About Qtools

Qtools is a collection of utilities to help development with CommonQt. There are a lot of things in there, from name mapping over garbage handling to widget class definition. Some tools are straightforward, others are quite complex. I'll try to explain everything as best I can.

Fundamentals

There are three layers working beneath Qtools, of which you need to know about in order to understand how to use the various facilities Qtools offers.

Qt

Qt is a gigantic toolkit that mainly concerns itself with GUI creation. It is cross-platform and written in C++. While its size and large user-base means that it is very mature and usable for pretty much any kind of GUI, the fact that it's written in C++ makes things complicated. The usual way to interoperate with C++ libraries and projects is to create a C API wrapper.

Smoke

And this is what Smoke does. It generates a C wrapper so that other languages can make use of Qt through C-FFI. Smoke is divided up into a bunch of modules, each being associated with a part of Qt, such as qtcore, qtgui, qtopengl, phonon, etc.

CommonQt

The heavy lifting and ground-work that is required to interface with Smoke (and thus with Qt) is done by CommonQt. By itself, CommonQt offers a complete framework to create Qt GUIs from Common Lisp out.

Qtools

Unfortunately, working with CommonQt itself is a bit awkward. While it offers everything you need, the way you have to make use of it is sub-par. Qtools attempts to help with this by offering another layer over CommonQt to smooth everything out. However, since you might not like certain parts of the Qtools ecosystem, it should be possible for you to only use the features you like, rather than being forced to use everything. So, you can always mix and match "plain" CommonQt and Qtools extensions.

Getting Started

Qt

In case you already know Qt, you may skip this part and go straight to the next section. I'll briefly explain some of the core Qt concepts and how they fit together. However, you should still read the official Qt documentation for anything that's left unclear.

Since Qt is a C++ library it is heavily focused around classes and methods. At the top of the class hierarchy sits QObject. Almost all classes in Qt inherit from this. The more important one for us however is the QWidget class, which already gives you everything you need to get started. It can act as a window or be contained in other widgets. It has all the sizing mechanics and is properly hooked into the event system that allows you to catch when keys are pressed, the window is resized, and so forth.

Usually you create your new widgets by subclassing something like QWidget and then overriding methods to do what you want or simply attach other widgets to it and connect them up so that they can communicate to each other via the signal system. Classes have slots and signals. Signals are a form of method signature that describe a list of arguments and their type. Slots are the corresponding methods that perform actions when a signal reaches them. Wiring things up functions by connecting a signal and a source instance to a slot and a target instance. When then a signal is signalled onto the source instance, the target instance's slot method is called.

And that's pretty much all of the core mechanics that you need to know about. For everything else, you usually refer to the documentation page for the specific class involved and see what kind of methods or signals you can use to do what you want. Seriously, the docs are good. I use them constantly while developing.

Qtools

Before getting started with explaining the details on the various parts of Qtools, I'll go through a basic project setup of a project using it.

First you will want an ASDF system to define your project. In its dependencies it should contain :qtools and the smoke modules you require, usually just :qtcore and :qtgui.

(asdf:defsystem qtools-intro
  ...
  :depends-on (:qtools :qtcore :qtgui))

If you want to just try things out on the REPL real quick, just (ql:quickload '(qtools qtcore qtgui)) should suffice.

Then of course you'll usually want a package to put all your stuff in. Instead of :use #:cl you will most likely want to :use #:cl+qt. This package combines the symbols of the common-lisp base package, the commonqt package, and qtools. Thus all the symbols and functions you usually need for development are already included.

(defpackage #:qtools-intro
  (:use #:cl+qt)
  (:export #:main))

CommonQt, and Qtools itself, require a few extensions to the standard reader syntax. For this reason you will want to change the readtable using named-readtables:in-readtable, which cl+qt includes. Readtable changes are on a per-file basis, so you need both an in-package and an in-readtable call on every file.

(in-package #:qtools-intro)
(in-readtable :qtools)

This sets up everything you need to get started writing an actual GUI. So let's do that as well. In Qt things are organised as widgets. Windows are widgets, buttons are widgets, text fields are widgets, etc. Qtools mirrors this.

(define-widget main-window (QWidget)
  ())

This define-widget form is syntactically equivalent to defclass. The only change is that the first argument in the superclass list is the Qt class to inherit from. Now we'll want to add some things to display in the widget.

(define-subwidget (main-window name) (q+:make-qlineedit main-window)
  (setf (q+:placeholder-text name) "Your name please."))

(define-subwidget (main-window go) (q+:make-qpushbutton "Go!" main-window))

This adds a QLineEdit widget called name to the main-window and sets its placeholder text to "Your name please.". The second form adds a button called go with a label of "Go!". Simple stuff. The body of the define-subwidget form can contain any number of statements. By default, the symbols of all the other subwidgets and slots defined prior to the define-subwidget form are bound to their corresponding values. This is useful if you for example need to define a layout, as we will do now.

(define-subwidget (main-window layout) (q+:make-qhboxlayout main-window)
  (q+:add-widget layout name)
  (q+:add-widget layout go))

This sets up the displaying part of our GUI, but so far we haven't made it react to anything yet. Reacting to events in Qt happens through signals and slots. Slots are functions that receive signals, and signals are event carriers.

(define-signal (main-window name-set) (string))

(define-slot (main-window go) ()
  (declare (connected go (pressed)))
  (declare (connected name (return-pressed)))
  (signal! main-window (name-set string) (q+:text name)))

(define-slot (main-window name-set) ((new-name string))
  (declare (connected main-window (name-set string)))
  (q+:qmessagebox-information main-window "Greetings" (format NIL "Good day to you, ~a!" new-name)))

We're doing things a bit roundabout here to illustrate creating signals. define-signal introduces a new signal called name-set that takes a single string as argument. We then define a new slot that is connected to the go button's pressed signal (which has no arguments) as well as the name field's return-pressed. We then simply fetch the current text of our name field and send it out again with our custom signal. The second slot catches this signal again and uses it to display a message box.

You can now try and see what kind of magical wonders you have created by using with-main-window to launch everything: (with-main-window (window 'main-window)). This will block until your window is closed, as Qt needs to capture the thread to handle events.

And that's that. The only thing we didn't take a look at here is define-override, which allows you to define override functions for your Qt classes. So, if you for example want to manually draw onto a widget you can override its paintEvent method using this.

(define-override (main-window paint-event) (event)
  (declare (ignore event))
  (with-finalizing ((painter (q+:make-qpainter main-window)))
    (q+:fill-rect painter (q+:rect main-window) (q+:qt.white))))

This'll make the background of our window completely white. The important thing to note here is the with-finalizing. What has been rather well hidden from you so far, is that as Qt is a C++ framework, you will have to do manual memory management. Qtools makes this a lot easier by offering macros and automations to take most of it off of your hands. For example, all the sub widgets we defined are automatically deleted once the main window is.

A general note about developing with Qtools/CommonQt: While custom function bodies such as from qt-slots, overrides, initializers, and finalizers reside on the CL side and can thus be redefined at any time and take effect immediately, adding or removing qt-slots and overrides will not affect already created instances. This is to say, if you run your application and recompile your override, the effect will be visible immediately. But if you add a new slot, override, or signal, the existing instance will not have them. This is due to the fact that these things need to be tied to the C++ class, which will not update existing instances when it is changed, like CLOS usually does. This means that if you change a running widget by adding new components, you need to recreate or restart it to see the effects.

Deployment

So, you've built a neat little Qt application and you would like to deploy it and ship it to people that aren't developers. For this, you will want to dump a binary and bundle it together with the necessary shared libraries. Qtools will take care of this for you, to the point where it becomes very trivial to do.

You will need an ASDF system that compiles your program and add the following options to your system definition:

:defsystem-depends-on (:qtools)
:build-operation "qt-program-op"
:build-pathname "executable-name"
:entry-point "my-package:my-launch-function"

You can change the string of :build-pathname to whatever pathname-name you'd like your executable to have. You should change the stirng of :entry-point to be a designator for an external symbol that is either your main window class name, or a function that handles the launching of your GUI.

Once you have updated your ASD, you should launch a clean instance of your implementation from the command line -- make sure not to load slime or anything else that creates threads. Then simply invoke (asdf:operate :build-op :system-name :force T). For sbcl, that would be:

sbcl --eval "(asdf:operate :build-op :system-name :force T)"

This will compile your system, gather some info on it, copy the necessary shared libraries to the deployment folder, and finally dump an image with your system ready to go. It should put it all into a new bin folder within your project's root. If everything went right, you should be able to just launch the executable within and be greeted with your nice GUI. You can then just ZIP up the build folder and ship that-- it should contain all of the necessary shared library dependencies to run outside of your development environment.

As an example for a working system that can be deployed, have a look at halftone or cl-gamepad-visualizer.

For more customisation and other details of the deployment system, see the underlying library Deploy.

If you need to debug the built binary on Windows, the default behaviour is a bit annoying, as it causes Windows to completely prevent all terminal output. To circumvent this, you must either run it under mintty, or deploy it with the feature :qtools-deploy-console set before the build-op.

Qtools Components

Name Conversion

Common Lisp and C++ follow different naming conventions for classes, variables, methods, and types. Qtools offers a couple of functions to attempt to translate between the two. Finding a Qt class can be done with find-qt-class-name. It searches a static table of known Qt classes (*qt-class-map*) by first stripping all dashes from the name, and then case-insensitively finding a matching name.

Translating method names can be done through to-method-name, which translates dashes to mean that the next character should be in uppercase. So foo-bar is fooBar. In case you pass it a string instead of a symbol however, it will not do any translation. This is important to take care of edge-cases, where this primitive translation would prohibit using a certain name. If you need a method signature instead of just a name, there are specified-type-method-name that takes a name and a list of type specifiers, and determined-type-method-name, which attempts to determine the type of the arguments, rather than requiring type specifiers directly.

Types are translated using qt-type-of, eqt-type-of, qt-type-for, and to-type-name. Where qt-type-for translates a type specifier and qt-type-of tries to determine the type through a value. Reversing from a Qt type specifier to a CL type is possible with cl-type-for and ecl-type-for.

Object Handling

In C++ there usually is no garbage collector, so you need to carefully clean up yourself or you'll create a memory leak. In Common Lisp we're used to the luxury of not having to worry about this, thanks to garbage collection. Sadly, we cannot use the garbage collector to also take care of C++ objects, as they live in a different world not governed by us. So, garbage collection of Qt objects is still our own worry.

To make this all just a smidgeon easier, Qtools introduces a system of finalizables, the central point of which is the finalize generic function. This function should take care of all necessary cleanup when an object is no longer needed. For qobjects, this means running eventual cleanup (through finalize-using-class) and then being deleted, thus properly removed from memory. However, finalize can not only be used for Qt objects, but for anything else as well. Especially interesting here are finalizable objects, whose slots can specify an additional argument :finalized, which dictates whether finalize is run on the slot's value when the class instance is finalized.

Often times we only need Qt instances for a certain lexical context of code. For this case, with-finalizing (and with-finalizing*) can be used, which is a counterpart to let that calls finalize on all its bindings once the form exits. This will take care of most cases. For cases where the instance may escape, or has to stay bound in a closure, there's with-gc-finalized. This wraps the value of each binding in a gc-finalized object. Using such a container, we can use Common Lisp's garbage collector to keep track of the references and, once the object is garbage collected it calls finalize on its inner value, ensuring proper removal. The with-gc-finalized uses a symbol-macrolet to ensure that you don't have to worry about the boxing. However, if you manually use gc-finalized objects, there's the make-gc-finalized and unbox functions (with corresponding reader macros #> and #< in the :qtools read-table).

While this kind of system takes care of a lot of cases, it's still not perfect and it may happen that you accidentally create a memory leak somewhere. I wish there was an easier way, but alas, life is difficult. You can try to solve this kind of situation by debugging Qtools and keeping track of which objects get finalized and which don't.

Another occasional task is to copy an object instance. Qtools offers a copy and copy-using-class methods which handle proper copying for a couple of Qt objects, but sadly by far not all. If you want to use the copying system for a class that isn't handled by Qtools by default, you can define your own using define-copy-method.

Qtools will handle the printing of QObject instances as well and provides you with a mechanism of defining print methods for a qclass, just like you normally would for CL classes by print-object. Simply use define-print-method.

Widgets

Qt deals with widgets. As such, making everything associated with them simple and easy to use should be a primary objective. Qtools' widget system attempts to do exactly that. The central part to this is the define-widget macro. This expands to a defclass with the following effects: It sets widget-class as the metaclass, sets the first item of the superclass list as the qt-superclass, and injects widget as a superclass, if it isn't one already. This means that essentially you can use anything you could in a standard defclass without having to worry about the necessary default options.

However, just with a single define-widget you won't get far ahead. You still need to use CommonQt's way of declaring slots, signals, and overrides, which is quite cumbersome. You can do that of course, but there is a more convenient method, which is to use define-slot, define-signal, and define-override. These essentially translate to class options, albeit in a detached way. Each of these define statements is of the following syntax:

(define-* (widget-class name) arglist &body body)

Some of them take optional extra arguments in the name-list, such as a method-name in the case of define-slot and define-override. In the case of define-signal the body is discarded. However, even with these extensions things are rather cumbersome: You need to manually define slots for each of the widgets you want to use inside your widget class, and define their behaviour in an initialize-instance function. This is unwieldy, which is why Qtools also adds define-initializer, define-finalizer, and define-subwidget. The first two follow in signature to the above minus the arglist and do what you might expect them to do: handle initialization and finalization. The initializer and finalizer forms take an optional priority argument in their name-list. The higher, the sooner. define-subwidget on the other hand looks like this:

(define-subwidget (widget-class name) initform &body body)

And its effects are two-fold. First, it adds a finalized slot to the widget-class called name. Then, it adds an initializer (with priority 10) that sets the slot-value to the value of initform and then evaluates the body forms. This by itself takes care of the repetitive slot and initializer definition, but without an extra helper called with-slots-bound, it would still be annoying to write functions, as you would have to reference widgets using slot-value everywhere. with-slots-bound is like with-slots, but it binds all direct class-slot values to their respective slot names. Every define-* function's body is automatically wrapped in a with-slots-bound, to make this convenience possible.

If you do not like this behaviour, due to potential symbol clashes and general confusion that might arise from the implicit action, you can instead use cl+qt:defmethod and declare statements. This is actually what all the define-* (with the exception of define-signal) expand to: A cl+qt:defmethod with an appropriate declaration inserted into the body. The cl+qt:defmethod behaves exaclty like cl:defmethod with the exception of allowing the handling of custom declaration forms. Qtools defines the following declarations: slot, override, initializer, and finalizer. In the case of a slot definition, an extra declaration called connected is also available. The effects of the declarations are as you might expect, and have the following signatures:

(slot slot-name args)
(connected slot-name (signal-name &rest args))
(override &optional method-name)
(initializer &optional (priority 0))
(finalizer &optional (priority 0))

The user may define additional declarations using define-method-declaration.

At this point it is useful to note about the general startup sequence of a widget. Once make-instance is called, it calls to initialize-instance. Qtools defines a primary method on this specialized on the widget class. It then immediately calls the next method (call-next-method), followed by construct which should call qt:new, instantiating the C++ parts. Following that are the initializers in the order of their priority (highest goes first). This means that if you (for some reason) define an :after method on initialize-instance for your own widget, it will be run after all initializers have completed. For finalization it is the same: all finalizers are run before your own finalize method is run. However, if you define a :before method on finalize for your class, it will be run before the :finalized slots are finalized, otherwise all primary and :after methods should not access :finalized slots anymore. If you absolutely do need to do things before normal initialization or finalization, you can define an :around method.

One last widget-related definition form is define-menu, which is a very convenient way of specifying menus:

(define-menu (my-widget File)
  (:item ("Open..." (ctrl o))
    (open-file))
  (:menu recent-files)
  (:separator)
  (:item ("Save" (ctrl s))
    (save-file))
  (:item ("Save As..." (ctrl alt s))
    (save-file NIL))
  (:menu "Export"
    (:item "PNG" (save-file NIL "png")))
  (:separator)
  (:item ("Quit" (ctrl q))
    (#_close widget)))

Out of the box, it supports :item, :menu, and :separator components. The item takes a name, which can be either a string for a label, a list of string and keyboard mnemonic, or a symbol indicating the class slot that contains the item widget, and it takes a body of forms to execute if the item is triggered. Menus take a name as a string and a body of components to contain, or a symbol indicating the slot that contains the menu widget. New components can be added with define-menu-content-type.

If your widget has a Qt superclass to whose constructor you would like to pass certain arguments, you can do so by adding a method on construct that calls qt:new with the arguments you need. You can also use a shorthand to do the same by adding a (:constructor ..) option to your widget definition form. This expands to a defmethod form that binds all slots (with-all-slots-bound) and otherwise just contains a call to qt:new supplying the arguments of the option form verbatim. In effect this means that any unquoted symbol in the option denotes a slot reference. Note that the call to construct happens before the widget initializers are run. Thus you will not be able to use slot values that are set by subwidgets or initializers.

As a final touch, Qtools offers macros for connecting slots and emitting signals. These translate to CommonQt's emit-signal and connect functions, and thus just offer a bit of syntactic sugar. They're called signal! and connect!. Their use is simple enough:

 (connect! input (text-edited string) widget (text-changed string))
 (signal! input (text-edited string) "Eyyyy")

An experimental variant for the adventurous is generic-signal, which attempts to determine the argument types by their values at run-time. It does therefore not require specifying the type explicitly, but might instead screw up and choose a wrong type for the signal and thus fail to emit.

Q+

By default with CommonQt, calling Qt methods happens with the #_ reader macro. This requires you to follow the proper case of the class and method names. Having this kind of mixture of conventions in the code is a bit jarring. While Qtools offers solutions to deal with the discrepancies of defining your own classes and widgets using the various define-* macros, Q+ fixes the method calling discrepancy. In order to use Q+ you have a choice of either using the q+ macro, or using the :qtools read-table. Using the q+ macro directly an example translates like this:

(let ((widget (#_new QWidget)))
  (#_setWindowTitle widget "Hello!")
  (#_show widget)
  (#_exec *qapplication*))

(let ((widget (q+ make-qwidget)))
  (q+ set-window-title widget "Hello!")
  (q+ show widget)
  (q+ exec *qapplication*))

And the same using the readtable:

(let ((widget (q+:make-qwidget)))
  (q+:set-window-title widget "Hello!")
  (q+:show widget)
  (q+:exec *qapplication*))

The difference is minimal in the typed code. However, the second approach will give you the convenience of letting the editor display the possible arguments and a docstring linking to the Qt methods. The second example is read by the Common Lisp reader to the first example. There is therefore no code difference in how the two work. If you use the cl+qt package, you can also take advantage of an extended setf macro. Using it, the second line would look like so:

(setf (q+ window-title widget) "Hello!")

Some of the setter functions require multiple values to be set at once. The updated setf can also deal with that:

(setf (q+ window painter) (values 0 0 100 100))

The setf has extra support for q+, but is otherwise identical to cl:setf and actually expands to that for all other places.

In order to access enum values, you simply use the class name followed by a dot and the enum name. Constructors are the class name prefixed with "make". Static functions are the class name, a dash, and the method name in the standard translation scheme.

(q+:qt.blue)
(q+:make-qpushbutton "Foo!")
(q+:qmessagebox-information parent "!" "hello!")

For the specific arguments, names, and everything else, refer to the Qt4.8 documentation. It's very good, trust me. The only thing you need to be aware of is the name conversion rules that Q+ uses to determine the proper Lisp symbol to use:

• Method QImage::constScanLine => q+:const-scan-line
• Method Foo::set_widget => q+:set_widget
• Constant QImage::InvertRgb => q+:qimage.invert-rgb
• Constant QImage::Format_ARGB32_Premultiplied => q+:qimage.format_argb32_premultiplied
• Static Method QFileDialog::getExistingDirectory => q+:qfiledialog-get-existing-directory
• Constructor QImage::QImage => q+:make-qimage

For Q+ to work seamlessly in conjunction with ASDF systems and compiling/loading code, you have to make sure that the smoke modules are set up correctly.

q+ and the reader extension dynamically compile wrapper functions for the Qt methods you access. You can, however, also precompile all possible methods for the currently active set of smoke modules. To do this, you can either :depends-on (:q+) or compile a source file using write-everything-to-file and include it in your ASDF system. If you choose this approach, you will not need to switch the readtable or use the q+ macro, as the package will be available fully populated.

Smoke Modules

In order to be able to use the various parts of Qt, the corresponding smoke modules need to be loaded. By default CommonQt loads qtcore and qtgui when make-qapplication is called. However, if you want to use, say, the OpenGL parts you'll also need qtopengl.

Qtools provides ASDF systems for all the different smoke modules. That way, you can simply push the modules you want into your project's ASDF system dependencies and it'll ensure that the modules are available at compile and load time. Having the modules loaded at both times is especially important for Q+ to work properly. An example system making use of this would look like

(asdf:defsystem foo
  ...
  :depends-on (:qtcore :qtgui))

For a list of available smoke modules, see *smoke-modules*.

Fast Calling

In some cases it is vital to minimise overhead to a method call. Since usually dispatch is dynamic at run-time and un/marshalling of arguments and return values is involved, the standard way of calling methods might be too slow. In that case, you can use Qtools' fast-call mechanism to perform a method call as quickly as possible. At a cost, naturally.

(let ((size (q+:make-qsize 100 100)))
  (fast-call (set-height QSize int NIL) size 200)
  size)

Fast-calling is possible if you know the exact method signature to call and are willing to translate the arguments to their proper required CFFI types. In the case of passing QObjects, you must pass their pointer. You can get that pointer by qt::qobject-pointer. The last argument in the method-descriptor is the return value type, which you can always set to NIL if you don't care about the return value.

Examples

A couple of example applications using Qtools can be found in the examples/ folder: qtools-evaluator, qtools-titter, qtools-melody, and qtools-opengl. Each of them can be loaded by their name, and launched using the main function from their package.

Extending Qtools

Copying and Finalizing

In order to account for your own objects and operations you can extend the copy and finalize functions by using define-copy-method and define-finalize-method or defmethod directly. The two define macros bring the convenience of automatically resolving to a Qt class (and thus using copy/finalize-using-class) if possible, making it all look a bit cleaner.

(define-copy-method (instance QPixmap)
  "Creates a new QPixmap using QPixmap::copy (deep copy)."
  (#_copy instance (#_rect instance)))

Since copying and finalizing are operations associated with a certain amount of ambiguity, it is advisable to always write documentation strings for your copy/finalize methods. That way users can get a better idea of what will happen by reading about it using describe-copy-method and describe-finalize-method respectively.

Adding defmethod declarations

Using define-method-declaration you can add your own processing to method declarations. Your function should extract the necessary information from its declaration arguments and the *method* form. Each method declaration processing function should return a single form (like a macro) to be put before the resulting defmethod. The existing declaration processors are really short:

(define-method-declaration override (&optional name)
  (let ((slot (qtools:to-method-name (or name (form-fiddle:lambda-name *method*)))))
    (with-widget-class (widget-class)
      `(set-widget-class-option ',widget-class :override '(,slot ,name)))))

In this example we're using form-fiddle to parse the method form. Using a library like that to ensure proper destructuring is important, as otherwise it's easy to accidentally butcher the method form, or get the wrong information.

Extending the menu definition

The menu definition form allows for arbitrary content types, so you may add new ones yourself by using define-menu-content-type. Each content type definition can return two values: an initform and a side-form. The initform will be put into the initialization function for the menu and thus evaluated when the widget is created. The side-form is put alongside the initializer definition and thus evaluated during compilation. If your menu type needs to modify the widget class in some way, that should be done through the side-forms. If it needs to connect signals, add items, or perform similar actions that involve Qt, that should go into the initform. You can call the expansion of other component types using build-menu-content. During the time your content-type function is run, *widget* is bound to the class-name of the widget and during initialization it is bound to the actual widget instance.

Qtools Concepts

Qtools has grown to be a large library with a lot of rather complicated concepts. I will try to describe them here, in order to retain some information in non-code form and make things clearer to the average user. It is not necessary to read and understand this section to use Qtools, but it may be useful to be aware of the underlying ideas and functionality that make Qtools work.

Finalizables

A finalizable is implemented using two classes, one serving as the metaclass and the other as a superclass. The metaclass is required in order to allow a custom slot type that supports the :finalized argument. The superclass is necessary in order to allow methods such as finalize to operate on instances of the finalizable classes. The handling of the finalized slots is done through a general method on finalize that scans through the slots of the class instance and then calls finalize on each slot for which the definition is set to be :finalized. This makes finalization of class slots automatic and convenient.

Since finalizables don't add any metaclass properties, there is no need to manually calculate inheritance order. However, as with all custom slot definitions, the slot properties must be copied over from the direct-slot instance to the effective slot. In the case of finalizable-class this happens in compute-effective-slot-definition.

In order to support finalizing of Qt class instances that don't have a CL class equivalent, the finalize method is extended wit ha finalize-using-class that is dispatched to using the Qt class and the instance of a qobject instance is passed to finalize.

Widgets

As with finalizables, the widget is implemented using two classes, the widget-class metaclass and the widget superclass. These both inherit from the finalizable equivalents. The main crux of the widget-class lies in its widget-class-direct-options and widget-class-extern-options. The direct options are the options that are passed to a re/ initialize-instance (and thus also to defclass). They're caught in the appropriately specialised methods and then stored on the class. The effect of this is that we can fully recompute the class definition at any time, and potentially add or remove options without influencing the original defclass statement. This is where the extern-options come in.

Using set-widget-class-option options can be added to the class definition dynamically at any point in the program. This function then adds the option to the class' extern-options and then calls reinitialize-instance, which in turn causes the class to get effectively redefined outside of its defclass form. This redefinition also allows us to change CommonQt class options. Using this we can create forms outside of the original defclass that act as if they were actually options in the defclass form.

Qtools effectively only provides two forms that do this: define-signal and defmethod. The define-signal is relatively straightforward and simply expands to a class option set to add a new signal option. The defmethod is an extensible machine in itself.

What's special about the cl+qt:defmethod is that it inspects the declaration forms in the method body. It then checks for each declaration form whether a handler function exist and if so, calls that function. Such a method-declaration function can then return forms to be put into the macroexpansion of the cl+qt:defmethod, before the resulting cl:defmethod. The processed declaration is then left out of the cl:defmethodform as it is assumed that it isn't a standard common lisp declaration. However, the declaration function also has the ability to change the contents of the cl:defmethod form itself, by manipulating *method*. This allows the declaration to output special handling for the method body, for example.

This kind of extensible declaration mechanism is necessary both to allow further evolving of Qtools in the future as well as adaptation by users. It also offers a very "native-like" way of specifying external effects of a method. Qtools uses this construct then to allow definition of slots, overrides, finalizers, and initializers.

In case the user doesn't appreciate the defmethod way, Qtools then provides define-* alternative functions that simply wrap over defmethod, establish some default bindings, and take care of naming and specialising the method.

The define-subwidget deserves special attention here, as it does more work than the rest. A large part of defining widgets is adding sub-components to it, which is a task that usually involves a lot of repetition or awkward function sharing: Setting up a slot to hold the instance, defining or using an initializer to set it up. define-subwidget makes this both distributed and simple by both taking care of setting up an appropriate initializer function, and automatically adding the slot to the class using, again, set-widget-class-option. This slot is also always automatically set to be finalized in order to ensure that all widgets are properly cleaned up when the GUI is no longer needed.

A minor problem regarding this approach is the same problem that appears with all of CL's definition forms. While developing incrementally, merely removing the definition form from the source file, will not actually remove it from the image. This can trip developers up, as definitions will still be active later. In this case it means having widgets still sticking around, or initializers running, etc. For this purpose there are corresponding remove-* functions to all the define-* functions to allow easy removal. This part cannot possibly be automated due to the nature of Common Lisp, but it is at least simple to correct should the need arise.

Q+

CommonQt's way of dealing with method calls is the simple and most direct way of doing it. The first possible alternative to remove the need for typing method names in their corresponding case would be to simply introduce a different reader macro that automatically translates a example-function-like name into exampleFunction as is done already in other parts of Qtools. However, this has two downsides, the first being that there does not exist a 1:1 mapping of methods anywhere. The dynamic computation of the function name means that there isn't a full correspondence table anywhere. The second downside is that methods are still not passable as first-class objects.

The way to solve this is to generate actual CL wrapper functions to the method calls. This allows us to use them as first-class objects, have at least compile-time argument number checking, and have a linkage of wrapper name to Qt method by listing it in the docstring.

In order to achieve this, there are two possible choices. First, the entirety of all possible wrappers can be computed once, and then subsequently loaded into the image and used directly. However, this creates two new problems. Computing all wrappers, compiling them, and loading them, takes a long time and subsequently litters the image with thousands of functions and symbols that won't ever be used in the program. Then, we have a problem with the smoke modules, as we need to know which modules will be used in a potential application ahead of time, load them all, and then generate the wrappers. We cannot generate wrappers for each module separately, as the methods from different classes share the same wrapper functions. This means that whenever a different set of modules is needed, the wrappers need to be regenerated, recompiled, and reloaded. A lot of time and space goes to waste with this. However, this approach also has an advantage: As all functions are always available, it is easy to develop with. Arguments and docstrings will be readily available through the editor. Qtools offers this approach through q+-compile-and-load.

The second approach is to dynamically only compile what is needed. That way, the image only ever contains wrappers for function that are actually called (at some point). However, this complicates things a lot. When a function is compiled that calls such a function, it doesn't exist yet. Even worse, when the form is read, the symbol for the function does not exist yet and isn't external! In order to catch this problem, a modified reader macro is necessary. This reader macro will detect when a call to a wrapper function is made, and instead transform it into a macro call that then sees to it that the wrapper will be created. Modifying the reader in such a way is a heavy change, and should only be used sparingly, however there is no alternative here. Qtools does not force you to use this reader extension, you can always just use the macro directly.

However, dynamic compilation complications don't end there. Since we never dump the function to a file, it only ever exists in the environment it was compiled in. That means, if you compile a function that then dynamically generates the wrapper function, the wrapper won't be available anymore at load time. Qtools solves this issue with a trick. The q+ macro expands to a load-time-value form that then generates the wrapper function. That way, the wrapper will always be available at load- and execution time, while posing no overhead to the execution time, as it will return a value to that won't impact anything.

Function referencing gets the same problems as function calling, so the Qtools readtable also contains an overridden #' reader macro to handle that. In the case of a wrapper call, it expands to Q+FUN which in turn expands to a load-time-value form that generates and returns the function object.

As is probably obvious by now, Qtools also implements the second approach. Therefore, the choice as a user is yours: You can statically precompile everything and use it directly, or you an use the dynamic on the fly compilation using either a readtable expansion, or a simple macro. The concepts to make this all possible are rather complex, but the actual function wrapper compilations are quite straight-forward. The system is currently not suited for extension, but I see no need to allow that as the kind of Qt methods that can exist are fixed and Q+ should handle all that are relevant.

Q+ does one last thing to fix the "issue" of having setters instead of being able to use setf. For this purpose it has an extended setf macro that checks if a place is a function in the Q+ package. if so, this place/value pair is instead expanded to a call to the appropriate wrapper function with the function name transformed. However, that's not the only reason to do this. The second is that some setters require multiple arguments to be set at once. Usually, cl:setf allows for cases like these by permitting setf expanders to accept multiple values. However, the number of values is fixed, and there's no way to dynamically know how many values where passed. Since Q+ needs to dispatch based on the number of values, this is not a viable approach. Therefore, with cl+qt:setf a (values ..) value form is specially treated and its arguments are inlined into the wrapper call. This also means that it isn't possible to use multiple values of a returning function as the values to a setter call, however while that is an inconsistency, I don't think it will be a big issue. If it turns out to be problematic in the later run, this will have to be changed to a dynamic analysis at run-time, which is an overhead I wanted to avoid.

Support

Currently the following implementations are tested and supported by Qtools:

• SBCL
• CCL
• ECL

You can run it on x86_64 Linux, OS X, and Windows, where SBCL on Linux is the recommended platform.

It may or may not work more or less smoothly on other implementations and platforms depending on MOP and CommonQt support and general implementation quirks.