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SOC Interview Questions
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SOC Interview Questions

Table of Contents

What should you expect?

Below is a list of the topics on which questions can be asked in the interview.

Security Analyst

Incident Responder

Pre-preparing

General

How do you keep yourself updated with information security?

What are Black Hat, White Hat and Gray Hat Hackers?

Black-Hat Hackers: Those hackers who enter the system without taking owners’ permission. These hackers use vulnerabilities as entry points. They hack systems illegally. They use their skills to deceive and harm people. (GeeksforGeeks)

White-Hat Hackers: Also known as Ethical Hackers. They are certified hackers who learn hacking from courses. These are good hackers who try to secure our data, websites. With the rise of cyberattacks organizations and governments have come to understand that they need ethical hackers. (GeeksforGeeks)

Gray-Hat Hackers: A mix of both Black-Hat and White-Hat hackers. These types of hackers find vulnerabilities in systems without the permission of owners. They don’t have any malicious intent. However, this type of hacking is still considered illegal. But they never share information with black hat hackers. They find issues and report the owner, sometimes requesting a small amount of money to fix it. (GeeksforGeeks)

What is Port Scanning?

Port scanning is a method of determining which ports on a network are open and could be receiving or sending data. It is also a process for sending packets to specific ports on a host and analyzing responses to identify vulnerabilities. (Avast)

Do you know any programming language?

While this question is up to you, having a basic understanding of programming languages can be a plus for the interview.

How can you define Blue Team and Red Team basically?

Red team is attacker side, blue team is defender side.

What is Firewall?

Firewall is a device that allows or blocks the network traffic according to the rules.

Explain Security Misconfiguration

It is a security vulnerability caused by incomplete or incorrect misconfiguration.

Explain Vulnerability, Risk and Threat

Vulnerability: Weakness in an information system, system security procedures, internal controls, or implementation that could be exploited or triggered by a threat source. (src: NIST)

Risk: The level of impact on agency operations (including mission functions, image, or reputation), agency assets, or individuals resulting from the operation of an information system given the potential impact of a threat and the likelihood of that threat occurring. (src: NIST)

Threat: Any circumstance or event with the potential to adversely impact organizational operations, organizational assets, individuals, other organizations, or the Nation through a system via unauthorized access, destruction, disclosure, modification of information, and/or denial of service. (src: NIST)

What is compliance?

Following the set of standards authorized by an organization, independent part, or government.

What is MITRE ATT&CK?

MITRE ATT&CK® is a globally-accessible knowledge base of adversary tactics and techniques based on real-world observations. The ATT&CK knowledge base is used as a foundation for the development of specific threat models and methodologies in the private sector, in government, and in the cybersecurity product and service community. (MITRE ATT&CK)

Do you have any project that we can look at?

If you do have any project to show, make sure that you prepare it before the interview.

Explain 2FA.

2FA is an extra layer of security used to make sure that people trying to gain access to an online account are who they say they are. First, a user will enter their username and password. Then, instead of immediately gaining access, they will be required to provide another piece of information. (Authy)

Could you share some general endpoint security product categories?

What are HIDS and NIDS?

What is CIA triad?

The three letters in "CIA triad" stand for Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability. The CIA triad is a common model that forms the basis for the development of security systems. They are used for finding vulnerabilities and methods for creating solutions. (Fortinet)

Confidentiality: Confidentiality involves the efforts of an organization to make sure data is kept secret or private. A key component of maintaining confidentiality is making sure that people without proper authorization are prevented from accessing assets important to your business.

Integrity: Integrity involves making sure your data is trustworthy and free from tampering. The integrity of your data is maintained only if the data is authentic, accurate, and reliable.

Availability: Systems, networks, and applications must be functioning as they should and when they should. Also, individuals with access to specific information must be able to consume it when they need to, and getting to the data should not take an inordinate amount of time.

What is AAA?

Authentication: Authentication involves a user providing information about who they are. Users present login credentials that affirm they are who they claim. (Fortinet)

Authorization: Authorization follows authentication. During authorization, a user can be granted privileges to access certain areas of a network or system. (Fortinet)

Accounting: Accounting keeps track of user activity while users are logged in to a network by tracking information such as how long they were logged in, the data they sent or received, their Internet Protocol (IP) address, the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) they used, and the different services they accessed. (Fortinet)

What is Cyber Kill Chain?

Developed by Lockheed Martin, the Cyber Kill Chain® framework is part of the Intelligence Driven Defense® model for identification and prevention of cyber intrusions activity. The model identifies what the adversaries must complete in order to achieve their objective.

The seven steps of the Cyber Kill Chain® enhance visibility into an attack and enrich an analyst’s understanding of an adversary’s tactics, techniques and procedures. (Lockheed Martin)

Lockheed Martin's Cyber Kill Chain

What is SIEM?

Security Information and Event Management (SIEM), is a security solution that provides the real time logging of events in an environment. The actual purpose for event logging is to detect security threats.

In general, SIEM products have a number of features. The ones that interest us most as SOC analysts are: they filter the data that they collect and create alerts for any suspicious events. (LetsDefend)

What Is Indicator of Compromise (IOCs)?

Indicators of Compromise (IOCs) serve as forensic evidence of potential intrusions on a host system or network. These artifacts enable Information Security (InfoSec) professionals and system administrators to detect intrusion attempts or other malicious activities. Security researchers use IOCs to better analyze a particular malware’s techniques and behaviors. IOCs also provides actionable threat intelligence that can be shared within the community to further improve an organization’s incident response and remediation strategies. (TrendMico)

What is Indicators of Attack (IOAs)?

Indicators of Attack (IOAs) demonstrate the intentions behind a cyberattack and the techniques used by the threat actor to accomplish their objectives. The specific cyber threats arming the attack, like malware, ransomware, or advanced threats, are of little concern when analyzing IOAs. (UpGuard)

Explain True Positive and False Positive.

_img source:towardsdatascience.com_

True Positive:

If the situation to be detected and the detected (triggered alert) situation are the same, it is a True Positive alert. For example, let's say you had a PCR test to find out whether you are Covid19 positive and the test result came back positive. It is True Positive because the condition you want to detect (whether you have Covid19 disease) and the detected condition (being a Covid19 patient) are the same. This is a true positive alert. (LetsDefend)

Let’s suppose there is a rule to detect SQL Injection attacks and this rule has been triggered because of a request that was made to the following URL. The alert is indeed a “True Positive” as there was a real SQL Injection attack.

https://app.letsdefend.io/casemanagement/casedetail/115/src=' OR 1=1

False Positive:

In short, it is a false alarm. For example, there is a security camera in your house and if the camera alerts you due to your cat's movements, it is a false positive alert. (LetsDefend)

If we look at the URL example below, we see the SQL parameter "Union" keyword within this URL. If an SQL injection alert occurs for this URL, it will be a false positive alert because the “Union” keyword is used to mention a sports team here and not for an SQL injection attack.

https://www.google.com/search?q=FC+Union+Berlin

Network

What is OSI Model? Explain each layer.

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model is a conceptual model that describes the universal standard of communication functions of a telecommunication system or computing system, without any regard to the system's underlying internal technology and specific protocol suites. (Wikipedia)

OSI Model

  1. Physical Layer: The Physical Layer is responsible for the transmission and reception of unstructured raw data between a device, such as a network interface controller, Ethernet hub or network switch and a physical transmission medium. It converts the digital bits into electrical, radio, or optical signals.

  2. Data Link Layer: The Data Link Layer provides node-to-node data transfer a link between two directly connected nodes. It detects and possibly corrects errors that may occur in the physical layer. It defines the protocol to establish and terminate a connection between two physically connected devices. It also defines the protocol for flow control between them. IEEE 802 divides the Data Link Layer into two sublayers:

    • Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer – responsible for controlling how devices in a network gain access to a medium and permission to transmit data.

    • Logical Link Control (LLC) Layer – responsible for identifying and encapsulating network layer protocols, and controls error checking and frame synchronization.

  3. Network Layer: The Network Layer provides the functional and procedural means of transferring packets from one node to another connected in "different networks".

  4. Transport Layer: The Transport Layer provides the functional and procedural means of transferring variable-length data sequences from a source host to a destination host from one application to another across a network, while maintaining the Quality of Service (QoS) functions. Transport protocols may be connection-oriented or connectionless.

  5. Session Layer: The Session Layer creates the setup, controls the connections, and ends the teardown, between two or more computers, which is called a "session". Since DNS and other Name Resolution Protocols operate in this part of the layer, common functions of the session layer include user logon (establishment), name lookup (management), and user logoff (termination) functions. Including this matter, authentication protocols are also built into most client software, such as FTP Client and NFS Client for Microsoft Networks. Therefore, the session layer establishes, manages and terminates the connections between the local and remote application.

  6. Presentation Layer: The Presentation Layer establishes data formatting and data translation into a format specified by the application layer during the encapsulation of outgoing messages while being passed down the protocol stack, and possibly reversed during the deencapsulation of incoming messages when being passed up the protocol stack. For this very reason, outgoing messages during encapsulation are converted into a format specified by the application layer, while the conversation for incoming messages during deencapsulation are reversed.

  7. Application layer: The Application Layer is the layer of the OSI model that is closest to the end user, which means both the OSI application layer and the user interact directly with software application that implements a component of communication between the client and server, such as File Explorer and Microsoft Word. Such application programs fall outside the scope of the OSI model unless they are directly integrated into the Application layer through the functions of communication, as is the case with applications such as Web Browsers and Email Programs. Other examples of software are Microsoft Network Software for File and Printer Sharing and Unix/Linux Network File System Client for access to shared file resources.

What is Three-Way Handshake?

enter image description here

TCP uses a three-way handshake to establish a reliable connection. The connection is full duplex, and both sides synchronize (SYN) and acknowledge (ACK) each other.

The client chooses an initial sequence number, set in the first SYN packet. The server also chooses its own initial sequence number, set in the SYN/ACK packet.

Each side acknowledges each other's sequence number by incrementing it; this is the acknowledgement number. The use of sequence and acknowledgment numbers allows both sides to detect missing or out-of-order segments.

Once a connection is established, ACKs typically follow for each segment. The connection will eventually end with a RST (reset or tear down the connection) or FIN (gracefully end the connection). (ScienceDirect)

What is TCP/IP Model? Explain the difference between OSI and TCP/IP model.

The TCP/IP model is the default method of data communication on the Internet. It was developed by the United States Department of Defense to enable the accurate and correct transmission of data between devices.

TCP/IP divides communication tasks into layers that keep the process standardized, without hardware and software providers doing the management themselves. The data packets must pass through four layers before they are received by the destination device, then TCP/IP goes through the layers in reverse order to put the message back into its original format. (Fortinet)

TCP/IP Model contains four layers. The layers are:

  1. Application Layer
  2. Transport Layer
  3. Internet Layer
  4. Network Access Layer

enter image description here

Differences:

TCP/IP OSI
TCP refers to Transmission Control Protocol OSI refers to Open Systems Interconnection
TCP/IP has 4 layers OSI has 7 layers
TCP/IP uses both session and presentation layer in the application layer itself OSI uses different session and presentation layers
TCP/IP developed protocols then model OSI developed model then protocol

(GeeksforGeeks)

What is ARP?

The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a communication protocol used for discovering the Data Link Layer address, such as a MAC address, associated with a given Network Layer address, typically an IPv4 address. This mapping is a critical function in the Internet protocol suite. (Wikipedia)

What is DHCP?

The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network management protocol used on Internet Protocol (IP) networks for automatically assigning IP addresses and other communication parameters to devices connected to the network using a client–server architecture.

Could you share some general network security product names?

What is the key difference between IDS and IPS?

IDS only detects the traffic but IPS can prevent/block the traffic.

How can you protect yourself from Man-in-the-middle (on-path) attacks?

While answering this question vary different scenarios, encryption is the key point for being safe.

Web Application Security

What are the HTTP response codes?

For example, 404 is 'server cannot find the requested resource'.

Explain OWASP Top 10

The OWASP Top 10 is a standard awareness document for developers and web application security. It represents a broad consensus about the most critical security risks to web applications. (OWASP)

enter image description here

What is SQL Injection?

SQL Injections are critical attack methods where a web application directly includes unsanitized data provided by the user in SQL queries. (LetsDefend)

Explain SQL Injection Types

There are 3 types of SQL Injections. These are:

  1. In-Band SQLi (Classical SQLi): If a SQL query is sent and a replied to over the same channel, we call these In-band SQLi. It is easier for attackers to exploit these compared to other SQLi categories.

  2. Inferential SQLi (Blind SQLi): SQL queries that receive a reply that cannot be seen are called Inferential SQLi. They are called Blind SQLi because the reply cannot be seen.

  3. Out-of-Band SQLi: If the reply to a SQL query is communicated over a different channel then this type of SQLi is called Out-of-Band SQLi. For example, if the attacker is receiving replies to his SQL queries over the DNS this is called an Out-of-Band SQLi.

How to prevent SQL injection vulnerability?

What is XSS and how XSS can be prevented?

Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attacks are a type of injection, in which malicious scripts are injected into otherwise benign and trusted websites. XSS attacks occur when an attacker uses a web application to send malicious code, generally in the form of a browser side script, to a different end user. Flaws that allow these attacks to succeed are quite widespread and occur anywhere a web application uses input from a user within the output it generates without validating or encoding it. (OWASP)

For XSS attacks to be successful, an attacker needs to insert and execute malicious content in a webpage. Each variable in a web application needs to be protected. Ensuring that all variables go through validation and are then escaped or sanitized is known as perfect injection resistance. Any variable that does not go through this process is a potential weakness. Frameworks make it easy to ensure variables are correctly validated and escaped or sanitized.

However, frameworks aren't perfect and security gaps still exist in popular frameworks like React and Angular. Output Encoding and HTML Sanitization help address those gaps.

Explain XSS Types

  1. Reflected XSS (Non-Persistent): It is a non-persistent XSS type that the XSS payload must contain in the request. It is the most common type of XSS.

  2. Stored XSS (Persistent): It is a type of XSS where the attacker can permanently upload the XSS payload to the web application. Compared to other types, the most dangerous type of XSS is Stored XSS.

  3. DOM Based XSS: DOM Based XSS is an XSS attack wherein the attack payload is executed as a result of modifying the DOM "environment" in the victim’s browser used by the original client-side script, so that the client-side code runs in an "unexpected" manner. (OWASP)

What is IDOR?

Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR), is a vulnerability caused by the lack of an authorization mechanism or because it is not used properly. It enables a person to access an object that belongs to another.

Among the highest web application vulnerability security risks published in the 2021 OWASP, IDOR or "Broken Access Control" takes first place.

What is RFI?

Remote File Inclusion (RFI), is the security vulnerability that occurs when a file on a different server is included without sanitizing the data obtained from a user.

What is LFI?

Local File Inclusion (LFI), is the security vulnerability that occurs when a local file is included without sanitizing the data obtained from a user.

What is difference between LFI and RFI?

LFI differs from RFI because the file that is intended to be included is on the same web server that the web application is hosted on.

What is CSRF?

Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) is an attack that forces an end user to execute unwanted actions on a web application in which they're currently authenticated. With a little help of social engineering (such as sending a link via email or chat), an attacker may trick the users of a web application into executing actions of the attacker's choosing. If the victim is a normal user, a successful CSRF attack can force the user to perform state changing requests like transferring funds, changing their email address, and so forth. If the victim is an administrative account, CSRF can compromise the entire web application. (OWASP)

What is WAF?

Web Application Firewall (WAF) helps protect web applications by filtering and monitoring HTTP traffic between a web application and the Internet. It typically protects web applications from attacks such as Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF), Cross-Site Scripting (XSS), file inclusion, and SQL Injection, among others. A WAF is a protocol layer 7 defense (in the OSI model), and is not designed to defend against all types of attacks. (Cloudflare)

Cryptography

What are Encoding, Hashing, Encryption?

Encoding: Converts the data in the desired format required for exchange between different systems.

Hashing: Maintains the integrity of a message or data. Any change did any day could be noticed.

Encryption: Ensures that the data is secure and one needs a digital verification code or image in order to open it or access it.

What are differences between Hashing and Encryption?

Hashing: Hashing is the process of converting the information into a key using a hash function. The original information cannot be retrieved from the hash key by any means. (GeeksforGeeks)

Encryption: Encryption is the process of converting a normal readable message known as plaintext into a garbage message or not readable message known as Ciphertext. The ciphertext obtained from the encryption can easily be transformed into plaintext using the encryption key. (GeeksforGeeks)

Differences:

Explain Salted Hashes

A salt is added to the hashing process to force their uniqueness, increase their complexity without increasing user requirements, and to mitigate password attacks like hash tables. (Auth0)

What are differences between SSL and TLS?

SSL TLS
SSL stands for "Secure Socket Layer". TLS stands for "Transport Layer Security".
Netscape developed the first version of SSL in 1995. The first version of TLS was developed by the Internet Engineering Taskforce (IETF) in 1999.
SSL is a cryptographic protocol that uses explicit connections to establish secure communication between web server and client. TLS is also a cryptographic protocol that provides secure communication between web server and client via implicit connections. It’s the successor of SSL protocol.
Three versions of SSL have been released: SSL 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0. Four versions of TLS have been released: TLS 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3.
All versions of SSL have been found vulnerable, and they all have been deprecated. TLS 1.0 and 1.1 have been “broken” and are deprecated as of March 2020. TLS 1.2 is the most widely deployed protocol version.

(SECTIGOStore)

Malware Analysis

What is the name of the software that compiles written code?

What is the name of the software that translates machine codes into assembly language?

What is the difference between static and dynamic malware analysis?

Differences: Static Analysis Dynamic Analysis
Static analysis takes long time. Dynamic analysis in general takes a short while.
You can learn the capacity of the malware. As a result of dynamic analysis, you can learn only the activities on the system on which it is run.
Detailed analysis result. Analysis result is not detailed.

It should also be noted that using only one approach may not be sufficient to analyze malware. Using both approaches together will give you to best results!

How does malware achieve persistence on Windows?

Event Log Analysis

Which event logs are available default on Windows?

With which security Event ID can the Successfully RDP connection be detected?

With which event id can failed logons be detected?

Which field of which event should I look at so that I can detect RDP logons?

Threat Intelligence

What is Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI)?

Threat intelligence is the analysis of data using tools and techniques to generate meaningful information about existing or emerging threats targeting the organization that helps mitigate risks. Threat Intelligence helps organizations make faster, more informed security decisions and change their behavior from reactive to proactive to combat the attacks. (eccouncil)

What is TAXII in Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI)?

TAXII, short for Trusted Automated eXchange of Intelligence Information, defines how cyber threat information can be shared via services and message exchanges. (anomali)

Name some of the Threat Intelligence Platforms

What are the types of Threat Intelligence?