HW #4: "An even gentler introduction to XML" Response

[cmccraw]

Read "What is XML and why should humanists care? An even gentler introduction to XML" from "Introduction" through the end of the "Attributes" section. You do not need to worry about retaining all of this information! Skim the text, and focus on the points that allow you to answer the questions below. Post your answers as a comment on this Issue.

1. Why do many digital humanities projects choose to use XML?

2. What is markup/encoding?

3. What is the difference between an element and an attribute? (Provide examples, if that is helpful!)

4. Now... let's try it 🤠! Look at the example of an XML shopping list:

<shopping_list>
        <item>bread</item>
        <item>milk</item>
</shopping_list>

Imitating this structure, use XML tags to create a menu listing your ideal breakfast.

(Hint: Pay attention to the indentations!) (Another Hint: For code to show up in GitHub markdown (and therefore in your comment!), wrap the content with ``` on either side. See below for an example:)

We will cover this more in-depth during class on Thursday, so don't worry about making mistakes! Just give it your best shot!

[svanderveer]

1.) Many digital humanities projects use XML because the markup they use is descriptive, and they begin with a document analysis. Most digital humanities projects rely on XML because they utilize various strategies for coping with the overlapping hierarchy problem. 2.) Markup is the process of inserting information into a document that will take the structure that is easily recognizable to humans and make it accessible to a computer. 3.) An element consists of a start tag, an end tag, and content, which is whatever occurs between the tags. Attributes are additional markup that provide supplementary information about an element.

[meehanjm]

XML is designed to represent formal hierarchies, most human documents are structured in some sort of formal hierarchy, therefore, human documents can be easily represented as XML. Computers like to work with formal hierarchies, which makes it easy to manipulate and manage lots of data. 2.) Encoding is the process of adding data to a document that a computer would not be able to differentiate on it's own. 3.)An element is a container defined by a start tag, end tag and content. An attribute describes or provides additional information about an element. 4.)

scrambledEggs oatmeal blueBerries

[cmccraw]

@meehanjm your post reminded me to remind you all that for code excerpts to show up in GitHub markdown, you can put ``` on either side. (I updated the assignment post above with more details!).

I can still see your bracketed code if I click "Edit" for your post (so no worries about re-doing it if you don't have time!). But just FYI!

[coconnell22]

1.) Digital humanities projects choose to use XML because it easily represents an ordered hierarchy (trees), just as human documents are ordered similarly. Another reason why XML is used is because computers can operate more efficiently with these hierarchies than they can with non-hierarchical texts...this allows for the manipulation and management of large amounts of data. 2.) Markup/encoding is a way to make this ordered hierarchy accessible to a computer...it is the process of inserting information into a document (or tagging). 3.) An element involves a start tag, content (information within the tags), and an end tag. An attribute provides addition information about an element

<breakfast_menu>
         <item>waffles</item>
         <item>coffee</item>
         <item>toast</item>
</breakfast_menu>

[msimmons5]

1) Digital Humanities use XML because it is easily ordered into a hierarchy, and computers run more quickly and efficiently with these trees (hierarchies) which means we can use them to manage large amounts of data

2) Markup/encoding gives the computer the structure it needs to present as a webpage. It identifies the beginning and the end and makes it recognizable to a computer.

3) An element is just the item or elements that you are tagging, but an attribute though has additional information about that item.

<breakfast_list>
    <item>rasberries</item>
    <item>over easy egg</item>
    <item>toast</item>
<breakfast_list>

[natashaaranda]

1) Many digital humanities projects work with XML because XML is designed to deal with hierarchies ordered in a way that is much like the way human produced documents are organized, so XML is a way to easily represent that. Also, the way that computers handle things that have been organized the way XML organized things is more efficient than other models. 2) Markup is putting information into a document in a way that both humans and computers can recognize easily. 3) An element has a start tag, content, and then end tag while an attribute is a markup that can be added to an element to provide more information about an element.

<breakfast_menu>
        <item>cheese omelette</item>
        <item>yogurt with granola</item>
        <item>coffee</item>
</breakfast_menu>

[MylinhLam213]

1. XML is used based on a hierarchy, within the hierarchy there are documents that humans have produced are organized and categorize, which then makes it easier to be represented as an XML document. Computers also operate well on trees (another term for ordered hierarchy) which allows the individuals behind the project to manipulate, mark, and adjust large amounts of data efficiently.

2. Markup/encoding is the process of uploading the information from the ordered hierarchy, which then makes it easier for humans to recognize to and for computers to have access of it.

3. Element has information about the tag, it's content and an end tag while the attribute just has additional information about the element.

<spaghetti_recipe>
        <item>spaghetti</item>
        <item>ragu</item>
        <item>onions</item>
        <item>groundbeef</item>
</spaghetti_recipe>

[ghost]

1. Humanities scholars represent their documents in XML because XML is a formal model designed to represent an ordered hierarchy and they can be formalized and represented easily on computers as XML documents.
2. Markup/encoding is the process of adding information to a computer in a way that the computer can recognize, and make into a webpage.
3. An element is the item you tag, it has a start tag and an end tag. An attribute is markup that is added to an element which provides supplementary info about an element.

<breakfast_list>
        <item>bread</item>
        <item>yogurt</item>
        <item>scrambledeggs</item>
        <item>orangejuice</item>
</breakfast_list>

[doverebmann]

1. XML uses a hierarchy system (tree) that consists of roots and other subcomponents of roots. Because of this hierarchical system, it allows human documents to easily be transitioned into XML
2. Markup/encoding is the process of inserting information into your computer document in a language that the computer can recognize and interpret
3. Element - consists of a start tag, an end tag, and content, which is whatever occurs between the tags (eg. shopping list or items). An attribute is an additional markup that provides supplementary information about an element (eg. French or German)

`

bread eggs chocolatemilk

`

I couldn't figure it out

[m-nesbitt]

1. Humanities scholars use XML because it organizes ideas into a hierarchy. Just as print books have chapters, and paragraphs. Additionally, when data is organized into this structure, computers can operate more efficiently.
2. Markup and encoding is when one inputs information or data into a computer, using the language that the computer speaks.
3. An element is used to organize the hierarchy of XML. The parts of an element include: start tag, end tag, and content. Attributes give additional information about an element, and are written inside the start tag of an element, and are made up of an attribute name and an attribute value.

`

granola coffee oatmilk ` ` `

[melezovic]

1. Humanities scholars use XML because it allows them to represent hierarchical information/data in a way that can be easily read by users and operate efficiently.

2. Markup is used to focus on descriptive aspects of the text while putting information into the computer to read.

3. An attribute provides additional information about items in the element tag. An element can contain items such as things you need to buy at a grocery store.

' ' '

bread coffee

[mollykaull]

1. Many digital humanities projects choose to use XML because of its use of the hierarchy system. Hierarchies are how documents are logically organized, and computers can work with hierarchies quickly, allowing for large amounts of data (such as the amounts found in digital humanities projects) to be computed quickly.

2. Markup is is the process of inserting information into a document that will take the structure that humans recognize easily and make it accessible to a computer. In XML, this is called "tagging".

3. An element is content surrounded by a start and end tag. Attributes supplement the element by adding more information for identification.

4. <ideal_breakfast>
       <item>scrambled_eggs</item>
       <item>corned_beef_hash</item>
       <item>orange_juice</item>
   </ideal_breakfast>

[JBrockland]

1. XML is very consistent, organized, and formal, this helps keep big projects in order and helps computers run them efficiently.
2. Markup describes what text is and looks like, and then allows computers to render that text.
3. An attribute is additional information that can be given to elements. For example two elements in my list are waffles and syrup. These are part of two different elements, but we can give both of them the attribute breakfast foods.

   <shopping_list>
   <item>waffles</item>
   <item>orange_juice</items>
   </shopping_list>

[orionelrod]

1. XML is helpful because as a model designed to represent a hierarchy, it can easily be used to represent human documents, which are bound to similar organizational rules. It is also helpful because computers operate more efficiently on hierarchical than non-hierarchical text.
2. Markup is the process of making information recognizable to humans as well as accessible to computers by inserting it into a document so that the hierarchy or hierarchies present within a given text will translate properly.
3. An element consists only of a start tag, content, and end tag. An attribute is additional markup which supplements information about a given element.

4. <breakfast_order>
       <item>earl grey tea</item>
       <item>french toast</item>
       <item>strawberries</item>
   </breakfast_order>

[d-bahe]

1. Digital humanities projects choose to use XML because it allows programmers to efficiently organize texts. XML offers an organizational structure that is similar to how many people are adapted to read, such as the almost universal format of chapter, title, paragraph, etc.
2. Markup is a descriptive process that describes what a textual subcomponent is.
3. An attribute gives additional information that is given to elements, almost acting as titles of subcategories. This is because an element only includes one piece of content, while the attribute offers more information on that element.

nectarine spinach

[Phyhall]

1. XML is a formal model that is designed to represent an ordered hierarchy. When Humanities scholars order their documents in a hierarchy, they allow computers to manage large amounts of data very efficiently.
2. Markup is the process of inserting information into a document that will be translated into a recognizable structure that is easily accessible to a computer.
3. An element is made up of a start tag, end tag and context. Attributes are additional markup that give supplementary information about an element.

4. <shopping_list>
       <item>Omelet</item>
       <item>Pancakes</item>
       <item>Fruit</item>
   </shopping_list>

[lpatriciobellizzi]

Why do many digital humanities projects choose to use XML? They utilize XML to conduct humanities research, to introduce formal schemas and go beyond typical syntax structures. Ordered, hierarchical structures, easily created by computers with the capability to manage large volumes of data efficiently.

What is markup/encoding? Markup is the process of inserting information into our document (this is called tagging in the XML context) that will take the structure that humans recognize easily and make it accessible to a computer."

What is the difference between an element and an attribute? An element contains items, an attribute subsidizes an element with additional information. Look at the example of an XML shopping list:

bread milk