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Market Survey: Community Detection
http://lab41.github.io/survey-community-detection
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Market Survey: Community Detection

Good Data Sets

Methods of Community Detection

Use Cases

Evaluation Metrics

Metric Name Connectivity Type Ground Truth Required? Details
Edge/Link Prediction Comparative Scoring Funciton No Quality of division is based on ability to predict an edge after removing it
Modularity [11] Comparative Scoring Function No Tests a given division of a network against the random division. Scale below which modularity cannot identify communities bc random graphs have high-modularity subsets. Does not work well under nodeswap perturbation
F1 Score Comparative Scoring Function Yes Determination of precision and recall. Compares membership output of an algorithm to ground truth and returns the ratio of true and false assignments
Omega Index Comparative Scoring Function Yes Compares non-disjoing clustering results. The omega index considers the number of clusters in which a pair of objects appears together.
Normalized Mutual Information [10] Comparative Scoring Function Yes Used to quantify matching of "true" graphs particularly in synthetic graphs, it quantifies teh degree of overlap between graphs.

Metrics

Metric Name Connectivity Type Details
FOMD Internal Fraction over Median Degree determines the number of nodes that have an internal degree greater than the median degree of all nodes in a group
Internal Density Internal Density is defined by the number of edges (ms) in subset S divided by the total number of possible edges between all nodes (ns(ns-1)/2). The "2" is there to cancle out duplicated edges. Internal Density = ms/(ns(ns-1)/2)
Edges Inside Internal Somewhat useless by itself since it isn't related to any other attributes of subset S. The total number of edges (ms) present in subset S. Edges Inside = ms
Average degree Internal The average interal degree across all nodes (ns) in subset S. Average Degree = 2ms/ns
Fraction over median degree (FOMD) Internal Determines the number of nodes that have an internal degree greater than the median degree of nodes in Subset S.
Triangle Participation Ratio (TPR) Internal The best mesure for density, cohesiveness, and clustering within the goodness scales. Robust under random and expand perturbations. A measure of cohesion. The fraction of nodes in S that belong to a triad. TPR = (# of nodes belonging to a triad)/n
Expansion (External Degree) External This measure of separability gives the average of number of external connections (cs) per node (ns) in subset S has with graph G. It can be thought of "External Degree". Expansion = cs/(ns(n-ns)).
Cut Ratio (External Density) External This metric is a measure of sperarability and can be thought of as "External Density". It is the fraction of external edges (cs) of subset S out of the total number of possible edges in graph G.
Conductance [6,8] Combo (Int. & Ext.) Ratio of edges inside the cluster to the number of edges leaving the cluster (captures surface area to volume). Discriminative Algorithm. Measures best in separability (goodness scale); measures well-separated non-overlapping communities. Robust under nodeswap and shrink perturbation. Community like sets of nodes have lower conductance.
Normalized Cut Combo (Int. & Ext.) Represents how well subset S is separated from graph G. It sums up the fraction of external edges over all edges in subset S (conductance) with the fraction of external edges over all non-community edges.
Maximum Out Degree Fraction (Maximum ODF) Combo (Int. & Ext.) This metric first finds the fraction of external conections to internal connections for each node (ns) in S. It then returns the fraction with the highest value. For example, S contain 5 nodes all connected to themselves. There is one node in S that has 7 external connections. The Max ODF = 7/4.
Average ODF Combo (Int. & Ext.) The sum of the individual fraction of edges outside of the community over the total connections of a node in subset S. It is then divided by the total number of nodes (ns) in subset S.
Flake-ODF Combo (Int. & Ext.) This is a fraction of the number of nodes that have fewer internal connections than external connections (***) to the number of nodes (ns) in subset S.
Density Internal No Members of a large community are more likely not to be connected to each other. Two nodes in the same community of size k connected to each other has a probability of [Omega (1/sq.rt(k))]--Arora et al. 2012. This creates a low-density, large graph.

Algorithms

Algorithm Classes[7]

Algorithm Attributes

Graph Input Types

Framework Descriptions

Name Author(s) Homepage Comments
Snap http://snap.stanford.edu
igraph http://igraph.sourceforge.net/index.html igraph is a free software package for creating and manipulating undirected and directed graphs. It includes implementations for classic graph theory problems. igraph has four implementations: R, C/C++, Python, and Ruby
NetworkX
MatLab

Algorithm Table

Algorithm Name/Year Class Time/Space Complexity (n = # of vertices, m = # of edges) Algo Attributes Implementations Input Graph Type Comments
Girvan-Newman (Shortest-path betweenness), 2004 [11] Divisive Ο(nm2): Each iteration uses a tree structure to calculate edge betweeness of a graph in O(mn). Do this m times, once for each edge D,H,G Mathematica w,-d Iteratively removes links with the highest betweenness score (a score that measures the number of shortest paths that pass through an edge)
Girvan-Newman (random-walk betweenness), 2004 [11][16] Divisive Ο((n+m)mn2) Uses random traversal through a graph
Girvan-Newman (current-flow betweenness), 2004 [11][16] Divisive Ο((n+m)mn2) Uses a resistor network concept
Infomaps[13] Model Based/Information Theory/ Random Walk Ο((n2)Log(n)) snap, igraph w,d Attempts to find partition that yields the minimum description length of an infinite random walk on the network. It determines community and network structure by analyzing the flow of information, proxied through random walk calculations, among various groups of nodes.
Fast Newman [12] Quality Optimization O((m + n)n) A,H Snap w,-d Optimize Q over all divisions using agglomerative hierarchical clustering
Clauset-Newman-Moore [9] Model Based, Quality Optimization O(md log n) where d is depth of dendrogram Snap, igraph Improves upon Fast Newman, remains based oon the greedy optimization of modularity. A modularity of >0.3 is a good indicator of a significant community structure
BIGCLAM (Cluster Affilitation Model for Big Networks)[14] Model Based Unclear O,H,G,Q,R+ Snap -w,-d Partitioning that most likely produces the edges of a given graph, given the notion that nodes in the same community are more likely to share an edge. It captures the probability that a pair of nodes are connected as a funciton of that shared membership. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=htWQWN1xAZQVideo Lecture
Label Propogation, 2007 [17] Vertex Clustering A Label Propagation uses the structure of the graph to cluster vertices. Nodes are iteratively labeled with the label that most of its neighbors holds. Densely connected groups form a consensus with a unique label.
Fast Unfolding, 2008 [19] Quality Optimization H igraph w,-d An iterative algorithm that calculates modularity based on nearest neighbros, joining nodes if the values are positive, and then builds a new network whose nodes are now communities based on step one. This it repeated until maximum modularity is achieved.
WalkTrap, 2005 [18] Vertex Clustering, Quality Optimization O(mn2) A igraph w,-d Defines a similarity metric between nodes based on distance to all other nodes from a random walk. Merges nodes in an agglomarative fashion that minimizes distance from other nodes in the community. Then picks partition that has highest modularity.
CESNA (Communities from Edge Structure and Node Attributes) [26] Subgraph Discovery 1 million nodes in 10 hours Q,R+ Snap -w,-d Detects overlapping communities in networks with node attributes. Assumes that nodes that belong ot the same communities are likely to be connected to each other, communities can overlap, the more common communities a set of nodes share the more likely they are to be connected, and nodes in the same community are likely to share common attributes
Radicchi et al [15] Model Based, Divisive O(m2) on large systems None -d A local algorithm that returns similar results to Girvan Newman betweenness but reduces computational cost by using a local quantitiy--the number of loops of a given length that contains an edge--to choose which edge to remove.
Leading Eigenvector, 2006 [20] igraph
Latent Space Models [21]
CoDA (Communities through directed affiliations)[23] Model Based Unclear O,H,G,Q,R+ snap -w,d Extension of BIGCLAM that incorporated directedness to discover community type. It detects overlapping communities as wel as cohesively and 2-mode communities, whether connected or hierarically nested.
Clique Clique Percolation [27] Cohesive Subgraph Discovery G,D,S CFinder -w,-d Begins by identifying all cliques of size k in a network. All cliques are collapsed into single vertex. Vertices are connected if cliques that they are representing share k-1 members—connected components identify which cliques compose a community. Input value of k must be chosen and typically is between 3 and 6.
CONGA (Cluster-Overlapping Newman Girvan Algorithm), 2007 [28] Divisive O(m3) D,G,O None -w,-d CONGA, like Girvan Newman, relies on calculation of betweenness to determine splits, but splits on vertices, rather than edges. The algorithm specifies when and how to split vertices allowing for overlapping membership
CONGO (CONGA Optimized), 2008 [32] Divisive O(n log n) Sparse Networks D,G,O None -w,-d Expands upon the CONGA algorithm by achieving a local form of betweenness
Fuzzy Overlapping Group (FOG) [29] Divisive O(L3) O ORA A combination of a stochastic model and maximum likelihood method group detection algorithm for inferring fuzzy overlapping groups. Groups are built from links which allows for multiple memberships varying levels of association from entities to groups.
Bipartite Stochastic Block Model (biSBM), 2014 [30] Model Based O(NaKa(Ka + k)) + O(NbKb(Kb + k)) Matlab w The degree corrected Bipartite Stochastic Block Model uses probability to search for maximum likelihood partition of a network into communities. It models a network's observed degree sequence before finding community structure. It divdes verticies into groups of like types. These calculations are done iteratively to continually propose movements of vertices that increases the likelihood function. In ref to run time, k is avg degree of each node, N_a and N_b or number of vertices of type a and b, K_a and K_b are number of communities of type a and b
Spectral Clustering [31] Model Based Determined by Eigenvalue Computation L,Q,R w,d Spectral clustering algorithms rely on the calculation of eigenvalues of a similarity matrix to find optimal partitions, give a predetermined number of partitions. It relaxes the complex problem of minimizing cut ratio over every possible k-partition to find the k-smallest eigenvalues and related eigenvectors of the Laplacian of the graph.
RolX Role identification/discovery Q SNAP -w,-d Generates list of roles as "profiles" of local/global node metrics, and assigns nodes a linear combination of these roles.

Notable Papers

Topic Title Comments
Algorithm Comparisons Community Detection Algorithms: A Comparative Analysis [3]
General Overview Communities in networks [4]
General Overview Community Detection in Graphs (2010) [5]
General Overview Community Detection in Social Media [7]
Algorithm Comparisons Empirical Comparison of Algorithms for Network Community Detection [6]
Algorithm Evalutation Defining and Evaluating Network Communities based on Ground-truth[8]
Centrality Measures / Community Detection Using Centrality Measures to Identify Key Members of an Innovation Collaboration Network [24]
Overlapping Community Detection Overlapping community detection in networks: the state-of-the-art and comparative study [25]

References

  1. Michelle Girvan and M. E. J. Newman, 2001 http://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0112110.pdf, Community structure in social and biological networks
  2. M E J Newman, 2001 href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mejn/papers/016132.pdf, Scientific collaboration networks. II. Shortest paths, weighted networks, and centrality
  3. Andrea Lancichinetti and Santo Fortunato, 2010 http://arxiv.org/pdf/0908.1062v2.pdfCommunity detection algorithms: a comparative analysis
  4. Mason A. Porter, Jukka-Pekka Onnela, and Peter J. Mucha, 2009 http://www.ams.org/notices/200909/rtx090901082p.pdfCommunities in Networks
  5. Santo Fortunato, http://arxiv.org/pdf/0906.0612v2.pdfCommunity detection in graphs
  6. Jure Leskovec, Kevin J. Lang, Michael W. Mahoney, http://cs.stanford.edu/people/jure/pubs/communities-www10.pdfEmpirical Comparison of Algorithms for Network Community Detection
  7. Symeon Papadopoulos, Yiannis Kompatsiaris, Athena Vakali, Ploutarchos Spyridonos, http://static.springer.com/sgw/documents/1387631/application/pdf/10-3.pdfCommunity detection in Social Media Performance and application considerations
  8. Jaewon Yang and Jure Leskovec, http://cs.stanford.edu/people/jure/pubs/comscore-icdm12.pdfDefining and Evaluating Network Communities based on Ground-truth
  9. Aaron Clauset, M. E. J. Newman, Cristopher Moore, http://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0408187.pdfFinding community structure in very large networks
  10. Leon Danon, Albert D ́iaz-Guilera, Jordi Duch, and Alex Arenas http://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0505245.pdfComparing community structure identification
  11. M E J Newman, and M. Girvan, 2004, http://arxiv.org/pdf/condmat/0308217.pdfFinding and evaluating community structure in networks
  12. M E J Newman, http://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0309508.pdfFast algorithm for detecting community structure in networks
  13. Martin Rosvall and Carl T. Bergstromhttp://www.mapequation.org/assets/publications/RosvallBergstromPNAS2008Full.pdfMaps of random walks on complex networks reveal community structure
  14. Jaewon Yang and Jure Leskovec http://infolab.stanford.edu/~crucis/pubs/paper-nmfagm.pdfOverlapping Community Detection at Scale: A Nonnegative Matrix Factorization Approach
  15. Filippo Radicchi, Claudio Castellano, Federico Cecconi, Vittorio Loreto, and Domenico Parisi http://www.pnas.org/content/101/9/2658.full.pdf+htmlDefining and identifying communities in networks
  16. M.E.J. Newman, 2004, http://arxiv.org/pdf/condmat/0309045.pdfA measure of betweenness centrality based on random walks
  17. Usha Nandini Raghavan, Reka Albert, Soundar Kumara, 2007, http://arxiv.org/pdf/0709.2938v1.pdfNear linear time algorithm to detect community structures in large-scale networks
  18. Pascal Pons and Matthieu Latapy, 2007 http://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0512106v1.pdfComputing communities in large networks using random walks
  19. Vincent D. Blondel1; Jean-Loup Guillaume, Renaud Lambiotte, and Etienne Lefebvre, http://arxiv.org/pdf/0803.0476v2.pdfFast unfolding of communities in large networks
  20. M E J Newman, 2006 http://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0605087v3.pdfFinding community structure in networks using the eigenvectors of matrices
  21. Lei Tang, Huan Liu, Community Detetection and Mining in Social Media
  22. Conrad Lee and Pádraig Cunningham, 2013http://comnet.oxfordjournals.org/content/2/1/19.full.pdf+htmlCommunity detection: effective on large social networks
  23. Detecting Cohesive and 2-mode Communities in Directed and Undirected Networks by J. Yang, J. McAuley, J. Leskovec. ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (WSDM), 2014.
  24. John Cardente, http://dsgeek.com/docs/jcardente_cs224w_projreport.pdfUsing Centrality Measures to Identify Key Members of an Innovation Collaboration Network
  25. Jierui Xie, Stephen Kelley, Boleslaw K. Szymanski, http://arxiv.org/abs/1110.5813Overlapping community detection in networks: the state-of-the-art and comparative study
  26. Jaewon Yang, Julian McAuley, Jure Leskovec, Community Detection in Networks with Node Attributes
  27. Gergely Palla, Imre Derenyi, Illes Farkas, and Tamas Vicsek, Uncovering the overlapping community structure of complex networks in nature and society.
  28. Steve Gregory, An algorithm to Find Overlapping Community Structure in Networks.
  29. George David and Kathleen Carley, Clearing the FOG: Fuzzy, Overlapping Groups in Social Networks.
  30. Daniel Larremore, Aaron Clauset, and Abigail Jacobs, Efficiently inferring community structure in bipartite networks.<
  31. Ulrike von Luxburg, A Tutorial On Spectral Clustering.
  32. Steve Gregory, http://www.cs.bris.ac.uk/publications/Papers/2000885.pdfA Fast Algorithm to Find Overlapping Communities in Networks, 2008