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D-Link DCS-8000LH usage info and defogging tools
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D-Link DCS-8000LH

D-Link DCS-8000LH

These are random notes descibing how I changed my D-Link DCS-8000LH from a cloud camera to a locally managed IP camera, streaming H.264 MPEG-TS over HTTP and HTTPS. Some of the tools and ideas might work for other cameras too, given some model specific adaptation.

Complete defogging requires modifying one of the file systems in the camera. This implies a slight risk of ending up with a brick. You have now been warned...

This is tested and developed on firmware versions v2.01.03 and v2.02.02 only. The final complete procedure has only been tested with v2.02.02. It should work fine with v2.01.03 and other versions, in theory, but could fail like anything untested. Please let me know if you have an original v2.01.03 firmware update from D-Link, or any other version for that matter, or know where firmware updates can be downloaded.

The v2.02.02 update is available from https://mydlinkmpfw.auto.mydlink.com/DCS-8000LH/DCS-8000LH_Ax_v2.02.02_3014.bin at the time of writing. But I assume this link stops working as soon as there is a newer version available.

Changelog

Problem

My D-Link DCS-8000LH came with firmware version 2.01.03 from factory. This firmware is locked to the mydlink app/cloud service. It does not provide a local NIPCA compatible HTTP API or similar, and it does not stream video over HTTP, HTTPS or RTSP.

Additionally, there is no way to downgrade the firmware. In fact, there is no documented way to install any firmware image at all, except trusting the "mydlink" cloud service to do it for you.

Solution

Primary goals achieved:

And some extra goodies which came for free

Read on for all the gory details...

Requirements

Most recent Linux distros will probably do. The bluepy library can be installed using pip if it is not available as a distro package. Other types of WiFi networks might work, but has not been tested with the provided tools. The squashfs-tools are only necessary if you want to rebuild the "mydlink" alternative file system. I assume you can even run the tools without installing Linux, by using a Linux "Live" CD/DVD/USB stick.

This was developed and tested on Debian Buster.

Camera configuration using the Bluetooth LE GATT API

The "mydlink" app uses Bluetooth LE for camera setup, authenticated by the camera pincode. This repo includes an alternative python script with a few extra goodies, but needing a better name: dcs8000lh-configure.py

(Why not an Android app? Because it would take me much more time to write. Should be fairly easy to do though, for anyone with enough interest. You can find all the necessary protocol details here and in the python code. Please let me know if you are interested)

The script does not support scanning for the simple reason that this would require root access for not real gain. You have to provide the PIN Code from the camera label anyway. Reading the MAC ID as well is simple enough camera label

The PIN Code and MAC is also printed on the code card that came with the camera: code card

Note that the command line address paramenter must be formatted as 01:23:45:67:89:AB instead of the 0123456789AB format printed on the label.

Current script help text at the time of writing shows what the script can do:

$ ./dcs8000lh-configure.py -h
usage: dcs8000lh-configure.py [-h] [--essid ESSID] [--wifipw WIFIPW]
                              [--survey] [--netconf] [--sysinfo]
                              [--command COMMAND] [--telnetd] [--lighttpd]
                              [--rtsp] [--unsignedfw] [--attrs] [-V]
                              address pincode

IPCam Bluetooth configuration tool.

positional arguments:
  address            IPCam Bluetooth MAC address (01:23:45:67:89:AB)
  pincode            IPCam PIN Code (6 digits)

optional arguments:
  -h, --help         show this help message and exit
  --essid ESSID      Connect to this WiFi network
  --wifipw WIFIPW    Password for ESSID
  --survey           List WiFi networks seen by the IPCam
  --netconf          Print current network configuration
  --sysinfo          Dump system configuration
  --command COMMAND  Run command on IPCam
  --telnetd          Start telnet server on IPCam
  --lighttpd         Start web server on IPCam
  --rtsp             Enable access to RTSP server on IPCam
  --unsignedfw       Allow unsigned firmware
  --attrs            Dump IPCam GATT characteristics
  -V, --version      show program's version number and exit

Real session excample after a clean upgrade to firmware v2.02.02, followed by factory reset

  1. Start by making sure the camera can see our WiFi network. This also verifies that we can connect and authenticate against the Bluetooth LE IPCam service, without making any changes to any camera settings:
$ ./dcs8000lh-configure.py B0:C5:54:AA:BB:CC 123456 --survey
Connecting to B0:C5:54:AA:BB:CC...
Verifying IPCam service
Connected to 'DCS-8000LH-BBCC'
DCS-8000LH-BBCC is scanning for WiFi networks...
{'I': 'AirLink126FD4', 'M': '0', 'C': '11', 'S': '4', 'E': '2', 'P': '47'}
{'I': 'Antiboks', 'M': '0', 'C': '11', 'S': '4', 'E': '2', 'P': '73'}
{'I': 'ASV17', 'M': '0', 'C': '11', 'S': '4', 'E': '2', 'P': '47'}
{'I': 'ASV17-dlink', 'M': '0', 'C': '6', 'S': '4', 'E': '2', 'P': '57'}
{'I': 'DIRECT-33-HP%20ENVY%205000%20series', 'M': '0', 'C': '1', 'S': '4', 'E': '2', 'P': '46'}
{'I': 'fjorde123', 'M': '0', 'C': '1', 'S': '4', 'E': '2', 'P': '55'}
{'I': 'JOJ', 'M': '0', 'C': '11', 'S': '4', 'E': '2', 'P': '48'}
{'I': 'Kjellerbod', 'M': '0', 'C': '11', 'S': '4', 'E': '2', 'P': '75'}
{'I': 'Landskap_24', 'M': '0', 'C': '11', 'S': '4', 'E': '2', 'P': '46'}
{'I': 'mgmt', 'M': '0', 'C': '1', 'S': '4', 'E': '2', 'P': '72'}
{'I': 'Rindedal', 'M': '0', 'C': '11', 'S': '4', 'E': '2', 'P': '68'}
{'I': 'risikovirus', 'M': '0', 'C': '1', 'S': '4', 'E': '2', 'P': '45'}
{'I': 'risikovirus%20WIFI', 'M': '0', 'C': '11', 'S': '4', 'E': '2', 'P': '45'}
{'I': 'Stavik2014', 'M': '0', 'C': '6', 'S': '4', 'E': '2', 'P': '47'}
{'I': 'TomterNett1', 'M': '0', 'C': '6', 'S': '4', 'E': '2', 'P': '44'}
{'I': 'VIF', 'M': '0', 'C': '11', 'S': '4', 'E': '2', 'P': '47'}
Done.
  1. We're going to use the 'Kjellerbod' network, so that looks good. Select it and give the associated WiFi password to the camera:
$ ./dcs8000lh-configure.py B0:C5:54:AA:BB:CC 123456 --essid Kjellerbod --wifipw redacted
Connecting to B0:C5:54:AA:BB:CC...
Verifying IPCam service
Connected to 'DCS-8000LH-BBCC'
DCS-8000LH-BBCC is scanning for WiFi networks...
Will configure: M=0;I=Kjellerbod;S=4;E=2;K=redacted
Done.
  1. Verify that the camera connected to the Wifi network and got an address. If not, go back and try again, making sure you are using the correct WiFi password:
$ ./dcs8000lh-configure.py B0:C5:54:AA:BB:CC 123456 --netconf
Connecting to B0:C5:54:AA:BB:CC...
Verifying IPCam service
Connected to 'DCS-8000LH-BBCC'
wifi link is Up
wifi config: {'M': '0', 'I': 'Kjellerbod', 'S': '4', 'E': '2'}
ip config: {'I': '192.168.2.37', 'N': '255.255.255.0', 'G': '192.168.2.1', 'D': '148.122.16.253'}
Done.

WARNING: You must make a backup of your device at this point if you haven't done so already. See the Backup section below. I only skipped it in this example because I already had a complete backup of my camera.

  1. We need HTTP NIPCA API for the remaining tasks, so temporarily start lighttpd on the camera:
$ ./dcs8000lh-configure.py B0:C5:54:AA:BB:CC 123456 --lighttpd
Connecting to B0:C5:54:AA:BB:CC...
Verifying IPCam service
Connected to 'DCS-8000LH-BBCC'
Attempting to run '[ $(tdb get HTTPServer Enable_byte) -eq 1 ] || tdb set HTTPServer Enable_byte=1' on DCS-8000LH-BBCC by abusing the 'set admin password' request
Attempting to run '/etc/rc.d/init.d/extra_lighttpd.sh start' on DCS-8000LH-BBCC by abusing the 'set admin password' request
Done.

Note that this implicitly changes a couple of settings which are stored in the "db" NVRAM partition, and therefore will persist until the next factory reset:

This password restriction is because I'm lazy - there is nothing in the camera or protocol preventing the password from being set to something else. But the script would then need the new password as an additional input parameter for most commands

  1. Disable firmware signature verification. Only firmwares signed by D-Link are accepted by default. This feature can be disabled by changing a variable in the "db" NVRAM partition:
$ ./dcs8000lh-configure.py B0:C5:54:AA:BB:CC 123456  --unsignedfw 
Connecting to B0:C5:54:AA:BB:CC...
Verifying IPCam service
Connected to 'DCS-8000LH-BBCC'
Attempting to run 'tdb set SecureFW _TrustLevel_byte=0' on DCS-8000LH-BBCC by abusing the 'set admin password' request
Done.
  1. The final step is the dangerous one. It replaces the file system on the userdata partition with our home cooked one. The D-Link firmware uses this partition exclusively for the "mydlink" cloud tools, which we don't need. The rest of the system is not touched by our firmware update. The camera will therefore run exactly the same kernel and rootfs as before the update, whatever version they were. I.e., the firmware version does not change - only the "mydlink" version.

NOTE; You need to build a fw.tar firmware update image first.

$ curl --http1.0 -u admin:123456 --form upload=@fw.tar http://192.168.2.37/config/firmwareupgrade.cgi
upgrade=ok

See the section on error handling if the upgrade request returned anything else.

The camera will reboot automatically at this point, assuming the update was successful. From now both with telnetd and lighttpd running, and with external access to the RTSP server. All services will use the same admin:PIN Code account for authentication.

So we now have access to direct streaming over HTTP, HTTPS and RTSP without ever having been in contact with the mydlink service!

Streaming video locally

Which was the whole point of all this... We can now stream directly from the camera using for example:

HTTP or HTTPS

vlc https://192.168.2.37/video/mpegts.cgi
vlc https://192.168.2.37/video/flv.cgi

Authenticate using the admin user with PIN Code as password

AFAICS, this camera does not support MJPEG encoding. But you can always use ffmpeg to transcode the H.264 anyway. Looking closer at a stream sample:

$ curl --insecure -u admin:123456 https://192.168.2.37/video/mpegts.cgi>/tmp/stream
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
  0 93.1G    0  438k    0     0  92872      0  12d 11h  0:00:04  12d 11h 92853^C

$ mediainfo /tmp/stream 
General
ID                                       : 1 (0x1)
Complete name                            : /tmp/stream
Format                                   : MPEG-TS
File size                                : 500 KiB
Duration                                 : 5 s 433 ms
Overall bit rate mode                    : Variable
Overall bit rate                         : 752 kb/s

Video
ID                                       : 257 (0x101)
Menu ID                                  : 1 (0x1)
Format                                   : AVC
Format/Info                              : Advanced Video Codec
Format profile                           : High@L4
Format settings, CABAC                   : Yes
Format settings, ReFrames                : 1 frame
Format settings, GOP                     : M=1, N=30
Codec ID                                 : 27
Duration                                 : 5 s 450 ms
Width                                    : 1 280 pixels
Height                                   : 720 pixels
Display aspect ratio                     : 16:9
Frame rate mode                          : Variable
Color space                              : YUV
Chroma subsampling                       : 4:2:0
Bit depth                                : 8 bits
Scan type                                : Progressive

Audio
ID                                       : 256 (0x100)
Menu ID                                  : 1 (0x1)
Format                                   : AAC
Format/Info                              : Advanced Audio Codec
Format version                           : Version 2
Format profile                           : LC
Muxing mode                              : ADTS
Codec ID                                 : 15
Duration                                 : 3 s 456 ms
Bit rate mode                            : Variable
Channel(s)                               : 1 channel
Channel positions                        : Front: C
Sampling rate                            : 16.0 kHz
Frame rate                               : 15.625 FPS (1024 spf)
Compression mode                         : Lossy

RTSP

Direct RTSP access is also supported, using the same admin user.

The RTSP URLs are configurable, so the proper way to use RTSP is to first check the URL of the wanted profile using the NIPCA API:

$ curl -u admin:123456 --insecure 'https://192.168.2.37/config/rtspurl.cgi?profileid=1'
profileid=1
urlentry=live/profile.0
video_codec=H264
audio_codec=OPUS

and then connect to this RTSP URL:

$ vlc rtsp://192.168.2.37/live/profile.0

Note that persistent RTSP access can be enabled with original unmodified D-Link firmware, using the Bluetooth --rtsp option. This modifies the necessary settings. The rtspd service is already started by default in the original firmware.

So there is no need to mess with the firmware at all if all you want is RTSP.

Errors during firmware update via HTTP

The firmwareupgrade.cgi script running in the camera isn't much smarter than the rest of the system, so there are a few important things keep in mind. These are found by trial-and-error:

Use the exact curl command provided above, replacing only the PIN Code, IP address and firmware filename. This should work. Anything else might not.

The camera must be manually rebooted by removing power or pressing reset if the firmware upgrade fails for any reason. The firmwareupgrade.cgi script stops most processes, inluding the Bluetooth handler, and fails to restart them on errors.

There will be no permanent harm if the upload fails. But note that you have to repeat the --lighttpd step after rebooting the camera, before you can retry. It does not start automatically until we've installed our modified "mydlink" alternative.

The contents of the fw.tar file must obviously be a valid, encrypted, firmware update intended for the specified hardware. It must also be signed. But the signing key can be unknown to the camera provided the previous --unsignedfw request above was successful.

The Makefile provided here shows how to build a valid firmware update, but for the DCS-8000LH only! It does not support any other model. It will create a new throwaway signing key if it canæt find a real one, and include the associated public key in the archive in case you want to verify the signature manually.

Note that the encryption key might be model specific. I do not know this as I have no other model to look at. Please let me know if you have any information on this topic.

The encryption key is part ot the pib partition, and can be read from a shell using

pibinfo PriKey

Or you can simply look at your partition backup. The key is stored as a plain text RSA PRIVATE KEY PEM blob, so it is easy to spot. This repo includes a copy of my key as I see no point in attempting to keep a well known shared key like this one "secret"

Backup

Create a backup of everything before you mess up. Restoring will be hard anyway, so don't rely on that. But you can forget about restoring at all unless you have a backup, so make it anyway.

Note that the pib partition contains data which are specific to your camera, and cannot be restored from any other source! This includes

Well, OK, we can restore most of the pib using information from the camera label, but it's better to avoid having to do that...

A backup is also useful for analyzing the file systems offline.

Making a backup without networking is inconvenient, so setup networking first. In theory, you could dump the flash to the serial console. But this would be very time consuming and tiresome.

The D-Link firmware provides a selection of network file transfer tools. Pick anyone you like:

I've been using tftp for my backups because it is simple. You'll obviously need a tftp server for this. Google for instructions on setting that up. You could alternatively set up a web server and use wget or curl to post the files there, but this is more complx to set up IMHO.

Here is one example of how to enable temporary telnet access and copying all camera flash partitions to a tftp server:

$ ./dcs8000lh-configure.py B0:C5:54:AA:BB:CC 123456 --telnetd
Connecting to B0:C5:54:AA:BB:CC...
Verifying IPCam service
Connected to 'DCS-8000LH-BBCC'
Adding the 'admin' user as an alias for 'root'
Attempting to run 'grep -Eq ^admin: /etc/passwd||echo admin:x:0:0::/:/bin/sh >>/etc/passwd' on DCS-8000LH-BBCC by abusing the 'set admin password' request
Setting the 'admin' user password to '123456'
Attempting to run 'grep -Eq ^admin:x: /etc/passwd&&echo admin:123456|chpasswd' on DCS-8000LH-BBCC by abusing the 'set admin password' request
Starting telnetd
Attempting to run 'pidof telnetd||telnetd' on DCS-8000LH-BBCC by abusing the 'set admin password' request

Attempting to run '[ $(tdb get HTTPServer Enable_byte) -eq 1 ] || tdb set HTTPServer Enable_byte=1' on DCS-8000LH-BBCC by abusing the 'set admin password' request
Attempting to run '/etc/rc.d/init.d/extra_lighttpd.sh start' on DCS-8000LH-BBCC by abusing the 'set admin password' request
Done.

$ telnet 192.168.2.37
Trying 192.168.2.37...
Connected to 192.168.2.37.
Escape character is '^]'.
localhost login: admin
Password: 

BusyBox v1.22.1 (2019-02-14 17:06:35 CST) built-in shell (ash)
Enter 'help' for a list of built-in commands.

# for i in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8; do tftp -l /dev/mtd${i}ro -r mtd$i -p 192.168.2.1; done`

Change 192.168.2.37 to the address of your camera and 192.168.2.1 to the address of your tftp server. Note that most tftp servers require existing and writable destination files. Refer to your tftp server docs for details.

All the gory details

Restoring original D-Link firmware

The D-Link firmware, including the mydlink tools in the userdata partition, can be restored by doing a manual firmware upgrade providing a firmware update from D-Link. Real example, going back to v2.02.02:

$ curl --http1.0 -u admin:123456 --form upload=@DCS-8000LH_Ax_v2.02.02_3014.bin http://192.168.2.37/config/firmwareupgrade.cgi
curl: (52) Empty reply from server

I don't know why I got that Empty reply warning instead of the expected upgrade=ok, but update went fine so I guess it can safely be ignored. Might be a side effect of rewriting the root file system, which the firmwareupgrade.cgi script is running from.

Serial console

Useful for fw greater than v2.02.02. The serial console is used to temporally enable the webservice of the camera. Then, the fw can be downloaded using defogging procedure and further flash the custom fw.tar firmware.

There is a 4 hole female header with 2 mm spacing in the bottom of the camera. This header is easily accessible without opening the case at all. But you will need to remove the bottom label to find it: label removed

Take a picure of the lable or save the information somewhere else first, in case you make the it unreadable in the process.

Mate with a 3 (or 4) pin male 2 mm connector, or use sufficiently solid wires. The pins need to be 6-10 mm long. The pins will mess up the QR code, but the rest of the label can be left intact if you're careful: header with pins

The pinout seen from egde to center of camera is:

1 2 3 4
3.3V TX RX GND

and the serial port parameters are 57600 8N1.

You obviously need a 3.3V TTL adapter for this, Look at for example at the generic OpenWrt console instructions if you need guidance. USB ttl adapter connected

Do not connect the 3.3V pin. All USB TTL adapters are powered by the USB bus.

Opening the case

Remove the top and bottom parts of the sylinder. I assume the two remaning halves of the sylinder are simple held together by clips, but I did not verify this after discovering the easily accessible console header.

The top lid is clipped on: top lid

The bottom cover is held in place by two screws under the label: bottom cover

Removing the bottom cover reveals the reset button and the console header: bottom removed

U-Boot

My DCS-8000LH came with this boot loader:

U-Boot 2014.01-rc2-V1.1 (Jun 06 2018 - 03:44:37)

But it is patched/configured to require a password for access to the U-Boot prompt. Fortunately, D-Link makes the password readily available in their GPL package :-) It is found in the file DCS-8000LH-GPL/configs/gpl_defconfig:

ALPHA_FEATURES_UBOOT_LOGIN_PASSWORD="alpha168"

Enter alpha168 password when you see

Press ESC to abort autoboot in 3 seconds

and you'll get a rlxboot# prompt, with access to these U-Boot commands :

rlxboot# ?
?       - alias for 'help'
base    - print or set address offset
bootm   - boot application image from memory
bootp   - boot image via network using BOOTP/TFTP protocol
cmp     - memory compare
coninfo - print console devices and information
cp      - memory copy
crc32   - checksum calculation
echo    - echo args to console
editenv - edit environment variable
efuse   - efuse readall | read addr
env     - environment handling commands
fephy   - fephy read/write
go      - start application at address 'addr'
help    - print command description/usage
imxtract- extract a part of a multi-image
loadb   - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode)
loadx   - load binary file over serial line (xmodem mode)
loady   - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode)
loop    - infinite loop on address range
md      - memory display
mm      - memory modify (auto-incrementing address)
mw      - memory write (fill)
nm      - memory modify (constant address)
ping    - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host
printenv- print environment variables
reset   - Perform RESET of the CPU
setenv  - set environment variables
setethaddr- set eth address
setipaddr- set ip address
sf      - SPI flash sub-system
source  - run script from memory
tftpboot- boot image via network using TFTP protocol
tftpput - TFTP put command, for uploading files to a server
tftpsrv - act as a TFTP server and boot the first received file
update  - update image
version - print monitor, compiler and linker version

Using the boot loader for image manipulation will be hard though, since the camera has no ethernet, USB or removable flash and the boot loader has no WiFi driver. It is probably possible to load an image over serial, but I don't have the patience for that...

The environment is fixed and pretty clean:

rlxboot# printenv
=3
addmisc=setenv bootargs ${bootargs}console=ttyS0,${baudrate}panic=1
baudrate=57600
bootaddr=(0xBC000000 + 0x1e0000)
bootargs=console=ttyS1,57600 root=/dev/mtdblock8 rts_hconf.hconf_mtd_idx=0 mtdparts=m25p80:256k(boot),128k(pib),1024k(userdata),128k(db),128k(log),128k(dbbackup),128k(logbackup),3072k(kernel),11264k(rootfs)
bootcmd=bootm 0xbc1e0000
bootfile=/vmlinux.img
ethact=r8168#0
ethaddr=00:00:00:00:00:00
load=tftp 80500000 ${u-boot}
loadaddr=0x82000000
stderr=serial
stdin=serial
stdout=serial

Environment size: 533/131068 bytes

So we can get ourselves a root shell:

rlxboot# setenv bootargs ${bootargs} init=/bin/sh
rlxboot# ${bootcmd}

Nothing is mounted or started since /sbin/init is skipped altogether in this case. Not even /sys and /proc. We can emulate a semi-normal system by running

/etc/rc.d/rcS

as the first command. And then run for example

telnetd -l /bin/sh

to enable temporary passwordless telnet into the camera instead of/in addition to the serial console. This is futile unless you have networking of course. Use the much simpler Bluetooth procedure described above. Or the "mydlink" app if you prefer to establish a network connection to your camera.

Then run the following commands:

grep -Eq ^admin: /etc/passwd || echo admin:x:0:0::/:/bin/sh >>/etc/passwd

grep -Eq ^admin:x: /etc/passwd && echo "admin:$(pibinfo Pincode)" | chpasswd

tdb set HTTPServer Enable_byte=1"

tdb set HTTPAccount AdminPasswd_ss="$(pibinfo Pincode)"

/etc/rc.d/init.d/extra_lighttpd.sh start

on the local machine, run

$ curl --http1.0 -u admin:CAMPIN --form upload=@DCS-8000LH_Ax_v2.02.02_3014.bin http://CAM.IP/config/firmwareupgrade.cgi curl: (52) Empty reply from server

this will downgrade the firmware to 2.02.02.

Repeat the bluetooth hack or using serial to re-enable lighttpd server on your camera and run the following command on your local machine.

$ curl --http1.0 -u admin:CAMPIN --form upload=@fw.tar http://CAM.IP/config/firmwareupgrade.cgi About 1 min later, the camera will reboot. After the reboot process, you will have a cam with all the goodies mentioned above with fw 2.02.02.

OEM boot log

U-Boot 2014.01-rc2-V1.1 (Jun 06 2018 - 03:44:37)

rx5281 prid=0xdc02
DRAM:  64 MiB @ 800 MHz
Skipping flash_init
Flash: 0 Bytes
flash status is 0, 2, 0
SF: Detected W25Q128FV with page size 256 Bytes, erase size 64 KiB, total 16 MiB
Using default environment

In:    serial
Out:   serial
Err:   serial
Net:   Realtek PCIe GBE Family Controller mcfg = 0024
no hw config header
new_ethaddr = 00:00:00:00:00:00
r8168#0
no hw config header
Press ESC to abort autoboot in 3 seconds## Booting kernel from Legacy Image at bc1e0000 ...
get header OKimage_get_kernel check hcrc
image_get_kernel print contents
   Image Name:   linux_3.10
   Created:      2018-06-05  19:44:27 UTC
   Image Type:   MIPS Linux Kernel Image (uncompressed)
   Data Size:    1662157 Bytes = 1.6 MiB
   Load Address: 804d4960
   Entry Point:  804d4960
   Verifying Checksum ... OK
   Loading Kernel Image ... OK

Starting kernel ...

Linux version 3.10.27 (jenkins@DMdssdFW1) (gcc version 4.8.5 20150209 (prerelease) (Realtek RSDK-4.8.5p1 Build 2278) ) #1 PREEMPT Wed Jun 6 03:36:32 CST 2018
prom cpufreq = 500000000
prom memsize = 67108864
hw_ver: 0x1, hw_rev: 0x2, isp_ver: 0x0
bootconsole [early0] enabled
CPU revision is: 0000dc02
Determined physical RAM map:
 memory: 04000000 @ 00000000 (usable)
Reserved contiguous memory at 0x4f3000
Zone ranges:
  Normal   [mem 0x00000000-0x03ffffff]
Movable zone start for each node
Early memory node ranges
  node   0: [mem 0x00000000-0x03ffffff]
icache: 32kB/32B, dcache: 16kB/32B, scache: 0kB/0B
Built 1 zonelists in Zone order, mobility grouping on.  Total pages: 16256
Kernel command line: console=ttyS1,57600 root=/dev/mtdblock8 rts_hconf.hconf_mtd_idx=0 mtdparts=m25p80:256k(boot),128k(pib),1024k(userdata),128k(db),128k(log),128k(dbbackup),128k(logbackup),3072k(kernel),11264k(rootfs)
PID hash table entries: 256 (order: -2, 1024 bytes)
Dentry cache hash table entries: 8192 (order: 3, 32768 bytes)
Inode-cache hash table entries: 4096 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
Memory: 48600k/65536k available (3844k kernel code, 16936k reserved, 888k data, 192k init, 0k highmem)
SLUB: HWalign=32, Order=0-3, MinObjects=0, CPUs=1, Nodes=1
Preemptible hierarchical RCU implementation.
NR_IRQS:49
Calibrating delay loop... 498.89 BogoMIPS (lpj=2494464)
pid_max: default: 32768 minimum: 301
Mount-cache hash table entries: 512
pinctrl core: initialized pinctrl subsystem
regulator-dummy: no parameters
NET: Registered protocol family 16
rtsxb2 registered with IRQs
INFO: initializing USB host ...
INFO: initializing spi host ...0
spi platform id is 0
INFO: initializing I2C master ...
INFO: initializing DMA controller ...
INFO: initializing SD controller ...
INFO: initializing snd device ...
snd resvd mem size : 1048576
INFO: initializing pinctrl device ...
pinctrl_platform pinctrl_platform: rtspc registered with IRQs
INFO: initializing ethernet devices ...
INFO: initializing dwc_otg devices ...
INFO: initializing USB phy ...
INFO: initializing ISP device ...
isp resvd mem addr : 0x005f3000, size : 0xa00000
ISP camera platform devices added
INFO: initializing watchdog controller ...
INFO: initializing PWM controller ...
INFO: initializing crypto device ...
INFO: initializing pmu device ...
bio: create slab <bio-0> at 0
rts_dmac rts_dmac: DesignWare DMA Controller, 1 channels
INFO: realtek DMA engine inited
SCSI subsystem initialized
spic-platform spic-platform.0: master is unqueued, this is deprecated
INFO:allocate spi master 0, 0
usbcore: registered new interface driver usbfs
usbcore: registered new interface driver hub
usbcore: registered new device driver usb
usbphy-platform usbphy-platform: Initialized Realtek IPCam USB Phy module
Linux video capture interface: v2.00
Advanced Linux Sound Architecture Driver Initialized.
Bluetooth: Core ver 2.16
NET: Registered protocol family 31
Bluetooth: HCI device and connection manager initialized
Bluetooth: HCI socket layer initialized
Bluetooth: L2CAP socket layer initialized
Bluetooth: SCO socket layer initialized
NET: Registered protocol family 2
TCP established hash table entries: 512 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
TCP bind hash table entries: 512 (order: -1, 2048 bytes)
TCP: Hash tables configured (established 512 bind 512)
TCP: reno registered
UDP hash table entries: 256 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
UDP-Lite hash table entries: 256 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
NET: Registered protocol family 1
RPC: Registered named UNIX socket transport module.
RPC: Registered udp transport module.
RPC: Registered tcp transport module.
RPC: Registered tcp NFSv4.1 backchannel transport module.
squashfs: version 4.0 (2009/01/31) Phillip Lougher
NFS: Registering the id_resolver key type
Key type id_resolver registered
Key type id_legacy registered
jffs2: version 2.2. (NAND) © 2001-2006 Red Hat, Inc.
msgmni has been set to 94
NET: Registered protocol family 38
Block layer SCSI generic (bsg) driver version 0.4 loaded (major 253)
io scheduler noop registered
io scheduler deadline registered
io scheduler cfq registered (default)
Serial: 8250/16550 driver, 3 ports, IRQ sharing disabled
serial8250: ttyS0 at MMIO 0x18810000 (irq = 6) is a 16550A
console [ttyS1] enabled, bootconsole disabled
console [ttyS1] enabled, bootconsole disabled
serial8250: ttyS1 at MMIO 0x18810100 (irq = 6) is a 16550A
serial8250: ttyS2 at MMIO 0x18810200 (irq = 6) is a 16550A
dbg_iomem initialized!
m25p80 spi0.0: unrecognized id mx25l12845e
m25p80 spi0.0: found w25q128fv, expected m25p80
m25p80 spi0.0: w25q128fv (16384 Kbytes)
9 cmdlinepart partitions found on MTD device m25p80
Creating 9 MTD partitions on "m25p80":
0x000000000000-0x000000040000 : "boot"
0x000000040000-0x000000060000 : "pib"
0x000000060000-0x000000160000 : "userdata"
0x000000160000-0x000000180000 : "db"
0x000000180000-0x0000001a0000 : "log"
0x0000001a0000-0x0000001c0000 : "dbbackup"
0x0000001c0000-0x0000001e0000 : "logbackup"
0x0000001e0000-0x0000004e0000 : "kernel"
0x0000004e0000-0x000000fe0000 : "rootfs"
invalid hconf_mtd_idx!
hconf init failed
rtl8168 Gigabit Ethernet driver 8.038.00-NAPI loaded
rtl8168 rtl8168 (unregistered net_device): Get invalid MAC address from flash!
eth%d: 0xb8400000, 00:00:00:00:00:00, IRQ 10
PPP generic driver version 2.4.2
PPP MPPE Compression module registered
NET: Registered protocol family 24
ehci_hcd: USB 2.0 'Enhanced' Host Controller (EHCI) Driver
ehci-rts: ehci-rts platform driver
ehci-platform ehci-platform: EHCI Host Controller
ehci-platform ehci-platform: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 1
ehci-platform ehci-platform: irq 11, io mem 0x18100000
ehci-platform ehci-platform: USB 2.0 started, EHCI 1.00
usb usb1: New USB device found, idVendor=1d6b, idProduct=0002
usb usb1: New USB device strings: Mfr=3, Product=2, SerialNumber=1
usb usb1: Product: EHCI Host Controller
usb usb1: Manufacturer: Linux 3.10.27 ehci_hcd
usb usb1: SerialNumber: ehci-platform
hub 1-0:1.0: USB hub found
hub 1-0:1.0: 1 port detected
ohci_hcd: USB 1.1 'Open' Host Controller (OHCI) Driver
ohci-platform ohci-platform: Generic Platform OHCI Controller
ohci-platform ohci-platform: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 2
ohci-platform ohci-platform: irq 11, io mem 0x18180000
usb usb2: New USB device found, idVendor=1d6b, idProduct=0001
usb usb2: New USB device strings: Mfr=3, Product=2, SerialNumber=1
usb usb2: Product: Generic Platform OHCI Controller
usb usb2: Manufacturer: Linux 3.10.27 ohci_hcd
usb usb2: SerialNumber: ohci-platform
hub 2-0:1.0: USB hub found
hub 2-0:1.0: 1 port detected
dwc_otg: version 3.10b 20-MAY-2013
Core Release: 3.10a
Setting default values for core params
WARN::dwc_otg_set_param_dev_tx_fifo_size:6354: Value is larger then power-on FIFO size

WARN::dwc_otg_set_param_dev_tx_fifo_size:6354: Value is larger then power-on FIFO size

Using Buffer DMA mode
Periodic Transfer Interrupt Enhancement - disabled
Multiprocessor Interrupt Enhancement - disabled
OTG VER PARAM: 0, OTG VER FLAG: 0
Shared Tx FIFO mode
usbcore: registered new interface driver usb-storage
g_mass_storage gadget: Mass Storage Function, version: 2009/09/11
g_mass_storage gadget: Number of LUNs=1
 lun0: LUN: removable file: (no medium)
g_mass_storage gadget: Mass Storage Gadget, version: 2009/09/11
g_mass_storage gadget: g_mass_storage ready
usb device pull 1
i2c /dev entries driver
Unable to read RTP_REG_CHIP_VERSION reg
rtp_mfd 0-0030: pre_init() failed: -140
rtp_mfd: probe of 0-0030 failed with error -140
Stopped watchdog timer
timer margin: 8 sec
nf_conntrack version 0.5.0 (759 buckets, 3036 max)
ip_tables: (C) 2000-2006 Netfilter Core Team
TCP: cubic registered
NET: Registered protocol family 17
Bluetooth: RFCOMM TTY layer initialized
Bluetooth: RFCOMM socket layer initialized
usb 1-1: new high-speed USB device number 2 using ehci-platform
Bluetooth: RFCOMM ver 1.11
Bluetooth: BNEP (Ethernet Emulation) ver 1.3
Bluetooth: BNEP filters: protocol multicast
Bluetooth: BNEP socket layer initialized
Key type dns_resolver registered
ALSA device list:
  No soundcards found.
VFS: Mounted root (squashfs filesystem) readonly on device 31:8.
Freeing unused kernel memory: 192K (804b0000 - 804e0000)
usb 1-1: New USB device found, idVendor=0bda, idProduct=b720
usb 1-1: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3
usb 1-1: Product: 802.11n WLAN Adapter
usb 1-1: Manufacturer: Realtek
usb 1-1: SerialNumber: 00e04c000001
init started: BusyBox v1.22.1 (2018-06-06 03:10:44 CST)
starting pid 54, tty '': '/etc/rc.d/rcS start'
mount: mounting none on /proc/bus/usb failed: No such file or directory
rm: can't remove '/dev/mtd9': No such file or directory
mknod: /dev/console: File exists
soc-audio soc-audio.0: ASoC: machine RLX_INTERN_CARD should use snd_soc_register_card()
soc-audio soc-audio.0:  rlx-codec-digital <-> pcm-platform mapping ok
soc-audio soc-audio.0:  rlx-codec-analog <-> pcm-platform mapping ok
pinctrl_platform pinctrl_platform: request() failed for pin 0
pinctrl_platform pinctrl_platform: pin-0 (pinctrl-rts:0) status -16
request GPIO failed
sd-platform: probe of rts3901-sdhc failed with error -16
rtscam:rtscam_soc_probe
rtscam:rtscam_hx280_probe
rtscam:hx280enc:HW at base <0x18060000> with ID <0x48314810>
rtscam:rtscam_jpgenc_probe
rtscam:rtstream_init
rtscam:begin to load fw from isp.fw
rtscam:Load firmware size : 131072.
rtscam:Found ISP 1.006 device
rtscam:video device <rts3901-isp> registered
rtscam:rts3901-isp initialized
Setup db... ok.
Startting dbd... Password for 'root' changed
ok.
set the date to default:
Wed Jun  6 00:00:00 UTC 2018
No SD Device Path Exists.
rc.sysinit start ok.
============ normal mode ===============
dbd(181) is already running.
Startting tz_dst... ok.
setsystz ok
Startting watchDog... ok.
Startting avcd... 
mic vol = 80
avcd ok.
starting create_certificate...get server.pem... ok.
Startting dbus-daemon... ok.
Startting bluetoothd... sendCmd : 0
Open /tmp/ap_list fail: No such file or directory
main[283] Fail to get channel of Kjellerbod network
configure : 
            Wireless : essid: Kjellerbod, encryp_method: AES, auth_method: WPA2PSK 
            Network  : dhcp_enable: 1, hostname: DCS-8000LH 
Open /proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/wlan0/autoconf fail: No such file or directory
killall: rtspd: no process killed
killall: udhcpc: no process killed
killall: wifiAutoReconnect: no process killed
sendCmd : 0
sendCmd : 0
/bin/sh: dibbler-client: not found
killall: orthrus: no process killed
killall: orthrusipv6: no process killed
killall: pppd: no process killed
killall: zcip: no process killed
wlan1 MAC [b2:c5:54:4c:cc:73]
23186 wpa_supplicant -B -c /tmp/wpa_supplicant.conf -i wlan0 -P /tmp/wpa_supplicant.pid
rfkill: Cannot open RFKILL control device
ioctl[SIOCSIWAP]: Operation not permitted
udhcpc (v1.22.1) started
/sbin/udhcpc.sh: line 1: /etc/rc.d/init.d/zcip.sh: not found
Sending discover...
Sending discover...
Sending select for 192.168.2.37...
Lease of 192.168.2.37 obtained, lease time 432000
ifdown: interface wlan1 not configured
cat: can't open '/tmp/wifi-led.pid': No such file or directory
sh: you need to specify whom to kill
deleting routers
route: ioctl 0x890c failed: No such process
adding dns 148.122.16.253
adding dns 148.122.164.253
start network services, ...
Startting mDNSResponder... ok.
Starting rtspd... ok.
Startting ntpd... disabled.
Startting firewall...ok.
/etc/rc.d/rcS: /etc/rc.d/rcS.d/S24network.sh: line 5: /etc/rc.d/init.d/network_services_ipv6.sh: not found
Starting Apple Darwin Multicast DNS / DNS Service Discovery daemon: mdnsd.
Jun  6 02:00:32 mDNSResponder: mDNSResponder (Engineering Build) (Jun  6 2018 03:55:36) starting
Jun  6 02:00:32 mDNSResponder: mDNS_AddDNSServer: Lock not held! mDNS_busy (0) mDNS_reentrancy (0)
Jun  6 02:00:32 mDNSResponder: mDNS_AddDNSServer: Lock not held! mDNS_busy (0) mDNS_reentrancy (0)
Jun  6 02:00:32 mDNSResponder: WARNING: mdnsd continuing as root because user "nobody" does not exist
Startting ntpd... disabled.
Startting db_analysis... ok.
Startting firewall...ok.
rtspd(1011 878) is already running.
Startting myDlinkEvent... ok.
2018-06-06 02:00:37 | INFO    | tcp_listen               |  176| listening 127.0.0.1:7000
2018-06-06 02:00:37 | INFO    | http_listen              |   40| waiting new connections ...
rc.local start ok.
starting pid 1157, tty '': '/bin/busybox getty -L ttyS1 57600 vt100'

localhost login: May  6 22:34:35 mDNSResponder: mDNS_Execute: mDNSPlatformRawTime went backwards by 438780374 ticks; setting correction factor to -1542198966
May  6 22:34:37 mDNSResponderPosix: mDNSCoreReceive: mDNSPlatformRawTime went backwards by 438777274 ticks; setting correction factor to 1206127822

Partitions

The D-Link DCS-8000LH partitions are:

# cat /proc/mtd 
dev:    size   erasesize  name
mtd0: 00040000 00010000 "boot"
mtd1: 00020000 00010000 "pib"
mtd2: 00100000 00010000 "userdata"
mtd3: 00020000 00010000 "db"
mtd4: 00020000 00010000 "log"
mtd5: 00020000 00010000 "dbbackup"
mtd6: 00020000 00010000 "logbackup"
mtd7: 00300000 00010000 "kernel"
mtd8: 00b00000 00010000 "rootfs"

Or as seen by the driver with start and end addresses:

9 cmdlinepart partitions found on MTD device m25p80
Creating 9 MTD partitions on "m25p80":
0x000000000000-0x000000040000 : "boot"
0x000000040000-0x000000060000 : "pib"
0x000000060000-0x000000160000 : "userdata"
0x000000160000-0x000000180000 : "db"
0x000000180000-0x0000001a0000 : "log"
0x0000001a0000-0x0000001c0000 : "dbbackup"
0x0000001c0000-0x0000001e0000 : "logbackup"
0x0000001e0000-0x0000004e0000 : "kernel"
0x0000004e0000-0x000000fe0000 : "rootfs"

Partition usage:

number name start end size fstype contents
0 "boot" 0x000000 0x040000 0x40000 boot U-Boot
1 "pib" 0x040000 0x060000 0x20000 raw device info
2 "userdata" 0x060000 0x160000 0x100000 squashfs mydlink (/opt)
3 "db" 0x160000 0x180000 0x20000 tar.gz non-volatile data
4 "log" 0x180000 0x1a0000 0x20000 raw? empty
5 "dbbackup" 0x1a0000 0x1c0000 0x20000 tar.gz copy of "db"
6 "logbackup" 0x1c0000 0x1e0000 0x20000 raw? empty
7 "kernel" 0x1e0000 0x4e0000 0x300000 uImage Linux 3.10
8 "rootfs" 0x4e0000 0xfe0000 0xb00000 squashfs rootfs (/)

The D-Link firmware updates I have looked at will replace the "userdata", "kernel" and "rootfs" partitions, but leave other partitions unchanged. I imagine that the "boot" partition might be upgraded too if deemed necessary by D-Link. But it was not touched when going from 2.01.03 to 2.02.02.

The "log" and "logbackup" appear to be currently unused. But I am reluctant trusting this, given their names. I guess they could be cleaned and overwritten anytime. They are too small to be very useful anyway. You can't put any writable file system om them with only two erase blocks.

Backing up dynamic data

This is not necessary for system operation as any non-volatile data is saved in the db partition anyway. But it can still be useful to have a copy of the system state for offline studying, so I also like to save a working copy of /tmp:

tar zcvf /tmp/tmp.tgz /tmp/
tftp -l /tmp/tmp.tgz -r tmp.tgz -p 192.168.2.1

Why can we run the NIPCA webserver before we modify the firmware?

D-Link left all the webserver parts in the firmware, including all the NIPCA CGI tools. The only change they made was disabling the startup script.

The webserver can be enabled and started manually from the shell by running:

tdb set HTTPServer Enable_byte=1
/etc/rc.d/init.d/extra_lighttpd.sh start

This is precisely what our Bluetooth tool does when it is called with the --lighttpd option.

The HTTPServer Enable_byte is persistent, so setting is only necessary once. Unless you do a factory reset.

What's the problem with the RTSP server in the unmodified firmware?

The original D-Link firmware is already running rtspd, but it is only listening on the loopback address 127.0.0.1. It is probably intended as a backend server for the mydlink services.

We can make rtspd listen on all addresses by clearing the RTPServer RejectExtIP setting. Both rtspd and the firewall need a restart for this to have an effect. Enabling RTPServer Authenticate is probably a good idea when doing this, to prevent the camera from streaming to anyone who can connect.

tdb set RTPServer RejectExtIP_byte=0
tdb set RTPServer Authenticate_byte=1
/etc/rc.d/init.d/firewall.sh reload
/etc/rc.d/init.d/rtspd.sh restart

These settings are persistent as usual, so they only need to be modified after factory resets. Changing the settings and then rebooting the camera will therefore enable remote RTSP access, since both services are running by default in the D-Link firmware.

The "userdata" file system

The userdata you backed up as mtd2 contains a xz compressed squasfs file system, with most of the mydlink cloud tools. The file system can be unpacked on a Linux system using unsquashfs:

$ unsquashfs mtd2
Parallel unsquashfs: Using 4 processors
15 inodes (22 blocks) to write

[=============================================================================================================================================================================================================|] 22/22 100%

created 12 files
created 1 directories
created 3 symlinks
created 0 devices
created 0 fifos
$ ls -la squashfs-root/
total 1156
drwxr-xr-x  2 bjorn bjorn    340 Feb 14 10:58 .
drwxrwxrwt 41 root  root    2280 May 13 15:13 ..
-rwxr-xr-x  1 bjorn bjorn  13184 Feb 14 10:58 ca-refresh
-rwxr-xr-x  1 bjorn bjorn 273692 Feb 14 10:58 cda
lrwxrwxrwx  1 bjorn bjorn      9 May 13 15:13 cert -> /tmp/cert
-rwxr-xr-x  1 bjorn bjorn   5991 Feb 14 10:58 client-ca.crt.pem
lrwxrwxrwx  1 bjorn bjorn      7 May 13 15:13 config -> /tmp/db
-rwxr-xr-x  1 bjorn bjorn 436428 Feb 14 10:58 da_adaptor
-rwxr-xr-x  1 bjorn bjorn      4 Feb 14 10:58 dcp_version
-rwxr-xr-x  1 bjorn bjorn    814 Feb 14 10:58 device.cfg
lrwxrwxrwx  1 bjorn bjorn     17 May 13 15:13 lib -> /var/libevent/lib
-rwxr-xr-x  1 bjorn bjorn      5 Feb 14 10:58 m2m
-rwxr-xr-x  1 bjorn bjorn   6220 Feb 14 10:58 mydlink_watchdog.sh
-rwxr-xr-x  1 bjorn bjorn   1034 Feb 14 10:58 opt.local
-rwxr-xr-x  1 bjorn bjorn 171828 Feb 14 10:58 sa
-rwxr-xr-x  1 bjorn bjorn 242028 Feb 14 10:58 strmsvr
-rwxr-xr-x  1 bjorn bjorn     10 Feb 14 10:58 version

The primary entry point here is the opt.local init-script. This is also the only required file. The version file is read by the Bluetooth API, and reported as the mydlink version, which makes it useful for verifying a modified camera. Our alternate userdata file system contains only these two files. But one could imagine including a number of other useful tools, like tcpdump, a ssh server etc.

It is also possible to keep all the D-Link files, if that's wanted. The original opt.local script can be modified to leave mydlink support running while still starting other features. We could even add our own non-volatile setting to choose one or the other, or both, and making it a configuration thing. Fantasy is the only limiting factor.

Repacking the files into a camera compatible squashfs file system:

mksquashfs squashfs-root mtd2.new -all-root -comp xz

Note that xz compression is required. No other compression is supported AFAIK.

There are simpler ways to write the new file system to the camera than creating a firmware update package, if you just want to test it. One example:

tftp -r mtd2.new -l /tmp/mtd2.new -g 192.168.2.1
cat /tmp/mtd2.new >/dev/mtdblock2

But DON'T do that unless you both have a backup and know what you are doing...

You should reboot the camera after doing this, unless you make sure you stop any process running from the previous /opt system and remount it properly.

Using NIPCA to manage the camera

The local web server provides a direct camera management API, but not a web GUI application. All API requests require authentication. We have added a single admin user, using the pincode from the camera label as passord. More users can be adding if necessary, even by using the API itself.

Read the NIPCA reference spec for usage, or look at the script names under /var/www in the rootfs and simply try them out. Most API endpoints return a list of current settings. Some of the settings can be set by GET requests by providing the new values as URL parameters.

A few NIPCA references of different age:

Google for more. Be aware that a most of these settings depend on the hardware. There is obviously no point in trying to manage an SD card slot of the DCS-8000LH...

A few of examples, using curl to read and set configuration variables:

$ curl -u admin:123456 http://192.168.2.37/common/info.cgi
model=DCS-8000LH
product=Wireless Internet Camera
brand=D-Link
version=2.02
build=02
hw_version=A
nipca=1.9.7
name=DCS-8000LH
location=
macaddr=B0:C5:54:AA:BB:CC
ipaddr=192.168.2.37
netmask=255.255.255.0
gateway=192.168.2.1
wireless=yes
inputs=0
outputs=0
speaker=no
videoout=no
pir=no
icr=yes
ir=yes
mic=yes
led=no
td=no
playing_music=no
whitelightled=no

$ curl -u admin:123456 'http://192.168.2.37/config/datetime.cgi' 
method=1
timeserver=ntp1.dlink.com
timezone=1
utcdate=2019-05-09
utctime=13:25:14
date=2019-05-09
time=15:25:14
dstenable=yes
dstauto=yes
offset=01:00
starttime=3.2.0/02:00:00
stoptime=11.1.0/02:00:00

$ curl -u admin:123456 http://192.168.2.37/config/led.cgi?led=off
led=off

Most camera settings can be controlled using this API and e.g curl for the command line. There are also packages implementing API clients, like for example this nodejs one: https://www.npmjs.com/package/nipca

Bluetooth LE GATT API

The Bluetooth service is in a "locked" mode by default. This is controlled by the "Ble Mode" persistent setting stored in the db partition. If true ("1"), then most of the Bluetooth commands are rejected. But changing the setting manually will not help much, since the system automatically enter lock mode 180 seconds after the last Bluetooth client disconnected.

The challenge -> response unlock method described below is much more useful.

Converting the PIN Code to a Bluetooth unlock key

Most Bluetooth commands are rejected when locked. Access to the full Bluetooth API can be unlocked by using the PIN Code printed on the camera label. This code is not sent directly over the air though. Instead it is combined with a random challenge.

Both the random challenge and the matching key are generated by the application sbin/gen_bt_config on the camera side. The key is calculated by taking the first 16 bytes of the base64 encoded md5 digest of

Note that this application depends on bluetooth libraries, which are not in /lib. So we have to set LD_LIBRARY_PATH to run it manually:

# LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/var/bluetooth/lib sbin/gen_bt_config update_key_only
In main:182: modelStr = 'DCS-8000LH'
In main:183: mac = 'b0:c5:54:ab:cd:ef'
In update_ble_key:87: key data = 'DCS-8000LH-CDEF012345b2gaescrbldchnik'

I've slightly obfuscated my data here - the pincode in the above case is 012345, and the dynamically generated challenge is b2gaescrbldchnik. The generated challenge and key are stored in /tmp/db/db.xml and can be read directly from there:

# grep Key /tmp/db/db.xml |tail -2
<ChallengeKey type="3" content="b2gaescrbldchnik" />
<Key type="5" content="jrtY6nONQ5rV+2Ph" />

Or you can read them using the same tools the Bluetooth system uses:

# tdb get Ble ChallengeKey_ss
b2gaescrbldchnik
# mdb get ble_key
jrtY6nONQ5rV+2Ph

Yes, the D-Link code does actually use tdb for the first one and mdb for the second. I have absolutely no idea why,... It is possible to read the key using tdb too:

# tdb get Ble Key_ss
jrtY6nONQ5rV+2Ph

Generating the same key by hand on a Linux system is simple:

$ echo -n 'DCS-8000LH-CDEF012345b2gaescrbldchnik' | md5sum | xxd -r -p | base64 | cut -c-16
jrtY6nONQ5rV+2Ph

Characteristic UUIDs

D-Link is using the GATT BlueZ example plugin, patching it to add their camera specific endpoints. This means that we can find all the API "documentation" in the DCS-8000LH-GPL/package/bluez_utils/feature-patch/5.28/customized-mydlink.patch file in the GPL archive.

This defines a number of 16bit UUIDs with mostly nonsense names:

+#define IPCAM_UUID     0xD001
+#define A000_UUID      0xA000
+#define A001_UUID      0xA001
+#define A100_UUID      0xA100
+#define A101_UUID      0xA101
+#define A102_UUID      0xA102
+#define A103_UUID      0xA103
+#define A104_UUID      0xA104
+#define A200_UUID      0xA200
+#define A201_UUID      0xA201
+#define A300_UUID      0xA300
+#define A301_UUID      0xA301
+#define A302_UUID      0xA302
+#define A303_UUID      0xA303
+#define A304_UUID      0xA304

IPCAM_UUID is registered as the GATT_PRIM_SVC_UUID, which means that it shows up as a primary GATT service we can look for when looking for a supported camera.

The rest of the UUIDs are characteristics of this primary service. The API is based on reading or writing these characteristics.

Data formatting

Both input and output parameters are sent as ascii strings using key=value pairs joined by ;, with an exception for the nested KV pairs in the WiFi survey results. All keys are single upper case characters. Key names are somewhat reused, so the exact meaning depend on the characteristic.

Values are either integers, including boolean 0/1, or some set of ascii text.

Three real examples, read from 0xA001, 0xA200 and 0xA104:

M=1;C=b2gaescrbldchnik
N=DCS-8000LH;P=1;T=1557349762;Z=CET-1CEST,M3.5.0,M10.5.0/3;F=2.01.03;H=A1;M=B0C554ABCDEF;V=3.0.0-b71
I=192.168.2.37;N=255.255.255.0;G=192.168.2.1;D=148.122.16.253

Listing characteristics

The gattool Linux command line tool is useful for exploring Bluetooth LE devices. You can look for primary services and list associated characteristics of a service:

[B0:C5:54:AA:BB:CC][LE]> primary 
attr handle: 0x0001, end grp handle: 0x0008 uuid: 00001800-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
attr handle: 0x0010, end grp handle: 0x0010 uuid: 00001801-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
attr handle: 0x0011, end grp handle: 0x002e uuid: 0000d001-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
[B0:C5:54:AA:BB:CC][LE]> characteristics 0x0011
handle: 0x0012, char properties: 0x12, char value handle: 0x0013, uuid: 0000a000-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
handle: 0x0015, char properties: 0x0a, char value handle: 0x0016, uuid: 0000a001-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
handle: 0x0017, char properties: 0x02, char value handle: 0x0018, uuid: 0000a100-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
handle: 0x0019, char properties: 0x0a, char value handle: 0x001a, uuid: 0000a101-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
handle: 0x001b, char properties: 0x08, char value handle: 0x001c, uuid: 0000a102-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
handle: 0x001d, char properties: 0x02, char value handle: 0x001e, uuid: 0000a103-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
handle: 0x001f, char properties: 0x02, char value handle: 0x0020, uuid: 0000a104-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
handle: 0x0021, char properties: 0x0a, char value handle: 0x0022, uuid: 0000a200-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
handle: 0x0023, char properties: 0x08, char value handle: 0x0024, uuid: 0000a201-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
handle: 0x0025, char properties: 0x0a, char value handle: 0x0026, uuid: 0000a300-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
handle: 0x0027, char properties: 0x02, char value handle: 0x0028, uuid: 0000a301-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
handle: 0x0029, char properties: 0x08, char value handle: 0x002a, uuid: 0000a302-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
handle: 0x002b, char properties: 0x08, char value handle: 0x002c, uuid: 0000a303-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
handle: 0x002d, char properties: 0x02, char value handle: 0x002e, uuid: 0000a304-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb

It is also possible to read and write characteristics using this tool, but this can be a bit cumbersome unless you are fluent in ASCII coding ;-)

The IPCam characteristics

Guessed meanings of each characteristic, based on the source code and some trial and error. Not necessarily how D-Link would describe them:

UUID op description format keys
A000 read last status C=%d;A=%d;R=%d C: uuid, A: mode, R: state
A000 notify last status C=%d;A=%d;R=%d C: uuid, A: mode, R: state
A001 read challenge M=%d;C=%s M: opmode, C: challenge
A001 write auth M=%d;K=%s M: opmode, K: key
A100 read wifi survey N=%d;P=%d;...
A101 read wifi config M=%s;I=%s;S=%s;E=%s M: opmode, I: essid, S: 4 , E: 2
A101 write wifi config M=%s;I=%s;S=%s;E=%s;K=%s M: opmode, I: essid, S: 4 , E: 2, K: password
A102 write wifi connect C=%d C: connect (0/1)
A103 read wifi status S=%d S: wifi link status (0,1,?)
A104 read ip config I=%s;N=%s;G=%s;D=%s I: address, N: netmask, G: gateway, D: DNS-server
A200 read system info N=%s;P=%d;T=%d;Z=%s;F=%s;H=%s;M=%s;V=%s N: devicename, P: haspin (0/1), T: time (unix epoch), Z: timezone, F: fwver, H: hwver, M: macaddr, V:mydlinkver
A200 write name and time N=%s;T=%d;Z=%s N: devicename, T: time (unix epoch), Z: timezone
A201 write admin password P=%s;N=%s P: current password, N: new password
A300 read reg state G=%d G: registration state (0/1)
A300 write reg state G=%d G: registration state (0/1)
A301 read provisioning N=%s;T=%s;U=%s N: username, T: footprint, U: portal
A302 write restart mydlink C=%d C: restart (0/1)
A303 write register S=%s;M=%s S: , M: (written to /tmp/mydlink/reg_info, and then kill -USR1 pidof da_adaptor)
A304 read register S=%d;E=%d S: , E: (cat /tmp/mydlink/reg_st)

The UUIDs from 0xA300 to 0xA304 are all related to the mydlink cloud service, and therefore not of much use to us. I haven't bothered trying to figure out exactly how they are used.

We could in theory use the 0xA303 request which simply calls /opt/opt.local restart. But with the gaping 0xA201 hole, allowing any command, there isn't much need for this one...

A few more details on the more complex characteristics:

A000

The only characteristic sent as notifications. But it can also be read directly for syncronous operations.

The value is the state to the last Bluetooth action:

"C=%d;A=%d;R=%d", last_action_status.uuid, last_action_status.mode, last_action_status.state
A100

The wifi survey scan results are split in 128 byte "pages", where each page starts with the total number of pages and the current page number. The characteristic value must be read as many times as the given total.

For example, reading 3 pages:

[B0:C5:54:AA:BB:CC][LE]> char-read-hnd 0x0018
Characteristic value/descriptor: 4e 3d 33 3b 50 3d 31 3b 4c 3d 49 3d 41 6e 74 69 62 6f 6b 73 2c 4d 3d 30 2c 43 3d 36 2c 53 3d 34 2c 45 3d 32 2c 50 3d 36 32 26 4c 3d 49 3d 41 53 56 31 37 2c 4d 3d 30 2c 43 3d 31 31 2c 53 3d 34 2c 45 3d 32 2c 50 3d 34 36 26 4c 3d 49 3d 41 53 56 31 37 2d 64 6c 69 6e 6b 2c 4d 3d 30 2c 43 3d 36 2c 53 3d 34 2c 45 3d 32 2c 50 3d 36 38 26 4c 3d 49 3d 66 6a 6f 72 64 65 31 32 33 2c 4d 3d 30 
[B0:C5:54:AA:BB:CC][LE]> char-read-hnd 0x0018
Characteristic value/descriptor: 4e 3d 33 3b 50 3d 32 3b 2c 43 3d 31 2c 53 3d 34 2c 45 3d 32 2c 50 3d 35 38 26 4c 3d 49 3d 4a 4f 4a 2c 4d 3d 30 2c 43 3d 31 31 2c 53 3d 34 2c 45 3d 32 2c 50 3d 34 37 26 4c 3d 49 3d 4b 6a 65 6c 6c 65 72 62 6f 64 2c 4d 3d 30 2c 43 3d 36 2c 53 3d 34 2c 45 3d 32 2c 50 3d 36 32 26 4c 3d 49 3d 6d 67 6d 74 2c 4d 3d 30 2c 43 3d 31 2c 53 3d 34 2c 45 3d 32 2c 50 3d 37 34 26 4c 3d 49 3d 52 69 
[B0:C5:54:AA:BB:CC][LE]> char-read-hnd 0x0018
Characteristic value/descriptor: 4e 3d 33 3b 50 3d 33 3b 6e 64 65 64 61 6c 2c 4d 3d 30 2c 43 3d 31 31 2c 53 3d 34 2c 45 3d 32 2c 50 3d 36 32

These strings are decoded as:

N=3;P=1;L=I=Antiboks,M=0,C=6,S=4,E=2,P=62&L=I=ASV17,M=0,C=11,S=4,E=2,P=46&L=I=ASV17-dlink,M=0,C=6,S=4,E=2,P=68&L=I=fjorde123,M=0
N=3;P=2;,C=1,S=4,E=2,P=58&L=I=JOJ,M=0,C=11,S=4,E=2,P=47&L=I=Kjellerbod,M=0,C=6,S=4,E=2,P=62&L=I=mgmt,M=0,C=1,S=4,E=2,P=74&L=I=Ri
N=3;P=3;ndedal,M=0,C=11,S=4,E=2,P=62

Which, when joined after removing the N/P paging info, becomes::

L=I=Antiboks,M=0,C=6,S=4,E=2,P=62&L=I=ASV17,M=0,C=11,S=4,E=2,P=46&L=I=ASV17-dlink,M=0,C=6,S=4,E=2,P=68&L=I=fjorde123,M=0,C=1,S=4,E=2,P=58&L=I=JOJ,M=0,C=11,S=4,E=2,P=47&L=I=Kjellerbod,M=0,C=6,S=4,E=2,P=62&L=I=mgmt,M=0,C=1,S=4,E=2,P=74&L=I=Rindedal,M=0,C=11,S=4,E=2,P=62

And after splitting this on & we get the final result:

L=I=Antiboks,M=0,C=6,S=4,E=2,P=62
L=I=ASV17,M=0,C=11,S=4,E=2,P=46
L=I=ASV17-dlink,M=0,C=6,S=4,E=2,P=68
L=I=fjorde123,M=0,C=1,S=4,E=2,P=58
L=I=JOJ,M=0,C=11,S=4,E=2,P=47
L=I=Kjellerbod,M=0,C=6,S=4,E=2,P=62
L=I=mgmt,M=0,C=1,S=4,E=2,P=74
L=I=Rindedal,M=0,C=11,S=4,E=2,P=62

So each L entry is made up of the same set of keys:

Still need to figure out the mapping of the M,S,E keys to wpa_supplicant config settings. I assume they represent enums. But we can simply treat them as opaque values since we only use the survey data to help setup WiFi anyway. We copy these to the setup request, and do not need to know what they mean.

FWIW, my example setting M=0;I=Kjellerbod;S=4;E=2 is mapped to this wpa_supplicant configuration:

# cat /tmp/wpa_supplicant.conf 
ctrl_interface=/var/run/wpa_supplicant
device_type=4-0050F204-3
model_name=DCS-8000LH
manufacturer=D-Link
os_version=01020300
config_methods=push_button virtual_push_button
eapol_version=1
network={
        scan_ssid=1
        ssid="Kjellerbod"
        key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
        auth_alg=OPEN
        proto=RSN
        psk="redeacted"
}
A201

This write request allows setting an admin password, used for example by the webserver. It takes the old and new passwords as unencoded input, verifies that the old password matches, and then change the admin password to the provided new one.

The initial password is empty, which prevents webserver authentication. Simply provide an empty string for the old password in the first request: P=;N=newpassword

But this request is much more useful in other ways.... The new passord (N_str) is processed like this (after slight compression of the interesting code lines):

    snprintf(cmd, sizeof(cmd), "mdb set admin_passwd %s", N_str);
    snprintf(cmdbuf, sizeof(cmdbuf), "%s > %s 2>&1", cmd, p_name);
    fp = popen(cmdbuf, "r");

You don't have to be a security expert to see the problem here. But one mans bug is another mans feature :-)

A303

The two strings S and M are url decoded and checked for special characters. Then the orginal url encoded strings are written to /tmp/mydlink/reg_info and SIGUSR1 is sent to the da_adaptor process. Presumably triggering it to reread the reg_info file.

It is pretty safe to assume that this provides some registration info to the mydlink system, allowing it to connect to the cloud service.

The set of allowed characters is rather interesting:

 "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789 !\"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\\]^_`{|}~"

Which initially made me think that this was an obvious security hole, since I missed the point that it's the url encoded strings that are used on the command line.

But given the quality of the rest of the code here, I would be very surprised if there isn't an issue or ten in the da_adaptor code allowing this to be abused. It's just a bit harder to figure out without the source code.

Firmware updates

There are at least two shell scripts providing a firmware update service in the D-Link firmware:

They are both pretty similar and obviously come from the same source. The main difference is that firmwareupgrade.cgi provides the NIPCA firmwareupgrade service, while fwupdate is a command line tool.

The web service is most interesting for us, providing both the upload and upgrade in one simple tool. The fwupdate tool is used by the mydlink cloud tool da_adaptor , via an fw_upgrade symlink.

Signed and encrypted

Looking at the contents of a firmware update from D-Link can be demotivating at the beginning:

$ tar xvf DCS-8000LH_Ax_v2.02.02_3014.bin 
update.bin.aes
update.aes
aes.key.rsa
certificate.info
sign.sha1.rsa

$ file *
aes.key.rsa:      data
certificate.info: ASCII text
sign.sha1.rsa:    data
update.aes:       data
update.bin.aes:   data

$ ls -l
total 10956
-rw-r--r-- 1 bjorn bjorn      128 Feb 14 10:58 aes.key.rsa
-rw-r--r-- 1 bjorn bjorn      130 Feb 14 10:58 certificate.info
-rw-r--r-- 1 bjorn bjorn      128 Feb 14 10:58 sign.sha1.rsa
-rw-r--r-- 1 bjorn bjorn 10268368 Feb 14 10:58 update.aes
-rw-r--r-- 1 bjorn bjorn   936464 Feb 14 10:58 update.bin.aes

So all the interesting stuff is AES encrypted, and the AES key is RSA encrypted. The only directly readable file is this one, and it doesn't tell us much:

$ cat certificate.info 
Publisher:DMdssdFW1
Supported Models:DCS-8000LH,DCS-8000LH
Firmware Version:1.0.0
Target:update.bin
Build No:3014
Contents:update

Not much we can do about this then. Or so it seems... Until we look at firmwareupgrade.cgi, or fwupdate which has almost the same code:

verifyFirmware() {
    result=uploadSign
    #tar tf "$UPLOADBIN" > /dev/null 2> /dev/null || return 1
    fw_sign_verify.sh "$UPLOADBIN" /etc/db/verify.key > /dev/null 2> /dev/null || return 1
    return 0
}

decryptFirmware() {
    result=uploadDecrypt
    pibinfo PriKey > $dir/decrypt.key 2> /dev/null
    fw_decrypt.sh $dir/decrypt.key $out > /dev/null 2> /dev/null || return 1
    return 0
}

Can it be that simple? Yes, it is.

Looking further at the fw_sign_verify.sh and fw_decrypt.sh, used by both update tools, confirms it. The firmware is verified by using the RSA public key in /etc/db/verify.key to decrypt the hash in sign.sha1.rsa. Then it is decrypted using a key from the factory data pib partition.

Further unpacking the firmware update

So we have the keys and the hashing algorithms we need to both verify and decrypt this firmware. We can run the commands found in fw_decrypt.sh to get the real contents (slightly adapted to modern openssl versions):

$ openssl rsautl -decrypt -in aes.key.rsa -inkey decrypt.key -out aes.key

$ openssl aes-128-cbc -v -md md5 -kfile aes.key -nosalt -d -in update.bin.aes -out update.bin
bufsize=8192
*** WARNING : deprecated key derivation used.
Using -iter or -pbkdf2 would be better.
bytes read   :   936464
bytes written:   936454

$ openssl aes-128-cbc -v -md md5 -kfile aes.key -nosalt -d -in update.aes -out update
bufsize=8192
*** WARNING : deprecated key derivation used.
Using -iter or -pbkdf2 would be better.
bytes read   : 10268368
bytes written: 10268355

$ file update.bin update
update.bin: POSIX shell script, ASCII text executable
update:     data

OK, the update file is still in an unknown format, but at least we have the tool used to write it to the system. And it is a shell script, so we have the source to look at too! But 936454 bytes is a hell of a shell script, and this is of course because most of it is an uuencoded binary. So we don't know exactly what that does. But it is named ddPack so a fair guess is that it is a tool for dd'ing multiple file systems or other images packed as a single file. That's really enough info.

binwalk shows that the update file is just two squashfs systems and a kernel, with a 1024 header of some sort. The header presumably tells ddPack how it should apply these three images:

$ binwalk update

DECIMAL       HEXADECIMAL     DESCRIPTION
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1024          0x400           Squashfs filesystem, little endian, version 4.0, compression:xz, size: 338755 bytes, 16 inodes, blocksize: 131072 bytes, created: 2019-02-14 09:58:28
340992        0x53400         uImage header, header size: 64 bytes, header CRC: 0x675F081D, created: 2019-02-14 09:31:53, image size: 1661571 bytes, Data Address: 0x804D4960, Entry Point: 0x804D4960, data CRC: 0x73083021, OS: Linux, CPU: MIPS, image type: OS Kernel Image, compression type: none, image name: "linux_3.10"
2002627       0x1E8EC3        Squashfs filesystem, little endian, version 4.0, compression:xz, size: 8265620 bytes, 2145 inodes, blocksize: 131072 bytes, created: 2019-02-14 09:58:45

But we can easily guess that without knowing anything about the header. There is only one alternative:

So there is no need to analyze ddPack. We have the necessary entry points for fwupdate or firmwareupgrade.cgi in the update.bin script, and that's what we needed to know for the next step:

Creating our own firmware updates

We do have shell access, so we can simply write the file systems we want to flash as shown earlier. We don't need to use the D-Link scripts. But where's the fun in that?

There is one challenge here: The D-Link tools are expecting signed and encrypted firmware updates. They will run their verifyFirmware() and decryptFirmware() functions, and fail the update if any of the returns an error.

But bailing out on verification errors is only the default setting, as illustrated by this code from fwupdate (there is code with similar functionality in firmwareupgrade.cgi):

        TrustLevel=`tdb get SecureFW _TrustLevel_byte`
        verifyFirmware
        ret=$?
        case $ret in
                2)
                        sign="not_signed"
                ;;
                0)
                        sign="trust"
                ;;
                *)
                        sign="untrust"
                ;;
        esac    
        if [ "$do_up" = "1" -a "$ret" != "0" -a "$TrustLevel" = "1" ]; then
                echo "3"
                return 1
        fi

So we don't need to sign the firmware if we change the SecureFW _TrustLevel setting. Or we can even sign it with a key unknown to the camera if we like. Which can be useful if we ever replace the [rootfs]](#Partitions), since it will allow us to install our own verification key and use it with D-Links tools.

But what about the encryption? This cannot be disabled. This gets even better: The decrypting key so graciously provided to us in the pib partition is an RSA private key. So not only can we decrypt the firmware with it, but we can also encrypt! Nice.

The Makefile in this repo has examples of how to use this to create firmware update images which are accepted by the fwupdate and firmwareupgrade.cgi tools. It uses an alternatative update.bin made to modify only the userdata partition. This way we can install our own code in the camera, but still leave the D-Link camera OS unmodified.

Bulding the example firmware update in this repo

Rebuilding the example is as easy as typing make. The Makefile is a noisy one, so you can see all that's going on:

$ make
echo "WARNING: keys/DCS-8000LH-sign.pem is missing - using a new abitrary key instead"
WARNING: keys/DCS-8000LH-sign.pem is missing - using a new abitrary key instead
[ -f random-signkey.pem ] || openssl genrsa -out random-signkey.pem
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus (2 primes)
...............................................................................................................................+++++
........................................................................................................................................................+++++
e is 65537 (0x010001)
openssl rsa -pubout -in random-signkey.pem -out verify.key
writing RSA key
echo "Publisher:DMdssdFW1" >certificate.info
echo "Supported Models:DCS-8000LH,DCS-8000LH" >>certificate.info
echo "Firmware Version:1.0.0" >>certificate.info
echo "Target:update.bin" >>certificate.info
echo "Build No:9999" >>certificate.info
echo "Contents:update" >>certificate.info
openssl rand 16 > aes.key
openssl rsautl -encrypt -in aes.key -inkey keys/DCS-8000LH-PriKey.pem -out aes.key.rsa
sed -ne 's/"//g' -e 's/^VERSION *= *//p' dcs8000lh-configure.py >version
mksquashfs version opt.local opt.squashfs -all-root -comp xz
Parallel mksquashfs: Using 4 processors
Creating 4.0 filesystem on opt.squashfs, block size 131072.
[===============================================================================================================================================================================================================|] 2/2 100%

Exportable Squashfs 4.0 filesystem, xz compressed, data block size 131072
        compressed data, compressed metadata, compressed fragments, compressed xattrs
        duplicates are removed
Filesystem size 1.08 Kbytes (0.00 Mbytes)
        60.69% of uncompressed filesystem size (1.79 Kbytes)
Inode table size 98 bytes (0.10 Kbytes)
        100.00% of uncompressed inode table size (98 bytes)
Directory table size 46 bytes (0.04 Kbytes)
        100.00% of uncompressed directory table size (46 bytes)
Number of duplicate files found 0
Number of inodes 3
Number of files 2
Number of fragments 1
Number of symbolic links  0
Number of device nodes 0
Number of fifo nodes 0
Number of socket nodes 0
Number of directories 1
Number of ids (unique uids + gids) 1
Number of uids 1
        root (0)
Number of gids 1
        root (0)
openssl aes-128-cbc -md md5 -kfile aes.key -nosalt -e -out update.aes -in opt.squashfs
*** WARNING : deprecated key derivation used.
Using -iter or -pbkdf2 would be better.
*** WARNING : deprecated key derivation used.
Using -iter or -pbkdf2 would be better.
sed  -e "s/@@MODEL@@/\"DCS-8000LH\"/" -e "s/@@MD5SUM@@/\"f1a1d3952c1630e5adb53e7f93b59d5e\"/" -e "s/@@VERSION@@/\"1.0.0-9999\"/" update.sh >update.bin
openssl aes-128-cbc -md md5 -kfile aes.key -nosalt -e -out update.bin.aes -in update.bin
*** WARNING : deprecated key derivation used.
Using -iter or -pbkdf2 would be better.
openssl dgst -sha1 update.aes | cut -d' ' -f2 > update.sha1
cat update.bin.aes aes.key.rsa certificate.info update.sha1 | openssl dgst -sha1 | cut -d' ' -f2 > sign.sha1
openssl rsautl -sign -inkey random-signkey.pem -out sign.sha1.rsa -in sign.sha1
tar cvf fw.tar certificate.info aes.key.rsa sign.sha1.rsa update.aes update.bin.aes verify.key
certificate.info
aes.key.rsa
sign.sha1.rsa
update.aes
update.bin.aes
verify.key

This will produce a new fw.tar firmware update image.

Contact

Please contact me on bjorn@mork.no if you have questions, comments or just want to say hi.

But please note that I won't be able to provide any support for this. I am making this information available for educational purposes. If you find it useful, then great! If you brick a camera, then I am truly sorry about that. But there isn't much I can do about it....