CRAN Task View: Archaeological Science

Maintainer: Ben Marwick

Contact: benmarwick at gmail.com

Version: 2022-11-08

This CRAN Task View contains a list of packages useful for scientific work in Archaeology, grouped by topic. Note that this is not an official CRAN Task View, just one I have prepared for my own convenience, so it includes some packages only on GitHub and other non-CRAN resources I find useful. Many of the most highly recommended packages listed here can be installed in a single step by installing the tidyverse package.

Besides these packages, a very wide variety of functions suitable for scientific work in Archaeology is provided by both the basic R system (and its set of recommended core packages), and a number of other packages on the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) and GitHub. Consequently, several of the other CRAN Task Views may contain suitable packages, in particular the Spatial, Spatio-temporal, Cluster analysis, Multivariate Statistics, Bayesian inference, Visualization, and Reproducible research Task Views.

Contributions to this Task View are always welcome, and encouraged. The source file for this particular task view file resides in a GitHub repository (see below), and pull requests are the preferred method for contributions.

Table of Contents

• CRAN Task View: Archaeological Science
• Data acquisition
• Data manipulation
• Visualising data
  • Multi-panel plot layouts
• Analysis in general
• Analysis of categorical and count data
• Linear, generalized linear models, and non-linear models
• Multivariate statistics
• Making maps and using R as a Geographical Information System
• Environmental & geological analysis
• Dating
• Evolution, phylogenetics, morphometrics, and shape analysis
• Image analysis
• Simulations
• Network analysis
• Mortality Analysis
• Skyscape Archaeology
• Reproducible research
  • Writing Reproducible manuscripts
• Developing R code and packages
• Datasets
• Places to go for help
• Related links:
• Publications that include R code
• Contributors

Data acquisition

• The ideal method is to export your spreadsheets from Excel (or whatever program you made them) as CSVs (comma-separated-values, a simple, non-proprietary plain-text-based format that is very transparent, being human-readable, easily machine-processable and suitable for archival storage) and read them into R using the base function read.csv(). Data in other types of plain text files can be read in with read.table().
• To read Microsoft Excel files into R there is readxl. OpenDocument Spreadsheet files can be read into R using readODS.
• For working with untidy and/or complex Excel spreadsheets (i.e. many tables in one sheet, coloured cells, cells with formulas, etc.), use jailbreakr, xlsxtractr, tidyxl and unpivotr
• Text data (as in sentences and paragraphs) can be read in and analysed with the tm package or tidytext. If the text is in a Microsoft Word file, use textreadr, or if it's a PDF file, use pdftools. Text in image files can be extracted with tesseract
•   For quickly reading in a very large number of CSV files, or very large CSV files, use fread() from the data.table package or functions in the readr package. For plain text (CSV, TSV, etc) files that are too big to fit in memory, use chunked to read and operate on them in small chunks.
• RODBC, RMySQL, RPostgreSQL, RSQLite for connecting R to SQL databases. RODBC can connect to Microsoft Access databases.
• The haven and foreign packages can be used for reading and writing files from certain versions of Minitab, S, SAS, SPSS, Stata, Systat and Weka.
• ESRI shapefiles can be read using rgdal or maptools
• R can receive data directly from the web using rvest, httr, XML, jsonlite, RSelenium (requires Selenium 2.0 Remote WebDriver). R can be programmed to be a web-scraper using rvest and/or Rselenium. The Web Technologies task view gives more details.
• Google spreadsheets can be read into R using the googlesheets package
• Tables can be read directly from Microsoft Word documents with docxtractr, and from PDF documents with tabulizer
• Datasets from the Open Context repository can be browsed and read into R using the opencontext package

Data manipulation

• dplyr and data.table for splitting the data up by groups, applying some common or custom functions, and combining the output back into a convenient form (ie. typical aggregation, splitting and summarising operations). Both packages are fast on very large datasets.
• For cleaning, examining, and making quick summaries of data, janitor, skimr, statar, and xda maybe useful. tabplot has functions for exploratory data visualisation of tables
• tidyr for rearranging the data from long to wide forms, and more complex reshaping.
• purrr simplifies working with lists, applying functions to list elements and collecting the results
• broom takes the output of many built-in functions in R, such as lm or t.test, and turns them into tidy data frames.
• measurements, convertr, and units converts between metric and imperial units, or calculate a dimension's unknown value from other dimensions' measurements.

Visualising data

• ggplot2 produces a very wide variety of attractive plots with a highly flexible and logical syntax.
• Extensions include ggbiplot (PCA biplots with ellipses), GGally (plot matrices), ggtern (ternary plots), ggfortify (many methods for plotting PCA, clustering, linear model output, etc., using ggplot2),ggalt (more geoms, coords, stats, scales and fonts, including splines, 1d and 2d densities), waffle (for square pie charts), ggraph for treemaps, ggfan for fanplots, tidybayes for plotting output of Bayesian analysis, ggridges for ridge plots, ggalt for many additional geoms, ggrepel for moving overlapping text labels away from each other, and shadowtext for a halo around text to make it more readable on busy plots.
• For showing distributions across several categories: ggforce, ggbeeswarm, vipor, sinaplot
• For isolines and isobands use ggisoband
• plotly and ggiraph make ggplots interactive with mouse-over pop-ups, zooming, click-actions, etc. scatterD3 makes highly interactive scatter plots
• circlize implements Circos in R for circular and chord plots. Rose plots can be made with ggplot2, Schmidt diagrams can be made with the net function in RFOC or the Stereo* functions in RockFab
• plotrix has the function battleship.plot() to make Ford's battleship diagrams.
• ggmap combines the spatial information of static maps from Google Maps, OpenStreetMap, Stamen Maps or CloudMade Maps with the layered grammar of graphics implementation of ggplot2
• Stratigraphic data plots can be drawn using tidypaleo, the Stratiplot() function in analogue and functions strat.plot() and strat.plot.simple in the rioja package. The rioja package also includes chclust() for stratigraphically constrained clustering, and related dendrogram plotting methods.
• rgl and plotly for interactive 3D plots, and scatterplot3d also draws 3D point clouds.
• tabplot for exploratory data visualisation of tables
• For schematic diagrams, such as Harris matrices, DiagrammeR is useful.
• For colour schemes in plots: viridis for perfectly perceptually-uniform colours, RColorBrewer, wesanderson, and munsell for exploring and using the Munsell colour system, and for some extra themes for ggplot2, including some Tufte-inspired themes, see ggthemes.

Multi-panel plot layouts

• To combine and align multiple ggplot2 plots (and other image types) in one panel:
• use cowplot for a publication-ready theming and labelling
• patchwork for a simple grammar using +, /, etc
• gridExtra for configuring layouts with a matrix
• multipanelfigure, perhaps the most versatile for combining different elements

Analysis in general

• Base R, especially the stats package, has a lot of functionality useful for analysing archaeological data. For example, chisq.test(), prop.test(), binom.test(), t.test(), wilcox.test(), kruskal.test(), mcnemar.test(), cor.test(), power.t.test(), power.prop.test(), power.anova.test() among many others. Hmisc includes bootstrapping, setting confidence intervals, and power analysis functions, see also psych for useful descriptive statistics and visualizations.
• corrr contains many convenient functions for exploring correlations.
• Bayesian and resampling variants of these also exist, for example in the MCMCpack, BEST (requires JAGS), Bayesian First Aid (also requires JAGS) packages (see the Bayesian task view for more) and the coin, boot, and bootstrap packages (see also msm).
• For analysing change over time, bcp, changepoint, ecp, AnomalyDetection and BreakoutDetection provide functions for detecting distributional changes within time-ordered observations.
• abc provides functions for parameter estimation, model selection, and goodness-of-fit.

Analysis of categorical and count data

• The table() function in the base package and the xtabs() and ftable() functions in the stats package construct contingency tables.
• The chisq.test() and fisher.test() functions in the stats package may be used to test for independence in two-way contingency tables
• The assocstats() function in the vcd package computes the Pearson chi-Squared test, the Likelihood Ratio chi-Squared test, the phi coefficient, the contingency coefficient and Cramer's V for plain or stratified contingency tables.

Linear, generalized linear models, and non-linear models

• Linear models can be fitted (via OLS) with lm() (from stats). The modelr package has helper functions for pipeable modelling (e.g. cross-validation, bootstrapping). For data from a non-normal population, or when there are apparent outliers, lmPerm computes linear models using permutation tests.
• Bayesian fitting of linear and non-linear models is possible with rstanarm, brms, and rethinking.
• The nls() function (from stats) as well as the package minpack.lm allow the solution of nonlinear least squares problems.
• Correlated and/or unequal variances can be modeled using the gnls() function of the nlme package and by nlreg. The nlme package is supported by Pinheiro & Bates (2000) Mixed-effects Models in S and S-PLUS, Springer, New York.
• The generic anova() function in the stats package constructs sequential analysis of variance and analysis of deviance tables, and can compute F and likelihood-ratio tests for nested models. (It is typical for other classes of statistical models in R to have anova methods as well.) The generic anova function in the car package (associated with Fox, An R and S-PLUS Companion to Applied Regression, Sage, 2002) constructs so-called "Type-II" and "Type-III" tests for linear and generalized linear models.
• cerUB for multivariate statistic protocols for integrating archaeometric data (geochemical, mineralogical, petrographic)

Multivariate statistics

• The Cluster task view provides a more detailed discussion of available cluster analysis methods and appropriate R functions and packages.
• caret and FactoMiner are popular packages with a suite of multivariate methods
• aplpack provides bagplots()
• lda() and qda() within MASS provide linear and quadratic discrimination respectively.

Model Testing and Validation

• caret provides many functions for model training, testing, and validation. There is also Max Kuhn's excellent companion book called "Applied Predictive Modeling" (Springer, also available as an ebook). The mlr package also provides classification, regression, and machine learning methods.
• Other packages that enable tuning and evaluation of models include bootstrap and Hmisc
• The CVtools and DAAG packages include cross-validation functions for evaluating the optimality of tuning parameters such as sample sizes or number of predictors etc., in statistical models
• rsample creates different types of resamples and corresponding classes for their analysis

Hierarchical cluster analysis

• The package cluster provides functions for cluster analysis following the methods described in Kaufman and Rousseeuw (1990) Finding Groups in data: an introduction to cluster analysis, Wiley, New York
• There are also hclust() in the stats package and hcluster() in amap
• pvclust is a package for assessing the uncertainty in hierarchical cluster analysis. It provides approximately unbiased p-values as well as bootstrap p-values. Enhanced plotting is also available through the dendextend package.
• dendextend Offers a set of functions for extending dendrogram objects in R. It allows to both adjust a tree's graphical parameters - the color, size, type, etc of its branches, nodes and labels - as well as visually (and statistically) compare different dendrograms to one another.

Other partitioning methods

• kmeans() in stats provides k-means clustering and cmeans() in e1071 implements a fuzzy version of the k-means algorithm. The recommended package cluster also provides functions for various partitioning methodologies.
• To compute the optimum number of clusters there is the pamk() function in the fpc package, cascadeKM() in vegan, Mclust() in mclust, apcluster() in apcluster
• Self-organising maps can be produced with the kohonen
• Percolation analysis can be produced with the percopackage

Mixture models and model-based cluster analysis

• mclust and flexmix provide implementations of model-based cluster analysis.

Principle components and other projection, scaling, and ordination methods

• Principal Components (PCA) is available via the prcomp() function (based on svd), rda() (in package vegan), pca() (in package labdsv) and dudi.pca() (in package ade4), provide more ecologically-orientated implementations. Plotting of PCA output is available in ggbiplot and ggfortify.
• Redundancy Analysis (RDA) is available via rda() in vegan and pcaiv() in ade4.
• Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) is implemented in cca() in both vegan and ade4.
• Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) is implemented in decorana() in vegan.
• Principal coordinates analysis (PCO) is implemented in dudi.pco() in ade4, pco() in labdsv, pco() in ecodist, and cmdscale() in package MASS.
• Non-Metric multi-Dimensional Scaling (NMDS) is provided by isoMDS() in package MASS and nmds() in ecodist. nmds(), a wrapper function for isoMDS(), is also provided by package labdsv. vegan provides helper function metaMDS() for isoMDS(), implementing random starts of the algorithm and standardised scaling of the NMDS results. The approach adopted by vegan with metaMDS() is the recommended approach for ecological data.
• corresp() and mca() in MASS provide simple and multiple correspondence analysis respectively. ca also provides single, multiple and joint correspondence analysis. ca() and mca() in ade4 provide correspondence and multiple correspondence analysis respectively, as well as adding homogeneous table analysis with hta(). Further functionality is also available within vegan co-correspondence is available from cocorresp. FactoMineR provides CA() and MCA() which also enable simple and multiple correspondence analysis as well as associated graphical routines. CAinterprTools has functions for correspondence analysis and diagnostics.
• Seriation methods are available in seriation, which includes bertinplot() for producing battleship plots, and CAseriation which also has a battleship plotting function.
• tabula provides methods to analyse and visualise archaeological count data (artifacts, faunal remains, etc.) using diversity measures and Ford (1962) and Bertin (1977) diagrams.
• dimensio provides a set of tools to compute, extract, summarize and visualize results of Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Correspondence Analysis (CA) based on the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). It also includes methods for partial bootstrap validation.

Dissimilarity coefficients

• dist() in standard package stats, daisy() in recommended package cluster, vegdist() in vegan, dsvdis() in labdsv, Dist() in amap, distance() in ecodist, a suite of functions in ade4, and rdist for very fast distance computations.
• simba provides functions for the calculation of similarity and multiple plot similarity measures with binary data (for instance presence/absence data)
• distance() in the analogue package can be used to calculate dissimilarity between samples of one matrix and those of a second matrix. The same function can be used to produce pair-wise dissimilarity matrices, though the other functions listed above are faster. distance() can also be used to generate matrices based on Gower's coefficient for mixed data (mixtures of binary, ordinal/nominal and continuous variables). Function daisy() in package cluster provides a faster implementation of Gower's coefficient for mixed-mode data than distance() if a standard dissimilarity matrix is required. Function gowdis() in package FD also computes Gower's coefficient and implements extensions to ordinal variables.
• DistatisR provides functions for three-way multidimensional scaling for the analysis of multiple distance/covariance matrices collected on the same set of observations.
• Simple and partial Mantel tests to compute the Mantel statistic as a matrix correlation between two dissimilarity matrices are available in vegan and ecodist

Making maps and using R as a Geographical Information System

• Making maps: ggspatial for easy plotting of most kinds of spatial data, see also: maps, rworldmap, mapdata, maptools, mapproj,mapsf, ggplot2, ggmap, RgoogleMaps, cartography RColorBrewer
• Scale bars and North arrows can be added to maps made with ggplot and ggmap using GISTools, ggsn or legendMap.
• Interactive mapping of spatial objects with zooming and panning is possible with leaflet and geomapview
• To interactively create and edit spatial objects (points, lines, polygons), use mapedit, and to smooth drawn polygons, use smoothr
• R has many packages that enable it to be used as a GIS for spatial analysis: sf, sp, terra, rasterVis, shapefiles, spatial, spatstat, splancs, ipdw, geoR, argosfilter, ads, spdep, gstat, GISTools
• spgrass6 and rgrass7 provides facilities for using all GRASS geographical information system commands from the R command line.
• qgisprocess establishes an interface between R and QGIS, i.e. it allows the user to access QGIS geoprocessing algorithms from within R (by wrapping the qgis-process command line utility).
• spdply provides methods for dplyr verbs for 'sp' and 'Spatial' class objects.
• rgdal uses the GDAL (Geospatial Data Abstraction Library) (raster) and OGR (vector) data I/O library, as well as PROJ.4 for CRS (coordinate reference systems) (re)projections
• rgeos uses the GEOS (Geometry Open Source) library, which powers PostGIS: does the 'usual' geometry operations for features
• The Spatial and Spatio Temporal task views have more details.
• recexcavAAR 3D Reconstruction of Archaeological Excavations
• SiteExploitationTerritories implements the Tobler Hiking Function for spatial time-cost analysis of rasters
• klrfome provides functions to model a single scalar outcome (e.g. presence/absence of an archaeological site) to a distribution of features (such as landscape and environmental variables).

Environmental & geological analysis

• Transfer function models including weighted averaging (WA), modern analogue technique (MAT), Locally-weighted WA, & maximum likelihood (aka Gaussian logistic) regression (GLR) are provided by analogue, vegan, and rioja for stratigraphic analyses
• G2Sd gives full descriptive statistics and a physical description of sediments based on grain-size distributions, soiltexture and ggtern for ternary plots of soil texture
• Constrained clustering of stratigraphic data is provided by function chclust() in the form of constrained hierarchical clustering in rioja.
• Stratigraphic columns can be plotted and analysed with the the SDAR package.
• Benn diagrams can be drawn with plotrix and Woodcock diagrams with RFOC.
• Function for circular statistics such as the Rayleigh test and many others, can be found in CircStats, RFOC, circular, Directional, and heR.Misc
• The siar package takes data on organism isotopes and fits a Bayesian model to their dietary habits based upon a Gaussian likelihood with a mixture dirichlet-distributed prior on the mean
• The zooaRch package has functions for survival analysis of zooarchaeological datasets
• Functions for tree ring analysis can be found in dplR
• Orientationsfor doing fabric analysis. Initially intended for use with total station coordinate data (two XYZ points on the long axis of an object) but bearing and plunge data can be transformed into the appropriate format for use here (see McPherron 2018).
• See the Environmetrics task view for more.

Dating

• Radiocarbon dates can be calibrated using Bchron with various calibration curves (including user generated ones); also does Age-depth modelling, relative sea level rate estimation incorporating time uncertainty in polynomial regression models; and non-parametric phase modelling via Gaussian mixtures as a means to determine the activity of a site (and as an alternative to the Oxcal function SUM).
• rcarbon for basic calibration, modelling, hypothesis testing
• Bayesian age-depth modelling of radiocarbon dates is also available in Bacon, and clam contains functions for "classical", non-Bayesian age-depth modelling. These are not R packages, but clam has been packaged for easy use.
• c14bazAAR for the retrieval and preparation of large radiocarbon datasets.
• The oxcAAR package allows you to use R to connect to a local installation of the OxCal software to calibrate radiocarbon dates and a variety of other OxCal operations.
• ArchaeoPhases provides statistical tools to analyze and to estimate archaeological phases from the posterior distribution (i.e. MCMC samples) of a sequence of dates. Includes testing procedures to check the presence of a gap between two successive phases or periods. chronos is a fork of ArchaeoPhases v1.5 (Philippe and Vibet 2020) rewritten in S4 and using ggplot2
• Various R functions for Luminescence Dating data analysis are in the Luminescence package (including radial plotting) and in the numOSL package, including equivalent dose calculation, annual dose rate determination, growth curve fitting, decay curve decomposition, statistical age model optimization, and statistical plot visualization.
• The archSeries makes chronologies from information from multiple entities with varying chronological resolution and overlapping date ranges
• The ADMUR package provides tools to directly model underlying population dynamics using chronological datasets (radiocarbon and other) with a variety of models, including Continuous Piecewise Linear (CPL) model framework, and model comparison framework using BIC.
• For time series analysis using calendar dates, zoo and padr are useful.
• SPARTAAS Statistical pattern recognition and dating using archaeological artefacts assemblages.
• kairos provides methods for analysis of chronological patterns from archaeological count data, including Mean Ceramic Date (MCD)
• nimbleCarbon add on library for the nimble package for Bayesian Analyses of radiocarbon dates, including phase models and custom population growth growth models.

Tree-ring analysis / Dendrochronology

• Dendrochronology Program Library in R [dplR] (https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/dplR/index.html) is a library that includes many tools and functions to analyze and edit tree ring series.
• [measuRing] (https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/measuRing/index.html) provides tools to measure tree rings on scanned images of wood samples
• RingdateR is a graphical and statistical tool for crossdating annually resolved time series such as tree rings or mollusc, coral and otolith growth increments

Evolution, phylogenetics, morphometrics, and shape analysis

• The Phylogenetics task view provides more detailed coverage of the subject area and related functions within R.
• Packages specifically tailored for the analysis of phylogenetic and evolutionary data include: ape, phytools, phangorn, Rphylip (requires PHYLIP), ouch, and pegas.
• For plotting trees most of these packages include their own modifications of the base plot() function, and there are also ggtree, ggdendro, dendextend, and ggphylo
• Morphometric and shape analysis methods are provided by shapes, geomorph, paleomorph and Momocs. Related packages include shapeR Anthropometry and Morpho.
• StereoMorph allows users to collect 3D landmarks and curves from objects using two standard digital cameras.
• cTransmission provides an Approximate Bayesian Computation Framework for inferring patterns of cultural transmission from frequency data

Image analysis

• pixmap provides methods for creating, plotting and converting bitmapped images in three different formats: RGB, grey and indexed pixmaps. Similarly, jpeg provides an easy and simple way to read, write and display bitmap images stored in the JPEG format.
• EBImage (requires ImageMagick) provides general purpose functionality for the reading, writing, processing and analysis of images (and is very well documented). Various functions for image processing and analysis can also be found in ripa and imager
• magick provides bindings to the ImageMagick image-processing library, the most comprehensive open-source image processing package available.
• iconr analysis of Prehistoric Iconography, considers any iconographic composition (‘decoration’) as a geometric graph of graphical units (GUs)
• outlineR An R package to derive outline shapes from (multiple) artefacts on JPEG images

Simulations

• NetLogoR provides fucntions to easily create agent-based models in R following the NetLogo framework
• RNetLogo links R and NetLogo
• simecol for simulating ecological (and other) dynamic systems. It can be used for differential equations, individual-based (or agent-based) and other models as well.
• One-dimensional cellular automata are also possible to model with the package CellularAutomaton.
• archeofrag for simulating site formation processes, with a particular focus on refitting and spatial analysis.

Network analysis

• The two major packages are igraph, which is a generic network analysis and visualisation package, and sna, which performs social analysis of networks.
• Other packages include statnet, intergraph, network (manipulates and displays network objects), ergm (a set of tools to analyze and simulate networks based on exponential random graph models exponential random graph models), hergm (implements hierarchical exponential random graph models), and RSiena (allows the analyses of the evolution of social networks using dynamic actor-oriented models)

Mortality Analysis

• mortAAR Analysis of Archaeological Mortality Data

Skyscape Archaeology

• skyscapeR Data reduction, visualization and analysis in skyscape archaeology, archaeoastronomy and cultural astronomy

Reproducible research

• knitr enables R code and text with formatting instructions (eg. markdown or LaTeX) to be combined in a single document and executed to produce a document that contains rendered plots, analysed data and formatted text.
• The targets package has functions that enable declarative workflows so that each time an analysis is run, it updates only the parts of the workflow that have changed.
• renv supports the development of isolated, stand-alone R projects that include all the packages used and their dependencies.
• rocker is a project that provides Docker containers to run R in a lightweight virtual environment, the hadleyverse container includes dplyr, ggplot2, etc., as well as RStudio server and LaTeX.

Writing Reproducible manuscripts

• rrtools, is a package that provides instructions, templates, and functions for making a basic compendium suitable for writing reproducible research reports and articles with R.
• The rticles package includes templates for converting markdown documents into PDF files formatted ready for submission for publication, such as in the PLOS journals, the Frontiers In journals, and Elsevier journals. Similarly, the papaja packge contains a template for converting a markdown file into an APA-formatted PDF. These packages depend on pandoc, a universal document format converter (not an R package). In this context it is used to convert rmarkdown or LaTeX to PDF, MS Word or HTML files. It is included with RStudio but can also be used stand-alone from the command line.
• For making nice tables in documents: kableExtra, gt, flextable
• The quarto package implements markdown document formatting language for scientific and technical publishing. Quarto documents are authored using markdown with R code blocks and inline code. It has all the usual scholarly accessories: citations, figures, tables, captions and cross-referencing.
• RStudio is an integrated development environment that simplfies developing R code with numerous built-in conveniences, including vim board shortcuts. There are also packages that make scholarly writing in RStudio easy: wordcountaddin

Developing R code and packages

• devtools (requires Rtools for Windows or Xcode for OSX) for easily creating R packages. usethis automates many tasks surrouding package-making.
• Goodpractice gives advice about good practices when building R packages. Advice includes functions and syntax to avoid, package structure, code complexity, code formatting, etc.
• roxygen2 for simplifying the creation of documentation for packages,
• testthat for developing tests of functions in packages
• Style guide for writing R code by Hadley Wickham. The lintr package analyses code to check that it conforms to Hadley Wickham's style guide (this package is built into RStudio)
• Idioms of R are discussed in the vignette of the rockchalk package, and Pat Burn's essay the R Inferno.

Datasets

• archdata contains eleven archaeological datasets from around the world reported in published studies. These represent typical forms of archaeological data (and so are useful for teaching)
• binford contains more than 200 variables coding aspects of hunter-gatherer subsistence, mobility, and social organization for 339 ethnographically documented groups of hunter-gatherers, as used in Binford (2001) Constructing Frames of Reference: An Analytical Method for Archaeological Theory Building Using Ethnographic and Environmental Data Sets
• bioanth contains three osteometric datasets useful for biological and forensic anthropology.
• BSDA contains a dataset of 60 radiocarbon ages of observations taken from an archaeological site with four phases of occupation.
• cawd contains 15 datasets of ancient Greek, Roman and Persian maps and digital atlas data
• chemometrics contains a dataset of elemental concentrations for 180 archaeological glass vessels excavated from 15th - 17th century contexts in Antwerp.
• folio provides several types of data related to broad topics in archaeology (cultural evolution, radiocarbon dating, paleoenvironments, etc.), which can be used to illustrate statistical methods in the classroom (multivariate data analysis, compositional data analysis, diversity measurement, etc.).
• neotoma is a package that facilitates access to the Neotoma Paleoecology Dataset which contains pollen and fossil data
• zooaRch contains two zooarchaeological datasets.
• gsloid Contains published data sets for global benthic d18O data for 0-5.3 Myr and global sea levels based on marine sediment core data for 0-800 ka
• evoarchdata contains four published datasets widely used in archaeological studies of cultural evolution

Places to go for help

• ? function, eg. ?mean to get built-in help on the mean function
• sos::findFn("rose diagram") searches all installed packages for the search term, using the sos package
• Most major packages come with vignettes that narrate typical uses of the package's core functions. Vignettes can be accessed with the command vignette(packagename).
• Google searches in the form: r help [search terms]
• A custom search engine of R resources: http://www.rseek.org/
• Graphical output from the examples in the documentation for all CRAN packages
• All R package documentation (including CRAN, GitHub and Bioconductor packages) is online in an easy-to-ready format at http://www.rdocumentation.org/
• Cheatsheets to print for handy reference: short one on base, longer one on base, ggplot2, dplyr, tidyr, rmarkdown, making packages, data.table, using colours, colours, numerous others
• stackoverflow is an online Q&A point-scoring website where questions and answers can be voted on to indicate their quality. Many highly skilled R programmers are active participants. Cross Validated is a similar Q&A site for questions about statistics
• You could send a message to the official r-help email list, but do be sure to read, follow and cite the posting guide. The list is also searchable.

Related links:

• CRAN Task View: SocialSciences
• CRAN Task View: Spatial
• CRAN Task View: Spatio-temporal
• CRAN Task View: Cluster analysis
• CRAN Task View: Multivariate Statistics
• CRAN Task View: Bayesian inference
• CRAN Task View: Phylogenetics
• CRAN Task View: Robust
• CRAN Task View: Visualization
• CRAN Task View: Reproducible research
• David L. Carlson's guides on using R for 'Quantifying Archaeology' by Stephen Shennan 'Statistics for Archaeologists' by Robert Drennan
• Matt Peeples' scripts for archaeological statistics
• Gianmarco Alberti's pages on Correspondence Analysis in Archaeology
• Quantitative Archaeology Wiki, including some code for battleship plots
• Michael Baxter's 'Notes on Quantitative Archaeology using R'
• GitHub repository for this Task View

Publications that include R code

Allison, James R. (2019). Ceramic Production and Exchange among the Virgin Anasazi, 30 Years Later, KIVA, 85:4, 289-312, http://doi.org/10.1080/00231940.2019.1689660

d'Alpoim Guedes J, Jin G, Bocinsky RK (2015). The Impact of Climate on the Spread of Rice to North-Eastern China: A New Look at the Data from Shandong Province. PLOS ONE 10(6): e0130430. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0130430

d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and R. Kyle Bocinsky. (2018). Climate change stimulated agricultural innovation and exchange across Asia, 2018. Science Advances 4:eaar4491. http://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aar4491

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Contributors

Ben Marwick, Agustin Diez Castillo, Allar Haav, Sebastian Heath, Phil Riris, Tom Brughmans, Lee Drake, Stefano Costa, Enrico Crema, Domenico Giusti, Matt Peeples, Mark Madsen, Daniel Contreras, Tal Galili, Li-Ying Wang, Bjørn Peare Bartholdy, Ronald Visser, Moritz Mennenga