季节，除注意均匀供给土壤水分外，还应注意排水。 (3)果实迅速膨大期。就多数主要落叶果树而言，此时既是果实迅速膨大期，也是花芽大量分化期，此时及时灌水，不但可以满足果实肥大对水分的要求，还可以促进花芽健壮分化，从而达到在提高产量的同时，又形成大量有效花芽，为连年丰产创造条件。 (4)采果后至休眠期。在秋冬干旱地区，此时灌水可使土壤中贮备足够的水分，有助于肥料的分解，从而促进果树翌春的生长发育。在临近采收期之前不宜灌水，以免降低品质或引起裂果。寒地果树在土壤结冻前灌1次封冻水，对苹果树越冬甚为有利。
灌溉量最低灌溉量，应使50~80cm厚的土壤湿度为最大田间持水量的60%以上，并保持一定时间。

Introduction to Organic Apple farming

An Apple is an edible fruit formed by an Apple tree. Apple is an important temperate fruit and mostly consumed fresh but a small part of the production is processed into juices, jellies, canned slices, and other items. The Apple is a hardy, deciduous woody perennial fruit tree that grows in all temperate zones. Apples grow best where there is cold in the winter season, moderate summer temperatures, and medium to high humidity. Many of the best management practices developed for conventional Apple production are likely to apply to organic systems. Organic Apple production involves more than simply excluding synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. Growing Apples organically is easy if you follow basic rules. Overall management strategies need to reflect the below key organic farming principles;

Soil health largely determines plant health; Organic systems are biological systems; Organic farms must operate as closed systems as far as possible; and A holistic approach ensures good integration. A step by step guide to Organic Apple farming practices Organic agriculture is an integrated approach of active and observant management of farming. Organic Apples are sold for fresh consumption and therefore have to obtain high-quality requirements. The fruits should obtain the right size and be undamaged without important infections of pests and diseases. Apple scab causes brown or black color spots on the fruits and severe infections can result in fruits not suitable for consumption. This disease causes a big reduction in crop yield and quality in organic production.

Guide to Organic Apple farming. Guide to Organic Apple farming. Selecting trees for Organic Apple farming Since Apple trees take at least several years to bear fruit, it pays to choose trees carefully before you invest time and energy in them. Consider these factors;

Apple trees come in a wide range of sizes to suit any yard, they make attractive landscape trees. Apples are subject to many serious diseases such as Apple scab. Then, choose resistant cultivars; new ones are being released every year.

An important consideration is the tree size. Standard trees can reach 30 feet and take 6 years to bear fruit. Most home gardeners prefer dwarf trees and semi-dwarf trees, which are grafted on a rootstock that keeps them small, grow 6-20 feet tall (depending on the rootstock used), and produce full-size Apples in just a few years. The final height of trees will also depend on what cultivar you select because some cultivars are more compact than others. Tree size will depend on growing conditions and pruning and training techniques. Some cultivars bear fruit on short twigs called spurs, while others make fruit along branches. Spur-bearing cultivars have more fruiting twigs than non-spur trees do, and make more Apples. Cultivars that have a strong, horizontal branching habit are very easy for beginners to prune.

Sample the fruit before you choose and find some less familiar cultivars at farmer’s markets and orchards, or order a collection from a mail-taste order sampler company. The range of aroma, taste, flesh texture, shape, color, and size of an Apple is far greater than a trip to the local supermarket would even begin to suggest.

Soil requirement for Organic Apple farming Apple trees can be cultivated in all types of soil. Though, a loamy soil, rich in all essential organic matter along with well-drainage power is considered as the best soil for Apple farming. Also, it should have a pH level, ranging between 5.5 to 6.8 with proper aeration.

Soil requirement. Soil requirement. It is a good thing to go for at least one soil test to find out the suitability and soil fertility for Apple cultivation. It will help you in determining any deficiency of micronutrients in your soil if present. So, you can supplement them at the time of land preparation for obtaining higher fruit production.

Organic nutrients and fertilizers for Apple trees The perennial nature of Apple trees requires their nutrient needs to be maintained in a holistic and long-term manner. Apple trees have special nutrient requirements that take into account both the need for good crop yield and fruit quality. Fertilizing to promote lush shoot growth and large Apple fruit size will be detrimental to the flavor, color, and shelf-life of Apple. On the other side, insufficient fertility can lead to small Apples and unproductive trees.

There are several essential nutrients, each with important functions in Apple plant growth. Some are used in large quantities, the macronutrients, and others in small quantities, the micronutrients (also known as trace elements). The goal of fertilizing is to keep the level of each nutrient within an optimum range. An excess of any nutrient leads to negative effects on the Apple tree that are difficult to correct. Deficiencies are more common and can be fixed by applying proper fertilizer.

Many commercial products are available for fertilizing, so check with the certifying agency to find out which ones are approved for use in organic orchards. Some products are not appropriate for foliar application to Apple fruit trees. Before buying any product, and make sure it has been previously tested on Apple to determine if it is safe or won’t burn fruit and foliage.

Groundcover and weed management for Organic Apple farming Managing orchard understory vegetation is very important for weed suppression, attracting and sustaining beneficial arthropods that prey upon foliar and fruit pests, and protecting the soil surface beneath trees from erosion, weathering, and organic matter loss. Though, planted groundcovers and weeds in the tree row can also compete excessively with trees for water or nutrients, and give habitat for voles and other rodents. Weed management is cited as one of the main challenges in organic production.

Weed problems may be controlled through;

Mulching with fully biodegradable materials Mowing Livestock grazing Hand weeding and mechanical cultivation Flame, heat, or electrical means; or Plastic or other synthetic mulches provided they are removed from the field at the end of the growing or harvest season. When weeds are allowed to grow in the Apple tree row they can stunt tree growth, especially during orchard establishment, as well as reduce yields and fruit size. The optimal area for weed management around Apple trees is determined by soil type, tree age, and irrigation availability. In dwarf and semi-dwarf plantings, weeds must be controlled from the tree trunks out to 2 to 4 feet in all directions. Smaller weed-free areas can be sufficient in orchards with irrigation or very fertile soils. In most critical months for weed competition with fruit trees are May, June, and July; during autumn and the winter month’s tree requirements for soil nutrients are reduced. Therefore, groundcovers and weeds during 9 months of the year have minimal competitive effects on fruit trees and can provide beneficial protection for soil quality.

Organic products for fertilizing Apple trees Healthy Apples grow 8-12 inches per year. Apples thrive with a yearly mulch of 2 inches of compost. Apples benefit from foliar feeding. If testing shows calcium is low, spray 4 more times at 2-week intervals.

When you shop for fertilizer you don’t want a product that is 100% nitrogen. Instead, you’ll choose a natural, organic fertilizer that is nitrogen-rich but contains other nutrients and products sold as fertilizers have an N-P-K rating expressed in numbers. If a product has a rating of 9-3-0, as a fish meal does, it means it has 9% nitrogen, 3% phosphorus, and no potassium. Nitrogen promotes green, leafy growth and phosphorus promotes root development and flowering. Potassium helps with fruiting and seed development.

When to apply an organic fertilizer to Apple trees Adding fertilizer to Apple trees must be done 3 times during the growing season.

Make the first application in early spring, before flowering, around mid-April month in most areas temperate areas. Make the second application about a month later, and after flowering is completed around the end of May. And the final application of fertilizer must be applied at the end of June, about a month after the second application. Controlling the pests and diseases of Apples organically In case if you miss this: Flour Mill Project Report, Subsidy, Cost, Loan, Permission.

A healthy Apple tree. A healthy Apple tree. Insects and diseases are a major frustration for organic Apple growers, but new resistant cultivars and pheromone-bated insect traps make it easier to cultivate Apples organically.

Best organic options for controlling apple tree diseases You have a few ways to beat back difficult diseases that take over Apple trees. Two main organic farming techniques are;

Sprays – Serious diseases such as fire blight and apple scab that can take down healthy Apple trees quickly contain dormant oil sprays, such as a liquid copper soap or Bordeaux mixture. Many of these sprays can take out diseases that creep along unnoticed until it is too late. They won’t hurt the Apple tree when done correctly at the right time within the growing season.

Solar – Before planting a single tree or a crop of young trees, allow the sun to bake the soil and kill off lethal or soil-borne pathogens. Then, cover the soil with sheets of plastic and allow the sun to bake the ground for 2 to 4 weeks before you plan to plant.

Organic treatment for apple tree diseases Apple Coddling Moth

The Apple coddling moth infests Apple trees. The larvae cause damage by boring a short distance into the flesh or to the core. Although it’s the most potentially damaging of all pests, you can effectively control mild infestations using organic methods. Some organic control methods contain cultural control, along with spraying products that have paraffinic oil, kaolin clay, or spinosad; apply these according to the product labels. For cultural control, pick up and get rid of dropped Apple fruit, and remove all infested Apples by hand before the larvae emerge as adults.

Apple Maggot

You can try to manage Apple maggots in trees organically by hanging one or two red, spherical, sticky traps impregnated with an attractant formulated for Apple maggots. Other organic methods to control Apple maggots in home orchards contain diatomaceous earth, pyrethrum products, and rotenone. As always, apply these based on the product labels.

Winter Moth Caterpillar

Winter moth caterpillars eat holes in the plant leaves; blossom and developing fruit lets of many tree fruits, ornamental trees, and shrubs. Severe attacks can weaken plants and extensive damage to fruit trees can affect crop yields and quality. Early damage on Apple fruit lets causes a deep cleft in the side of the fruits to develop by the time and they have reached full size in late summer.

Spinosad is available for Organic control of Winter Moth caterpillar, but the Soil Association wants to know what it is being used for as they are concerned that it must not be ‘overused’ Spinosad is a natural insecticide and the active ingredients in spinosad, spinosyn A and spinosyn D, are complex organic compounds made by specific an actinomycete.

Spinosad is a broad-spectrum, organic insecticide and the term “broad-spectrum” means that it is toxic to a wide variety of insects. It is, though, relatively non-toxic to mammals and beneficial insects. If used carefully only insects that eat something that has been treated, such as a leaf, are affected. Then, this is different than a lot of other broad-spectrum insecticides that are toxic if the insect merely comes in contact with dry insecticide residues.

Bacillus thuringiensis is commonly known as Bt, is an effective, natural, and safe microbial pesticide specifically targeting caterpillar pests. Bt sprayed during blossom combats Winter Moth Caterpillars.

Treating fungal diseases in Apple trees organically In general, if you have found one of the common fungal diseases on the leaves and fruits of the Apple trees, there are a few steps and organic fungicides that can control the problem.

Destroy fallen leaves and rake under the Apple tree regularly to reduce the fungal spores’ ability to spread in the air or into the soil. Water in the early morning or evening hours so leaves don’t stay wet long. Spread a layer of compost about 3 to 6 inches under the tree but not close to the trunk to tamp down the fungi’s ability to spread. Use an organic fungicide such as liquid copper soap 2 weeks before the growing season and then follow up with another treatment a week later as a preventative measure. If it’s a serious problem, apply an earth-friendly systemic fungicide to the soil to prevent the fungus from growing as well as to stop fungal issues from beginning in trees. Disinfect the pruning shears that you use with a solution of about 10 percent bleach and water or alcohol and water as you move across the Apple tree to ensure you don’t inadvertently spread the fungus. Organic Apple harvesting Choosing the optimal harvesting time prevents losses and influences fruit quality. Optimal harvesting time depends on the Apple variety and weather conditions during the growing season. It also depends on the purpose of Apple production. Harvesting at optimal maturity will help to preserve fruit quality, improve crop yields, and extend fruit storage life. Machinery harvest is more suitable for Apples for processing when the quantity of harvested fruits is important than the quality. When it comes to Apples for fresh consumption, manual picking is suitable.

Commonly asked questions about organic Apple farming You may also check this: Drip Irrigation for Vegetables.

questions about organic Apple farming. questions about organic Apple farming. What is an organic Apple? Now the delicious Apples that everyone has grown up loving are obtainable in organic. These Apples are grown without the use of harmful pesticides, fertilizers, and preservatives. Apples kept out of refrigeration to tend to become mealy and organic produce should not be stacked with non-organic produce.

What’s the difference between organic Apples and regular Apples? Conventional Apples were found to harbor potential foodborne pathogens, making them less healthy for the consumer, host plant, and environment than organically grown Apples. Organic Apples were host to a significantly greater variety of “good” bacteria such as Lactobacillus, a probiotic with human health advantages. Organic Apples taste better and there is an unbelievable taste difference between organic Apples and conventionally-raised Apples. This is heavily due to how and when the Apple fruit is harvested during their lifecycle.

Are organic Apples organic? This is mainly because organic pesticides are naturally derived, so they’re often not as effective. Some of the fungicides used in organic farming and conventional Apple orchards are the same, but scientists change an inert ingredient so one can carry the organic stamp of approval.

How long do organic Apples last? Whole Apples usually last about a week, maybe up to 2 weeks, in the pantry before their skin starts to wrinkle and they turn mushy. If you store them in the fridge, and they keep for 4 to 6 weeks, sometimes up to 2 months before the quality starts to degrade.

How do you get rid of Apple scabs organically? Spray the Apple tree foliage with a fertilizer mixture that contains about 5 percent urea just before leaf fall or apply the urea to fallen leaves as soon as possible after they fall if you will not be able to rake up and destroy and dispose of the leaves.

zhenyangleo / RemoteServiceCenter

Fruit Tree Cultivation Techniques #4