Reassortment between influenza B lineages and the emergence of a co-adapted PB1-PB2-HA gene complex

Gytis Dudas¹, Trevor Bedford², Samantha Lycett^1,3 and Andrew Rambaut^1,4,5

¹Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, ²Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, EA, USA, ³Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, ⁴Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA ⁵Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

Abstract

Influenza B viruses are increasingly being recognized as major contributors to morbidity attributed to seasonal influenza. Currently circulating influenza B isolates are known to belong to two antigenically distinct lineages referred to as B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineages. Frequent reassortment between the segments of these two lineages has been noted in the past, but the observed patterns of reassortment have not been formalized in detail. We investigate inter-lineage reassortments by comparing phylogenetic trees across genomic segments. Our analyses indicate that of the 8 segments of influenza B viruses only PB1, PB2 and HA segments maintained separate Victoria and Yamagata lineages and that currently circulating strains possess PB1, PB2 and HA segments derived entirely from one or the other lineage; other segments have repeatedly reassorted between lineages thereby reducing genetic diversity. We argue that this difference between segments is due to selection against reassortant viruses with mixed lineage PB1, PB2 and HA segments. Given sufficient time and continued recruitment to the reassortment-isolated PB1-PB2-HA gene complex, we expect influenza B viruses to eventually undergo sympatric speciation.