ashfurrow / xcode-hardware-performance

Results from running Xcode on a non-trivial open source project using various Macs
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:warning: This repository is deprecated, but the results will stay around for posterity. I recommend Maxim Eremenko' XcodeBenchmark for comparing compile times on different Apple hardware. See below for more details. :warning:

Xcode Hardware Performance

These are the results from running Xcode on a non-trivial open source project using various Macs. The goal is to give developers a relative idea of how each computer model compares to one another. Read the specifics and contributing sections for more info.

Xcode 12

🖥 Computer Model CPU RAM Fresh Build Time Incremental Build Time Xcode Version Date & Commit Hash
💻 MacBook Pro 13" (Late 2020) Apple M1 16 GB 0:21 0:04 12.3 2020-12-27 (commit)
💻 MacBook Pro 15" (Mid 2018) i7-8850H (2,6 GHz) 16 GB 0:54 0:09 12.3 2020-12-27 (commit)
💻 MacBook Pro 13" (Early 2015) i5-5257U (2.7 GHz) 16 GB 1:48 0:17 12.2 2020-11-20 (commit)
💻 MacBook Pro 13" (Early 2015) i5-5257U (2.7 GHz) 16 GB 1:32 0:15 12.2 2020-11-20 (commit)
Mac Mini (Late 2020) Apple M1 16 GB 0:19 0:04 12.2 2020-11-20 (commit)
Mac Mini (2018) i7-8700B (3.2GHz) 32 GB 0:40 0:08 12.2 2020-11-25 (commit)
💻 MacBook Pro (Late 2020) Apple M1 16 GB 0:35 0:04 12.2 2020-11-28 (commit)
💻 MacBook Pro 16",
Retina, 2019
i9-9880H (2.3 GHz) 32 GB 0:31 0:07 12.2 2020-11-26 (commit)
💻 MacBook Pro 15" (Mid 2015) i7-4770HQ (2.2 GHz) 16 GB 0:55 0:15 12.2 2020-11-26 (commit)
🖥 iMac Pro 27" (Late 2017) 3.2 GHz 8-Core Intel Xeon W 32 GB 0:33 0:07 12.2 2020-12-07 (commit)
💻 MacBook Air (Late 2020) Apple M1 16 GB 0:33 0:06 12.2 2020-12-07 (commit)
💻 MacBook Air (Late 2018) I5-8210Y (1.6 GHz) 8 GB 2:15 0:20 12.2 2020-12-07 (commit)
🖥 MacBook Air (Late 2020) Apple M1 8 GB 0:20 0:08 12.4 2021-3-13 (commit)
⌨️ Custom PC AMD Ryzen 5 3600 3.6 GHz 16 GB 0.34 0.08 12.4 2021-3-21

Xcode 11

🖥 Computer Model CPU RAM Fresh Build Time Incremental Build Time Xcode Version Date & Commit Hash New Build System?
🖥 iMac 27"
512GB SSD, 2020
3.8 GHz i7 64 GB 0:26 0:07 11.7 2020-09-14 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
🖥 iMac 27"
512GB SSD, 2020
3.8 GHz i7 8 GB 0:33 0:05 11.7 2020-09-14 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
🖥 iMac 27"
512GB SSD, 2020
3.8 GHz i7 72 GB 0:29 0:07 11.7 2020-09-14 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
⌨️ Custom PC Intel i9 9940X 4.6GHz(all cores) 64 GB 0:27 0:08 11.4.1 2020-05-15
⌨️ Custom PC AMD Ryzen 9 3950X 4.3GHz(all cores) 32 GB 0:21 0:03 11.4 2020-04-16 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
⌨️ Custom PC Intel i7-10700k 5.0GHz(all cores) 32 GB 0:24 0:07 11.6 2020-07-25 :heavy_check_mark:
🖥 iMac 27"
512GB SSD, 2019
3.6 GHz i9 40 GB 0:26 0:5 11.3.1 2020-01-22 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
⌨️ Custom PC QEMU AMD Ryzen 9 3900X (20 cores qemu) 48 GB 0:27 0:07 11.6.0 2020-07-25 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
🖥 iMac Pro
10 Core, 2017
3.0 GHz Xeon W 64 GB 0:28 0:08 11.4.1 2020-04-23 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
💻 MacBook Pro 16",
Retina, 2019,
500 GB SSD
i9-9980HK 2.4 GHz 64 GB 0:32 0:10 11.4 2020-04-02 (commit)
⌨️ Custom PC i7-9700K 3.6 GHz (Stock) 32 GB 0:35 0:06 11.2.1 2019-11-26 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
⌨️ Custom PC i9-9900K 3.6 GHz (Stock) 64 GB 0:35 0:06 11.3.1 2020-02-29 (commit) ?
Mac Mini,
Late 2018, 512GB SSD
3.2 GHz i7 32 GB 0:37 0:11 11.3.1 2020-01-15 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
Mac Mini,
Late 2018, 512GB SSD
3.2 GHz i7 32 GB 0:37 0:11 11.3.1 2020-01-15 (commit) :x:
💻 MacBook Pro 16",
Retina, 2019,
1 TB SSD
i9-9880H 2.3 GHz 32 GB 0:39 0:09 11.2.1 (11B500) 2019-11-26 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
Mac Pro,
1 TB SSD,
Late 2019
3.2 GHz 16-Core Xeon 32 GB 0:40 0:06 11.3 2020-01-10 ?
💻 MacBook Pro 16",
Retina, 2019,
1 TB SSD
i9 2.4 GHz 32 GB 0:40 0:07 11.3 2020-01-10 ?
💻 MacBook Pro 15",
Retina, Mid 2015,
512GB SSD
2.5 GHz i7-4870HQ 16 GB 0:45 0:07 11.3.1 2020-01-23 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
💻 MacBook Pro 15",
Retina, 2018,
1TB SSD
2,6 GHz 6-Core i7 32 GB 0:44 0:09 11.4 2020-05-12 (pull) :heavy_check_mark:
Mac Pro, 2013, 512GB Flash storage 3.3 GHz Xeon E5-2667v2 64 GB 0:54 0:08 11.3.1 2020-02-29 (commit) ?
🖥 iMac 5K 27",
Late 2014,
1 TB SSD
4.0 GHz i7-4790K 32 GB 0:57 0:22 11.3.1 2020-02-07 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
💻 MacBook Pro 15",
Retina, 2016,
512GB SSD
2.7 GHz i7-6820HQ 16 GB 0:59 0:08 11.3.1 2020-01-18 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
💻 MacBook Pro 15",
Retina, 2012,
751GB SSD
2.7 GHz i7-3820QM 16 GB 1:02 0:16 11.3.1 2020-02-28 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
Mac Mini,
Late 2012, 250GB SSD (Samsung 850 EVO)
2.3 GHz i7 16 GB 1:06 0:17 11.3.1 2020-01-15 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
💻 MacBook Pro 15",
Retina, 2019,
512GB SSD
2.3 GHz i9 16 GB 1:10 0:05 11.3.1 2020-02-16 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
🖥 iMac 27"
512GB SSD, Late 2013
3.2 GHz i5 16 GB 1:13 0:21 11.3 2019-11-06 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
💻 MacBook Pro 13",
Retina, Mid 2014,
256GB SSD
2.6 GHz i5-4278U 8Gb 1:43 0:27 11.2 2019-11-06 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
💻 MacBook Pro 15",
Mid 2009,
240GB SSD
2,66 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo 8 GB 2:38 0:26 11.4 2020-02-29 (commit) ?
⌨️ Custom PC AMD Ryzen 7 1700X @ 3.75GHz 16 GB 0:41 0:06 11.5 2020-06-23 (commit]

Xcode 10

🖥 Computer Model CPU RAM Fresh Build Time Incremental Build Time Xcode Version Date & Commit Hash New Build System?
⌨️ Custom PC i9-9900K 3.6 GHz (Stock) 32 GB 0:17 0:05 10.1 2019-05-23 :heavy_check_mark:
Mac Mini,
Late 2018, 256GB SSD
3.2 GHz i7-8700B 32 GB 0:25 0:02 10.2.1 2019-07-02 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
⌨️ Custom PC i9-9900K 4.8 GHz 32 GB 0:25 0:07 10.1 2018-11-04 :heavy_check_mark:
💻 MacBook Pro
Retina, 15", Mid 2018
2,6 GHz i7-8850H 16 GB 0:28 0:09 10.1 2019-01-12 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
🖥 iMac 5K 27",
Early 2019,
512GB SSD
3.6 GHz i9-9900K 16 GB 0:29 0:05 10.2.1 2019-06-06 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
⌨️ Custom PC 4.0 GHz i7-8086K 32 GB 0:31 0:11 10.1 2019-01-10 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
💻 MacBook Pro
Retina, 15", Mid 2019
2.3 GHz i9-9880H 16 GB 0:32 0:05 10.3 2019-09-03 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
Mac Mini,
Late 2018, 512GB SSD
3.2 GHz i7-8700B 16 GB 0:32 0:07 10.1 2018-11-15 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
Mac Mini,
Late 2018, 512GB SSD
3.2 GHz i7 32 GB 0:33 0:12 10.2.1 2020-01-15 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
💻 MacBook Pro
Retina, 15", Mid 2018
2.2 GHz i7-8750H 16 GB 0:35 0:08 10.1 2018-11-16 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
💻 MacBook Pro
Retina, 15", Mid 2015
2.8 GHz i7-4980HQ 16 GB 0:36 0:038 10.0 2018-09-24 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
🖥 iMac 5K 27",
Early 2019,
256GB SSD
3.0 GHz i5-8500 40 GB 0:38 0:08 10.3 2019-08-07 :heavy_check_mark:
🖥 iMac 5K 27",
Late 2014,
1 TB SSD
4.0 GHz i7-4790K 32 GB 0:40 0:13 10.1 2019-03-08 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
Mac Pro
Flash Storage, Late 2013
2.7 GHz 12-Core Xeon E5 64 GB 0:40 0:08 10.1 2018-12-15 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
💻 MacBook Pro
Retina, 15", Mid 2012
2.6 GHz i7-3720QM 16 GB 0:40 0:042 10.0 2018-09-13 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
Mac Mini,
Late 2018, 256GB SSD
3.0 GHz i5-8500B 8 GB 0:42 0:08 10.1 2018-11-15 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
💻 MacBook Pro
Touch Bar, 15", Mid 2018
2.9 GHz i9-8950HK 32 GB 0:43 0:06 10.2 2019-05-27 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
💻 MacBook Pro
Retina, 15", Mid 2015
2.5 GHz i7-4870HQ 16 GB 0:46 0:10 10.1 2019-03-03 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
💻 MacBook Pro
Retina, 13", 2018, Four Thunderbolt 3 Ports
2.7 GHz i7-8559U 16 GB 0:49 0:09 10.2.1 2019-08-01 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
💻 MacBook Pro
Retina, 15", Mid 2014
2.8 GHz i7-4980HQ 16 GB 0:49 0:09 10.1 2018-11-16 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
Mac Mini,
Late 2012, 250GB SSD (Samsung 850 EVO)
2.3 GHz i7 16 GB 1:03 0:21 10.2.1 2020-01-15 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
Mac Mini,
Late 2012
2.3 GHz i7-3615QM 8 GB 1:05 0:14 10.1 2018-11-15 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
💻 MacBook Pro
Retina, 13", Early 2015
2.7 GHz i5-5257U 8 GB 1:26 0:12 10.1 2019-02-15 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
💻 MacBook Air
13", Mid 2017
1.8 GHz i5-5350U 8 GB 1:47 0:15 10.0 2018-10-01 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
💻 MacBook Pro
Non-Retina, 13", Mid 2012,
180 GB SSD
2.5 GHz i5-3210M 16 GB 2:35 0:17 10.1 2018-11-16 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:

Xcode 9

🖥 Computer Model CPU RAM Fresh Build Time Incremental Build Time Xcode Version Date & Commit Hash New Build System?
💻 MacBook Pro
13", Mid-2017, 256GB SSD
2.3 GHz i5 (I5-7360U) 8 GB 01:12 0:12 9.2 2018-06-29 :heavy_check_mark:
💻 MacBook Pro
13", Mid-2017, 256GB SSD
2.3 GHz i5 (I5-7360U) 8 GB 01:42 0:12 9.2 2018-06-29 :x:
Mac Mini,
Mid-2011, 128GB SSD
2.3 GHz i5 (I5-2415M) 8 GB 02:04 0:20 9.2 2018-07-04 :heavy_check_mark:
Mac Mini,
Mid-2011, 128GB SSD
2.3 GHz i5 (I5-2415M) 8 GB 03:12 0:20 9.2 2018-07-04 :x:
⌨️ Custom PC
Early 2018
i7-8700K 4.70+ GHz 32 GB 0:19 0:07 2018-03-11 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
⌨️ Custom PC
Early 2016
i7-6700k 4.5 GHz 32 GB 0:23 0:07 9.4.1 2018-05-19 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
💻 MacBook Pro
Retina, 13", Mid 2018
2.7 GHz i7-8559U 16 GB 0:27 0:09 9.4.1 2018-05-19 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
💻 MacBook Pro
Retina, 15", 2018
2.9 GHz i9 32 GB 0:30 0:04 2018-05-19 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
💻 MacBook Pro
Retina, 15", Mid 2018
2.9 GHz i9 32 GB 0:32 0:04 2018-05-19 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
⌨️ Custom PC
Early 2018
i7-7700k 4.5 GHz 16 GB 0:35 0:05 2018-03-10 :heavy_check_mark:
Mac Pro
Flash Storage, Late 2013
3.7 GHz 4-Core Xeon E5 32 GB 0:35 0:11 9.4.1 2018-06-20 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
⌨️ Custom PC
Early 2018
i7-8700K 4.70+ GHz 32 GB 0:36 0:07 2018-02-19 (commit) :x:
⌨️ Custom PC
Late 2015
i7-4790k 4.0 GHz 32 GB 0:40 0:07 2018-02-22 (commit) :x:
🖥 iMac Pro
10 Core, Late 2017
3 GHz Intel Xeon W 64 GB 0:41 0:07 2017-12-28 :x:
💻 MacBook Pro
Retina, 15", Mid 2018
2.2 GHz i7 32 GB 0:42 0:09 2018-05-19 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
🖥 iMac Pro
18 Core, Late 2017
2.3 GHz Intel Xeon W 128 GB 0:47 0:07 2018-03-07 (commit) :x:
⌨️ Custom PC
Early 2018
i7-7700k 4.5 GHz 16 GB 0:48 0:07 2018-03-10 :x:
🖥 iMac 27"
5K 1TB SSD, Mid 2017
4,2 GHz i7 40 GB 0:49 0:08 2018-01-18 :x:
💻 MacBook Pro
Retina, 15", 2017
2.9 GHz i7 16 GB 0:49 0:16 2017-10-09 :heavy_check_mark:
💻 MacBook Pro
Retina, 15", 2017
2.9 GHz i7 16 GB 0:50 0:15 2017-10-09 :x:
💻 MacBook Pro
Retina, 15", 2015
2.5 GHz i7 16 GB 0:51 0:09 9.2 2018-03-02 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
🖥 MacPro Late 2013 2.7 GHz 12core Intel Xeon E5 64 GB 0:54 0:10 2018-03-07 (commit) :x:
🖥 iMac 27"
256GB SSD, Late 2013
3.2 GHz i5 24 GB 0:56 0:10 9.2 2018-03-02 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
💻 MacBook Pro
Retina, 15", 2016
2.9 GHz i7 16 GB 1:04 0:09 9.4.1 2018-07-18 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
💻 MacBook Pro
Retina, 15", Mid 2012
2.6 GHz i7-3720QM 16 GB 1:04 0:13 9.4.1 2018-05-19 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
💻 MacBook Pro
Retina, 15", 2016
2.9 GHz i7 16 GB 1:06 0:10 9.4.1 2018-07-18 (commit) :x:
💻 MacBook Pro
Retina, 15", Late 2013
2.6 GHz i7 16 GB 1:09 0:12 2018-02-28 :heavy_check_mark:
💻 MacBook Pro
Retina, 13", Early 2015
2.7 GHz i5 8 GB 1:12 0:18 2018-05-19 (commit) :heavy_check_mark:
Mac Pro
Flash Storage, Late 2013
3.7 GHz 4-Core Xeon E5 32 GB 1:15 0:10 9.4.1 2018-06-20 (commit) :x:
💻 MacBook Pro
Retina, 15", 2015
2.8 GHz i7 16 GB 1:17 0:12 2018-01-02 :x:
💻 MacBook Pro
Retina, 15", 2015
2.5 GHz i7 16 GB 1:20 0:09 9.2 2018-03-02 (commit) :x:
🖥 iMac 27"
256GB SSD, Late 2013
3.2 GHz i5 24 GB 1:27 0:10 9.2 2018-03-02 (commit) :x:
Mac Mini
Mid 2012, 512 SSD
2.3 GHz Quad-Core i7 16 GB 1:32 0:18 2017-10-20 :x:
💻 MacBook Pro
Retina, 15", 2017
2.8 GHz i7 16 GB 1:50 0:14 :x:
⌨️ Custom Laptop
Mid 2018
i5-8250u 3.4 GHz 16 GB 1:58 0:10 9.3 2018-05-11 :x:
🖥 iMac 27"
120GB SSD, Mid 2010
2.93 GHz i7 8 GB 2:05 0:16 9.3 2018-03-21 :x:
💻 MacBook Pro
Retina, 13", Early 2015
2.7 GHz i5 8 GB 2:25 0:31 2018-05-19 (commit) :x:
💻 MacBook
Retina, 15", Mid 2012
2.6 GHz i7 8 GB 2:26 0:23 :x:
💻 MacBook Pro
Retina, 13", 2014
2.6 GHz i5 8 GB 2:30 0:23 2018-01-04 :x:
💻 MacBook Pro
13", Mid 2012
2.9 GHz i7 8 GB 2:30 0:23 :x:

Xcode 8

🖥 Computer Model CPU RAM Fresh Build Time Incremental Build Time Date
🖥 iMac 5K
512GB Flash, 27", Late 2015
4.0 GHz i7 32 GB 0:28 0:06
Mac Pro
Flash Storage, Late 2013
3.5 GHz 6-Core Xeon E5 32 GB 0:30 0:05
💻 MacBook Pro
Retina, 15", Mid 2015
2.8 GHz i7 16 GB 0:39 0:07
💻 MacBook Pro
Retina, 15", Mid 2015
2.5 GHz i7 16 GB 0:42 0:09
💻 MacBook Pro
Retina, 15", Mid 2012
2.3 GHz i7 16 GB 0:46 0:08
💻 MacBook Pro
Retina, 15", Early 2013
2.4 GHz i7 8 GB 0:47 0:10
Mac Mini
Mid 2012, 512 SSD
2.3GHz Quad-Core i7 16GB 0:50 0:09
💻 MacBook Pro
Retina, 15", Mid 2014
2.2 GHz i7 16 GB 0:51 0:07
💻 MacBook Pro
Retina, 15", Late 2013
2.3 GHz i7 16 GB 0:53 0:09
🖥 iMac
HDD 1 TB, 27", Late 2012
3.4 GHz i7 8 GB 0:54 0:12
💻 MacBook Pro
Touch Bar, 15", Late 2016
2.9 GHz i7 16 GB 0:54 0:17
💻 MacBook Pro
15", Early 2011
2.0 GHz i7 8 GB 1:00 0:13
💻 MacBook Pro
15" Early 2011, SSD
2.0 GHz i7 8 GB 1:01 0:10
💻 MacBook Pro
Touch Bar, 15", Late 2016
2.9 GHz i7 16 GB 1:04 0:26
💻 MacBook Pro
13", Early 2015, 1TB SSD
3.1 Ghz i7 16 GB 1:25 0:09
💻 MacBook Pro
Retina, 13", Early 2015
2.7 GHz i5 8 GB 1:35 0:11
💻 MacBook
Retina, 12", Mid 2017
1.4 GHz i7 16 GB 1:49 0:16
💻 MacBook Pro
13", Mid 2012 256 SSD
2.5 GHz i5 8 GB 2:08 0:19
💻 MacBook Air
13", Mid 2012, 512 SSD
2 Ghz i7 8 GB 2:10 0:11
💻 MacBook
Retina, 12", Early 2016
1.2 GHz m5 8 GB 2:10 0:12
💻 MacBook Pro
13", Late 2013 256 SSD
2.4 GHz i5 8 GB 2:17 0:23
💻 MacBook
Retina, 12", Early 2015
1.2 GHz M 8 GB 2:28 0:12
💻 MacBook Pro
13", Early 2011, 512 SSD
2.7 Ghz i7 8 GB 2:30 0:16
💻 MacBook Air
13", Mid 2013, 128 SSD
1.3 Ghz i5 4 GB 2:58 0:24
💻 MacBook
Retina, 12", Early 2015
1.1 GHz M 8 GB 3:00 0:12
💻 MacBook Pro
13", Mid 2010 512 SSD
2.4 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo 8 GB 3:01 0:24
🖥 iMac
HDD 500 GB, 21.5", Mid 2010
3.06 GHz i3 12 GB 3:59 0:14
🖥 iMac
HDD 1 TB, 21.5", Late 2012
2.7 GHz i5 8 GB 4:15 0:33

Specifications

For the test, I decided to use an app that I actually work on: eidolon. Unlike most iOS apps, the project is stable and not under active development, so it's a prime candidate for accurate-ish benchmarking.

For "fresh" builds, I cleaned the build folder (⌘⇧K) repeatedly until it worked with no permissions problems. Then I sat and waited for Xcode to index the project. I also made sure the simulator (iPad Air 2) was closed, so these times include booting the simulator and launching the app. Each version of Xcode above should use the latest iOS version that it ships with. Then I hit ⌘R and start a timer, only ending it when the app had fully launched.

"Incremental" builds represent a more common use case: changing one file and recompiling with the simulator already running. I added print("hello!") to application(: didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:) and hit ⌘R, timing the time it took for the app to launch.

I repeated each test a few times and took their average times.

Contributing

~It would be super-cool if we could perform the above tests on a variety of machines and consolidate the results here. Below are the instructions to download the code (compatible with Apple Silicon thanks to @pawelurb), and send a pull request adding your own results. I'd super-appreciate it! :bow:~

This repository is deprecated, but the results will stay around for posterity. See below for more.

git clone -b apple-silicon-compatibility https://github.com/artsy/eidolon.git
cd eidolon
bundle install
bundle exec fastlane oss

Please note that this project is released with a Contributor Code of Conduct. By participating in this project, you agree to abide by its terms.

Repo Status

This repository was created in 2015 when I worked at Artsy. The main project I worked on at the time (Eidolon) was open source, making it an ideal test case for measuring Xcode compile times of real-world apps. However, I stopped working at Artsy in 2021 and Artsy is no longer maintaining Eidolon for compatibility with the latest versions of Swift, Xcode, CocoaPods, and open source dependencies.

I could continue maintaining the repo for Artsy, since Eidolon remains open source, but honestly, keeping this Xcode benchmarking repo maintained is a lot of work, and a better repository exists.

So at the end of 2021, I'm deprecating this repository. It was a hell of a ride. I'm grateful to Artsy for the opportunity to leverage their code for the good of the iOS developer community. And I'm most grateful to dozens of contributors who made this a valuable resource. Thank you, everyone.

License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.