One of our goals has been to revisit the English fixed list and make it more systematic. From Dan Flickinger I obtained a list of the words-with-spaces in the English Resource Grammar lexicon that would function like prepositions (case) or subordinators (mark). Here is a comparison of that list and the current fixed guidelines:
In both lists
according to
as for
as if
as opposed to
as to
as well as
because of
due to
in between
in case
in case of
in order
in that
instead of
not to mention
let alone
prior to
rather than
so that
such as
whether or not
In ERG list, currently not listed as fixed in guidelines
Note that some of these fall under the Double Spatial Prepositions exception: The guidelines currently state that such expressions—out of, etc.—are NOT fixed. (We have considered changing this: notably it incorporates a semantic criterion, which may not be ideal for UD. UniversalDependencies/docs#795)
Apart from ADP+ADP combinations, we see some recurring grammaticalization patterns like ADV+ADP and ADP+NOUN+ADP. We may or may not want to treat these as fixed, but we should try to be consistent by group.
In the words-with-spaces list there are not many deverbal combinations like "based on" or "compared to/with". Above we see according to, as opposed to; below we see give or take, given that, going by, provided that, thanks to.
a la
aft of
ahead of
all the while
all over
along with
but see amir-zeldes/gum#88
apart from
as best
as distinct from
as far as
as in
as long as
as of
as regards
as though
aside from
but for
by means of
by way of
close by
close to
counter to
downstream of
ever since
except for
for example
for instance
for lack of
forward of
give or take
given that
going by
hand in hand with
if and when
if and only if
if only
in order that
but in order is included
in addition to
in back of
in behalf of
in front of
in lieu of
in place of
in regard to
in regards to
in relation to
in so far as
in spite of
in the event
in the event that
in the way of
in toward
in towards
in view of
in which case
inasmuch as
inboard of
independently of
inside of
insofar as
irregardless of
long past
much as
never mind
next door to
next to
but see UniversalDependencies/docs#496
no matter
not so
not so that
but so that is in both lists
not that
now that
of or relating to
off of
on account of
on behalf of
on board
on the basis of
on the part of
on to
only if
only when
other than
out of
outside of
owing to
previous to
provided that
regardless of
save for
so far as
so long as
so that
something like
such that
thanks to
the same as
to do with
together with
up to and including
up to
up until
upstream of
vis a vis
what with
when and if
with regard to
with regards to
would that
In fixed guidelines, not in ERG list
so as to
in ERG: so as (why include the infinitive marker?)
Explicitly non-fixed, also not in ERG lexicon
as soon as
but as long as is in, presumably because it can behave like 'while'
compared to/with
nothing/anything but
so long ('farewell')
Other kinds of fixed expressions
Of the non-prepositional fixed expressions, ERG has lexical entries for:
all but (He had all but left)
some of approximator expressions like more than, less than, up to, as many/much/few/little as
as_much_as but not as_many_as?
reciprocal pronouns each other, one another
at least (non-quantity)
kind/sort of (hedge)
of course
that is
how come
The fixed page explicitly excludes the following, though ERG has lexical entries:
One of our goals has been to revisit the English
fixedlist and make it more systematic. From Dan Flickinger I obtained a list of the words-with-spaces in the English Resource Grammar lexicon that would function like prepositions (case) or subordinators (mark). Here is a comparison of that list and the currentfixedguidelines:In both lists
In ERG list, currently not listed as
fixedin guidelinesNote that some of these fall under the Double Spatial Prepositions exception: The guidelines currently state that such expressions—out of, etc.—are NOT
fixed. (We have considered changing this: notably it incorporates a semantic criterion, which may not be ideal for UD. UniversalDependencies/docs#795)Apart from ADP+ADP combinations, we see some recurring grammaticalization patterns like ADV+ADP and ADP+NOUN+ADP. We may or may not want to treat these as
fixed, but we should try to be consistent by group.In the words-with-spaces list there are not many deverbal combinations like "based on" or "compared to/with". Above we see according to, as opposed to; below we see give or take, given that, going by, provided that, thanks to.
In
fixedguidelines, not in ERG listExplicitly non-
fixed, also not in ERG lexiconOther kinds of
fixedexpressionsOf the non-prepositional
fixedexpressions, ERG has lexical entries for:as_much_asbut notas_many_as?The
fixedpage explicitly excludes the following, though ERG has lexical entries: