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floe / backscrub

Virtual Video Device for Background Replacement with Deep Semantic Segmentation
Apache License 2.0
730 stars 84 forks source link
body-pix bodypix cpp deep-learning deeplab deeplabv3 mediapipe opencv python tensorflow tflite video

readme

BackScrub

(or The Project Formerly Known As DeepBackSub)

Virtual Video Device for Background Replacement with Deep Semantic Segmentation

Screenshots with my stupid grinning face (Credits for the nice backgrounds to Mary Sabell and PhotoFunia)

Maintainers

License

backscrub is licensed under the Apache License 2.0. See LICENSE file for details.

Building

Install dependencies (sudo apt install libopencv-dev build-essential v4l2loopback-dkms curl).

Clone this repository with git clone --recursive https://github.com/floe/backscrub.git. To speed up the checkout you can additionally pass --depth=1 to git clone. This is okay, if you only want to download and build the code, however, for development it is not recommended.

Use cmake to build the project: create a subfolder (e.g. build), change to that folder and run: cmake .. && make -j $(nproc || echo 4).

Deprecated: Another option to build everything is to run make in the root directory of the repository. While this will download and build all dependencies, it comes with a few drawbacks like missing support for XNNPACK. Also this might break with newer versions of Tensorflow Lite as upstream support for this option has been removed. Use at you own risk.

Usage

First, load the v4l2loopback module (extra settings needed to make Chrome work):

sudo modprobe v4l2loopback devices=1 max_buffers=2 exclusive_caps=1 card_label="VirtualCam" video_nr=10

Then, run backscrub (-d -d for full debug, -c for capture device, -v for virtual device, -b for wallpaper):

./backscrub -d -d -c /dev/video0 -v /dev/video10 -b ~/wallpapers/forest.jpg

Some cameras (like e.g. Logitec Brio) need to switch the video source to MJPG by passing -f MJPG in order for higher resolutions to become available for use.

For regular usage, setup a configuration file /etc/modprobe.d/v4l2loopback.conf:

# V4L loopback driver
options v4l2loopback max_buffers=2
options v4l2loopback exclusive_caps=1
options v4l2loopback video_nr=10
options v4l2loopback card_label="VirtualCam"

To auto-load the driver on startup, create /etc/modules-load.d/v4l2loopback.conf with the following content:

v4l2loopback

Requirements

Tested with the following dependencies:

Tested with the following software:

Background

In these modern times where everyone is sitting at home and skype-ing/zoom-ing/webrtc-ing all the time, I was a bit annoyed about always showing my messy home office to the world. Skype has a "blur background" feature, but that starts to get boring after a while (and it's less private than I would personally like). Zoom has some background substitution thingy built-in, but I'm not touching that software with a bargepole (and that feature is not available on Linux anyway). So I decided to look into how to roll my own implementation without being dependent on any particular video conferencing software to support this.

This whole shebang involves three main steps with varying difficulty:

Finding person in video

Attempt 0: Depth camera (Intel Realsense)

I've been working a lot with depth cameras previously, also for background segmentation (see SurfaceStreams), so I just grabbed a leftover RealSense camera from the lab and gave it a shot. However, the depth data in a cluttered office environment is quite noisy, and no matter how I tweaked the camera settings, it could not produce any depth data for my hair...? I looked like a medieval monk who had the top of his head chopped off, so ... next.

Attempt 1: OpenCV BackgroundSubtractor

See https://docs.opencv.org/3.4/d1/dc5/tutorial_background_subtraction.html for tutorial. Should work OK for mostly static backgrounds and small moving objects, but does not work for a mostly static person in front of a static background. Next.

Attempt 2: OpenCV Face Detector

See https://docs.opencv.org/3.4/db/d28/tutorial_cascade_classifier.html for tutorial. Works okay-ish, but obviously only detects the face, and not the rest of the person. Also, only roughly matches an ellipse which is looking rater weird in the end. Next.

Attempt 3: Deep learning!

I've heard good things about this deep learning stuff, so let's try that. I first had to find my way through a pile of frameworks (Keras, Tensorflow, PyTorch, etc.), but after I found a ready-made model for semantic segmentation based on Tensorflow Lite (DeepLab v3+), I settled on that.

I had a look at the corresponding Python example, C++ example, and Android example, and based on those, I first cobbled together a Python demo. That was running at about 2.5 FPS, which is really excruciatingly slow, so I built a C++ version which manages 10 FPS without too much hand optimization. Good enough.

I've also tested a TFLite-converted version of the Body-Pix model, but the results haven't been much different to DeepLab for this use case.

More recently, Google has released a model specifically trained for person segmentation that's used in Google Meet. This has way better performance than DeepLab, both in terms of speed and of accuracy, so this is now the default. It needs one custom op from the MediaPipe framework, but that was quite easy to integrate. Thanks to @jiangjianping for pointing this out in the corresponding issue.

Replace Background

This is basically one line of code with OpenCV: bg.copyTo(raw,mask); Told you that's the easy part.

Virtual Video Device

I'm using v4l2loopback to pipe the data from my userspace tool into any software that can open a V4L2 device. This isn't too hard because of the nice examples, but there are some catches, most notably color space. It took quite some trial and error to find a common pixel format that's accepted by Firefox, Skype, and guvcview, and that is YUYV. Nicely enough, my webcam can output YUYV directly as raw data, so that does save me some colorspace conversions.

End Result

The dataflow through the whole program is roughly as follows:

(*) these are required input parameters for this model

Limitations/Extensions

As usual: pull requests welcome.

See Issues and Pull Requests for currently discussed/in-progress extensions, and also check out the experimental branch.

Fixed

Other links

Firefox preferred formats: https://searchfox.org/mozilla-central/source/third_party/libwebrtc/webrtc/modules/video_capture/linux/video_capture_linux.cc#142-159

Feeding obs-studio

We have been notified that some snap packaged versions of obs-studio are unable to detect/use a virtual camera as provided by backscrub. Please check the details for workarounds if this applies to you.