Application-Oriented Performance Benchmarks for Quantum Computing
This repository contains a collection of prototypical application- or algorithm-centric benchmark programs designed for the purpose of characterizing the end-user perception of the performance of current-generation Quantum Computers.
The repository is maintained by members of the Quantum Economic Development Consortium (QED-C) Technical Advisory Committee on Standards and Performance Metrics (Standards TAC).
Important Note -- The examples maintained in this repository are not intended to be viewed as "performance standards". Rather, they are offered as simple "prototypes", designed to make it as easy as possible for users to execute simple "reference applications" across multiple quantum computing APIs and platforms. The application / algorithmic examples are structured using a uniform pattern for defining circuits, executing across different platforms, collecting results, and measuring performance and fidelity in useful ways.
A variety of "reference applications" are provided. At the current stage in the evolution of quantum computing hardware, some applications will perform better on one hardware target, while a completely different set may execute better on another target. They are designed to provide users a quantum "jump start", so to speak, eliminating the need to develop for themselves uniform code patterns that facilitate quick development, deployment, and experimentation.
The QED-C committee released its first paper (Oct 2021) describing the theory and methodology supporting this work at
Application-Oriented Performance Benchmarks for Quantum Computing
The QED-C committee released a second paper (Feb 2023) describing the addition of combinatorial optimization problems as advanced application-oriented benchmarks at
Optimization Applications as Quantum Performance Benchmarks
The group added another paper (Feb 2024) with additional benchmark programs and improvements to the framework at
Quantum Algorithm Exploration using Application-Oriented Performance Benchmarks
Recently, the group released a fourth paper (Sep 2024) with a deep focus on measuring performance of Quantum Hamiltonians Simulations at
See the Implementation Status section below for the latest report on benchmarks implemented to date.
Notes on Repository Organization
The repository is organized at the highest level by specific reference application names. There is a directory for each application or algorithmic example, e.g. quantum-fourier-transform, which contains the bulk of code for that application.
Within each application directory, there is a second-level directory, one for each of the target programming environments that are supported. The repository is organized in this way to emphasize the application first and the target environment second, to encourage full support across platforms.
The directory names and the currently supported environments are:
qiskit -- IBM Qiskit
cirq -- Google Cirq
braket -- Amazon Braket
cudaq -- NVIDIA CUDA-Q (WIP)
ocean -- D-Wave OceanThe goal has been to make the implementation of each algorithm identical across the different target environments, with the processing and reporting of results as similar as possible. Each application directory includes a README file with information specific to that application or algorithm. Below we list the benchmarks we have implemented with a suggested order of approach; the benchmarks in levels 1 and 2 are simpler and a good place to start for beginners, while levels 3 and 4 are more complicated and might build off of intuition and reasoning developed in earlier algorithms. Level 5 includes newly released benchmarks based on iterative execution done within hybrid algorithms.
Complexity of Benchmark Algorithms (Increasing Difficulty)
1: Deutsch-Jozsa, Bernstein-Vazirani, Hidden Shift
2: Quantum Fourier Transform, Grover's Search
3: Phase Estimation, Amplitude Estimation, HHL Linear Solver
4: Monte Carlo, Hamiltonian (and HamLib) Simulation, Variational Quantum Eigensolver, Shor's Order Finding Algorithm
5: MaxCut, Hydrogen-LatticeIn addition to the application directories at the highest level, there are several other directories or files with specific purposes:
_common -- collection of shared routines, used by all the application examples
_doc -- detailed DESIGN_NOTES, and other reference materials
_containerbuildfiles -- build files and instructions for creating Docker images (optional)
_setup -- information on setting up all environments
benchmarks-*.ipynb -- Jupyter Notebooks convenient for executing the benchmarksSetup and Configuration
The benchmark applications are easy to run and contain few dependencies. The primary dependency is on the Python packages needed for the target environment in which you would like to execute the examples.
In the Preparing to Run Benchmarks section you will find a subdirectory for each of the target environments that contains a README with everything you need to know to install and configure the specific environment in which you would like to run.
Important Note:
The suite of application benchmarks is configured by default to run on the simulators
that are typically included with the quantum programming environments.
Certain program parameters, such as maximum numbers of qubits, number of circuits
to execute for each qubit width and the number of shots, are defaulted to values that
can run on the simulators easily.
However, when running on hardware, it is important to reduce these values to account
for the capabilities of the machine on which you are executing. This is especially
important for systems on which one could incur high billing costs if running large circuits.
See the above link to the _setup folder for more information about each programming environment.Executing the Application Benchmark Programs from a Shell Window
The benchmark programs may be run manually in a command shell. In a command window or shell, change the directory to the application you would like to execute. Then, simply execute a line similar to the following, to begin the execution of the main program for the application:
cd bernstein-vazirani/qiskit
python bv_benchmark.pyThis will run the program, construct and execute multiple circuits, analyze results, and produce a set of bar charts to report on the results. The program executes random circuits constructed for a specific number of qubits, in a loop that ranges from min_qubits to max_qubits (with default values that can be passed as parameters). The number of random circuits generated for each qubit size can be controlled by the max_circuits parameter.
As each benchmark program is executed, you should see output that looks like the following, showing the average circuit creation and execution time along with a measure of the quality of the result, for each circuit width executed by the benchmark program:
Executing the Application Benchmark Programs in a Jupyter Notebook
Alternatively, you may use the Jupyter Notebook templates that are provided in this repository. There is one template file provided for each of the API environments supported.
In the top level of this repository, start your jupyter-notebook process. When the browser listing appears, select the desired notebook .ipynb file to launch the notebook.
There you will have access to a cell for each of the benchmarks in the repository, and may "Run" any one of them independently and see the results presented there.
Some benchmarks, such as Max-Cut and Hydrogen-Lattice, include a notebook for running advanced tests, specifically the iterative execution of interleaved classical/quantum code for a hybrid algorithm. See the instructions in the README for those benchmarks for procedures and options that are available.
Executing the Application Benchmark Programs via the Qiskit Runner (Qiskit Environment only)
It is possible to run the benchmarks from the top-level directory in a generalized way on the command line
Qiskit_Runner
Enabling Compiler Optimizations
There is support provided within the Jupyter Notebook for the Qiskit versions of the benchmarks to enable certain compiler optimizations. In the first cell of the notebook, there is a variable called exec_options where several of the built-in Qiskit compiler optimizations may be specified.
The second cell of the Jupyter Notebook contains commented code with references to custom-coded Qiskit compiler optimizations as well as some third-party optimization tools. Simply uncomment the desired optimizations and rerun the notebook to enable the optimization method. The custom code for these optimizations is located in the _common/transformers directory. Users may define their own custom optimizations within this directory and reference them from the notebook.
Container Deployment of the Application Benchmark Programs
Applications are often deployed into Container Management Frameworks such as Docker, Kubernetes, and the like.
The Application-Oriented Benchmarks repository includes support for the creation of a unique 'container image' for each of the supported API environments. You can find the instructions and all the necessary build files in a folder at the top level named _containerbuildfiles.
The benchmark program image can be deployed into a container management framework and executed as any other application in that framework.
Once built, deployed, and launched, the container process invokes a Jupyter Notebook from which you can run all the available benchmarks.
Interpreting Metrics
- Creation Time: time spent on the classical machine creating the circuit and transpiling.
- Execution Time: time spent on the quantum simulator or hardware backend running the circuit. This only includes the time when the algorithm is being run and does not include any of the time waiting in a queue on Qiskit and Cirq. Braket does not currently report execution time and therefore does include the queue time.
- Fidelity: a measure of how well the simulator or hardware runs a particular benchmark, on a scale from 0 to 1, with 0 being a completely useless result and 1 being perfect execution of the algorithm. The math of how we calculate the fidelity is outlined in the file
_doc/POLARIZATION_FIDELITY.md. - Circuit/Transpiled Depth: number of layers of gates to apply a particular algorithm. The Circuit depth is the depth if all of the gates used for the algorithm were native, while the transpile depth is the number of gates if only certain gates are allowed. We default to
['rx', 'ry', 'rz', 'cx']. Note: this set of gates is just used to provide a normalized transpiled depth across all hardware and simulator platforms, and we separately transpile to the native gate set of the hardware. The depth can be used to help provide reasoning for why one algorithm is harder to run than another for the same circuit width. This metric is currently only available on the Qiskit implementation of the algorithms.
Implementation Status
Below is a table showing the degree to which the benchmarks have been implemented in each of the target frameworks (as of the last update to this branch):
