|Build Status| |License (GPL version 3)|
:date: last revision August 2024
GEOtop is a distributed model of the mass and energy balance of the hydrological cycle, which is applicable to simulations in continuum in small catchments. GEOtop deals with the effects of topography on the interaction between energy balance and hydrological cycle with peculiar solutions.
GEOtop is distributed under the GNU General Public License version 3. A copy of the license text can be found in the COPYING file.
GEOtop 3.0 version (www.geotop.org) starts from 2.0 version (branch se27xx
) already validated and published
in the Endrizzi et al. 2014 paper.
It performs exactly as the previous version but it has some improvements in terms of:
However, the 3.0 version still lacks of the integration with the MeteoIO library and other features implemented in the current 2.1.1 version (former branch master
).
In the next months we plan to move toward a stable 3.0 version, together with a publication.
A more detailed description of this new version can be found in the MHPC thesis (https://www.mhpc.it/) of Elisa Bortoli at the following link: https://iris.sissa.it/handle/20.500.11767/86154#.XEXzOsZ7l8w
You can compile and run GEOtop 3.0 following the listed instructions, tested on a Linux system.
Clone the git repository:
git clone https://github.com/geotopmodel/geotop.git
Move to your local geotop repository:
cd geotop
Go into the branch v3.0 and make sure you are in:
git checkout v3.0
git branch
to update your local repository to the newest commit, execute
git pull origin v3.0
Now you can compile using a build system tool. Build tools are programs that automate the creation of executable applications from source code. Building incorporates compiling, linking and packaging the code into a usable or executable form. You can choose between CMake (Please note that you need cmake version 3 at least) and Meson.
Note that you need to have installed in your system CMake version > 3.0 as it's written in the CMakeLists.txt (https://github.com/geotopmodel/geotop/blob/v3.0/CMakeLists.txt).
Create the build directory and go inside it:
mkdir cmake-build
cd cmake-build
Check the default values for the options, opening the file CMakeList.txt in the upper directory or writing:
ccmake ..
Press [c] and [e] to configure and edit the options
Press [t] to toggle the advanced mode; several options will appear. You can modify the values of the flags going to the correspondent line, pressing "Enter" key and then editing; to save what you have just written press again "Enter".
For example you can choose the build type, writing RELEASE (default option) or
DEBUG after CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE
,
and modify the other flags as you prefer, knowing that a flag like:
Press again [c] and [e] to configure; then press [g] to generate and exit. Now the current directory will have the following files and folders:
elisa@elisa-N552VW ~/Scrivania/MHPC/geotop_3.0/make-build[v3.0*] $ ls -l
totale 84
-rw-rw-r-- 1 elisa elisa 11518 giu 15 14:22 CMakeCache.txt
drwxrwxr-x 5 elisa elisa 4096 giu 15 14:23 CMakeFiles
-rw-rw-r-- 1 elisa elisa 1574 giu 15 14:23 cmake_install.cmake
-rw-rw-r-- 1 elisa elisa 307 giu 15 14:23 CTestTestfile.cmake
-rw-rw-r-- 1 elisa elisa 51860 giu 15 14:23 Makefile
drwxrwxr-x 3 elisa elisa 4096 giu 15 14:22 src
drwxrwxr-x 3 elisa elisa 4096 giu 15 14:23 tests
Compile (-j4 allows the usage of 4 processes):
make -j4
Create the build directory and go inside it:
mkdir meson-build
cd meson-build
Create the build file:
meson
Now the current directory will have the following files and folders:
elisa@elisa-N552VW ~/Scrivania/MHPC/geotop_3.0/meson-build[v3.0*] $ ls -l
totale 156
-rw-rw-r-- 1 elisa elisa 64560 giu 15 14:39 build.ninja
-rw-rw-r-- 1 elisa elisa 67030 giu 15 14:39 compile_commands.json
drwxrwxr-x 7 elisa elisa 4096 giu 15 14:39 meson
drwxrwxr-x 2 elisa elisa 4096 giu 15 14:39 meson-logs
drwxrwxr-x 2 elisa elisa 4096 giu 15 14:39 meson-private
drwxrwxr-x 4 elisa elisa 4096 giu 15 14:39 src
drwxrwxr-x 3 elisa elisa 4096 giu 15 14:39 subprojects
drwxrwxr-x 3 elisa elisa 4096 giu 15 14:39 tests
Check the default values for the options, opening the file meson.build in the upper directory or typing:
meson configure
If you want to modify some of them, add -Doption=value: for example
meson configure -Dbuildtype=debug
-pg
) write:
meson configure -Dcpp_args=-pg -Dcpp_link_args=-pg
meson configure -Dcpp_args=" -OPTION_1 -OPTION_2"
To check if the desired flags were activated, you can look at their current values
(true
or false
) again typing inside the build folder:
meson configure
Compile:
ninja
The following information is related to compiling geotop v3.0
using Meson
only.
On Mac, you might have issues with libomp
, The error is something like below:
geotop.p/src_geotop_input.cc.o -c ../src/geotop/input.cc ../src/geotop/input.cc:47:10: fatal error: 'omp.h' file not found
To resolve this, enable the WITH_OMP
option in the meson_options.txt
file. This option is set to false
by default as seen below:
option('WITH_OMP', type: 'boolean', value: false, description: 'Enable openMP framework')
You can either enable it using the command line:
meson configure -DWITH_OMP=true
Alternatively, you can edit the meson_options.txt
file directly and set value: true
.
Another issue was related to the version of GoogleTest (googletest: stable 1.15.2) being incompatible with C++11
. To address this, you can update your meson.build
file as follows:
Default header of meson.build
file:
project('geotop','cpp',
default_options : ['cpp_std=c++11',
'buildtype=release',
'warning_level=3' ],
version: '3.0')
Change to:
project('geotop','cpp',
default_options : ['cpp_std=c++14', # default c++11
'buildtype=release',
'warning_level=3' ],
version: '3.0')
By doing these, you should able to compile geotop version 3.0.0
on Mac using Meson.
If you have compiled the code with CMake you will have your executable called geotop
in the folder cmake-build
,
with meson in the folder meson-build
.
To run the code just type:
./geotop simulation_path
where simulation_path if the path to a folder where all the input of a simulation are. For example:
./geotop ../tests/1D/Matsch_B2_Ref_007/
Then you can copy the executable binary whethever you want or create a link to the executable file in your binary folder in your home. For example:
cd
mkdir -p bin/
cd bin
ln -s ../your_path_to_geotop_source_folder/meson-build/geotop GEOtop_V30
Then you can modify your .batch_profile
file to add the bin
folder to your system $PATH
variable, so simply typing Geotop_V30
from anywhere you can run GEOtop.
Now you can run the proposed test cases.
Note that you need to have numdiff installed on your mashine
apt-get install -y numdiff
Know which tests are available:
ctest -N
Run a single test (i.e. Mazia):
ctest -R Mazia
Run a group of tests (i.e. all 1D tests, using 4 processes):
ctest -R 1D -j4
Run all tests
ctest
Know which tests are available:
meson test --list
Run a single test (i.e. Mazia):
meson test --suite geotop:Mazia
Run a group of tests (i.e. all 1D tests):
meson test --suite geotop:1D
Run all tests
ninja test
If for some reasons at a certain point after typing ninja
you get a message like:
Something went terribly wrong. Please file a bug.
FAILED: build.ninja
remove the build folder and create it again.
An interactive documentation can be built with Doxygen by typing in the root directory:
doxygen Doxyfile
A new folder doxygen_generated_doc will be created, containing two subfolders: html and latex, with graphs of the single functions.
If you want to navigate files and functions, go inside html folder and type:
firefox index.html
To report a problem you can open an issue on GitHub (https://github.com/geotopmodel/geotop/issues) listing all the following infos:
ccmake ..
or meson configure
, depending on the build system tool you are using,
and put the info in a file).If you want to get in contact with the users and developers community or discuss about your GEOtop application we have the following mailing lists:
GEOtopDev for developers and advanced users: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/geotopdev
GEOtopUsers for regular users: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/geotopusers
A manual of the model (for the version 1.2, mainly valid also for the current version) can be found here:
http://geotopmodel.github.io/geotop/materials/geotop_manuale.pdf (updated July 2011)
in the doc directory there is further documentation.
Documentation on former versions of the code can be found here:
http://eprints.biblio.unitn.it/551/
http://www.ing.unitn.it/dica/tools/download/Quaderni/tutorial_input_geotop.pdf
Useful material on GEOtop and his hystorical development can be found also on the R.Rigon blog:
http://abouthydrology.blogspot.com/
The GEOtop model used as I/0 ascii text files. To better analyze and exploit GEOtop outputs several tools have been prepared.
The geotopbricks (R Package) develope by E. Cordano allow a full set of functions to integrate GEOtop outptus as data strctures in the R environment. The development version is in the following git repository https://github.com/ecor/geotopbricks
GEOtoPy is a small Python package developed by S. Campanella. It works as a GEOtop Python wrapper, exporting a single base class GEOtoPy.GEOtop.
GEOmatlab is a collection of Matlab scripts to import, analyze and plot GEOtop model output files developed by G. Bertoldi.
Thsere are several GEOtop model extensions, to deal with additional physical processes.
The repository Stefanocampanella/MHPC-project contains notebooks, code and documentation for a high-performance derivative-free optimization to exploit HPC for the calibration of parameters of the GEOtop model. It has been developed by Stefano Campanella in the course of his MHPC Thesis Calibration of the GEOtop model using evolutionary algorithms on supercomputers
The plugin geotopOtim2 (R Package), based on geotopbricks (R Package) allows the automatic calibration and sensitivity analysis of the GEOtop 2.x hydrological model, based on the "Particle Swarm Optimisation" approach and the LHOAT "Latin-Hypercube One-factor-At-a-Time" approach. It has been mainly developed by Emanuele Cordano, Samuel Senoner, Giacomo Bertoldi.
It has been developed an interface for PEST software package for parameter estimation and uncertainty analysis. An example of the GEOtop-PEST interface for inverse modelling in the Rott catchment can be found at: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.892921. Full details can be found in the paper Soltani et al. (2019)
In general, PEST requires the following input files for automatic parameter estimation and inverse modelling: (i) Template files, to identify the model parameters; (ii) Instruction files, to identify the model outputs; and (iii) Control file, which supplies PEST with the names of all template and instruction files, the names of model input and output files, initial parameter values, measurement values and weights, etc. (Doherty, 2010).
The PEST software (Doherty, 2002) together with over 100-utility-programs such as SENSAN and GENLINPRED used herein are freely available at http://www.pesthomepage.org/Downloads.php. For detailed and comprehensive information for combining a model of interest with PEST, it is referred to Sect. “3. The Model-PEST Interface” of the PEST manual, as described in Doherty (2002).
GEOtop-SF has been one of the first fully distributed hydrolgical models applied for hallow landslides triggering prediction. A fundamental paper is Simoni et al. (2008), which is referred to the old 0.875 version of the model.
A more recent implementation of GEOtop for shallow landslides prectition can be found in Formetta et al. (2016b), where GEOtop is embedded in the GEOframe modelling system.
GEOtop_SED is an extension of GEOtop for modelling sediment dynamics simulating the spatio-temporal dynamics of soil erosion , deposition. Documentation can be found in Zi et al. (2016)
The code of the GEOtop_sed model extension can be dowloaded from the repository: https://github.com/TanZiTT/GEOtopSed
GEOtop_DV is a Matlab extension of GEOtop for modelling grassland vegetation dynamics for 1D simulations. Documentation can be found in Della Chiesa et al. (2014)
The GEOtop model has been also used for operational application:
The GEOtop model (v 2.1) is the scientific basis of the MySnowMaps service, which presents real time snow depth maps and prediction for the Alps, implemented by M. Dall´Amico the MobyGis company.
The GEOtop model (v 2.1) has been also used by P. Pogliotti for the ARPA Valle d´Aosta (Italy) to monitor in real-time meltwater avaliabilty for hydropower.
A preliminary application of the GEOtop model (v 3.0) for mapping the water budget of the Venosta (Italy) catchment in near real time on a weekly basis has implemented in the following web-gis: https://maps.civis.bz.it/ in the framework of the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) project DPS4ESLAB.
When using the model, please cite the following fundamental papers describing the GEOtop model:
Endrizzi, S., Gruber, S., Dall’Amico, M., Rigon, R., 2014. GEOtop 2.0: simulating the combined energy and water balance at and below the land surface accounting for soil freezing, snow cover and terrain effects. Geosci. Model Dev. 7, 2831–2857. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2831-2014
Rigon, R., Bertoldi, G., Over, T.M., 2006. GEOtop: A Distributed Hydrological Model with Coupled Water and Energy Budgets. J. Hydrometeorol. 7, 371–388. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM497.1
The GEOtop model has been developed since year 2000 by a number of people, starting from the research group of Prof. R. Rigon of the University of Trento, Italy, and then by different reseach groups worldwide, in particular the University of Zurich, CH, Eurac research, Italy, the Mountaneering, MobyGIS , WaterJade, Rendena100 )companies. A non exaustive list of contributors include: Marco Pegoretti, Giacomo Bertoldi, Fabrizio Zanotti, Silvia Simoni, Stefano Endrizzi, Matteo dell´Amico, Emanuele Cordano , Stefan Gruber, Andrea Cozzini, Alberto Sartori, Samuel Senoner, Elisa Bortoli.
Part of the GEOtop v3.0 refactoring work was developed by E. Bortoli in the framework of her MHCP thesis. This last work was partly supported by:
Here is the full list of peer-reviewed publications that we know that are using the GEOtop model. Please let as know if some are missed! (updated August 2024):
Hou, R. et al. Big Disaster from Small Watershed: Insights into the Failure and Disaster-Causing Mechanism of a Debris Flow on 25 September 2021 in Tianquan, China. Int. J. Disaster Risk Sci. 15, 622–639 (2024) https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10346-021-01681-x
Rangarajan, S., Rahardjo, H., Satyanaga, A. & Li, Y. Influence of 3D subsurface flow on slope stability for unsaturated soils. Eng. Geol. 339, 107665 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.10766
Busti, R., Capparelli, G. & Formetta, G. Exploring hydrological dynamics of layered pyroclastic soils by combining laboratory and field experiments with a numerical model. Hydrol. Process. 38, (2024). https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hyp.15257
Tufano, R., Formetta, G., Calcaterra, D. & Vita, P. D. Hydrological control of soil thickness spatial variability on the initiation of rainfall-induced shallow landslides using a three-dimensional model. Landslides 18, 3367–3380 (2021). https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10346-021-01681-x
Wani, J. M., Thayyen, R. J., Ojha, C. S. P., and Gruber, S.: The surface energy balance in a cold and arid permafrost environment, Ladakh, Himalayas, India, The Cryosphere, 15, 2273--2293, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2273-2021, 2021.
Bright Ross, J.G., Peters, W., Ossi, F., Moorcroft, P.L., Cordano, E., Eccel, E., Bianchini, F., Ramanzin, M., and Cagnacci, F. . Climate change and anthropogenic food manipulation interact in shifting the distribution of a large herbivore at its altitudinal range limit. Sci Rep 11, 7600 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-86720-2
Terzago, S., Andreoli, V., Arduini, G., Balsamo, G., Campo, L., Cassardo, C., Cremonese, E., Dolia, D., Gabellani, S., Hardenberg, J. von, Cella, U.M. di, Palazzi, E., Piazzi, G., Pogliotti, P., Provenzale, A., 2020. Sensitivity of snow models to the accuracy of meteorological forcings in mountain environments, 2020. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, 4061–4090. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4061-2020
Wani, J.M., Thayyen, R.J., Gruber, S., Ojha, C.S.P., Stumm, D., 2020. Single-year thermal regime and inferred permafrost occurrence in the upper Ganglass catchment of the cold-arid Himalaya, Ladakh, India. Sci. Total Environ. 703, 134631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134631
Zi, T., Kumar, M., Albertson, J., 2019. Intercomparing varied erosion, deposition and transport process representations for simulating sediment yield. Sci. Rep. 9, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48405-9
Fiddes, J., Aalstad, K., Westermann, S., 2019. Hyper-resolution ensemble-based snow reanalysis in mountain regions using clustering. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 23, 4717–4736. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4717-2019
Fullhart, A.T., Kelleners, T.J., Speckman, H.N., Beverly, D., Ewers, B.E., Frank, J.M., Massman, W.J., 2019. Measured and Modeled Above‐ and Below‐Canopy Turbulent Fluxes for a Snow‐Dominated Mountain Forest Using Geotop, Hydrological Processes. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13487
Soltani, M., Laux, P., Mauder, M., Kunstmann, H., 2019. Inverse distributed modelling of streamflow and turbulent fluxes: A sensitivity and uncertainty analysis coupled with automatic optimization. J. Hydrol. 571, 856–872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.02.033
Formetta, G., Capparelli, G., 2019. Quantifying the three-dimensional effects of anisotropic soil horizons on hillslope hydrology and stability. J. Hydrol. 570, 329–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.12.064
Kiese, R., Fersch, B., Baessler, C., Brosy, C., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Chwala, C., Dannenmann, M., Fu, J., Gasche, R., Grote, R., Jahn, C., Klatt, J., Kunstmann, H., Mauder, M., Rödiger, T., Smiatek, G., Soltani, M., Steinbrecher, R., Völksch, I., Werhahn, J., Wolf, B., Zeeman, M., Schmid, H.P., 2018. The TERENO Pre-Alpine Observatory: Integrating Meteorological, Hydrological, and Biogeochemical Measurements and Modeling. Vadose Zo. J. 17, 0. https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2018.03.0060
Soltani, M., Laux, P., Mauder, M., Kunstmann, H., 2018. Spatiotemporal variability and empirical Copula-based dependence structure of modeled and observed coupled water and energy fluxes. Hydrol. Res. nh2018163. https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2018.163
Pullens, J.W.M., Sottocornola, M., Kiely, G., Gianelle, D., Rigon, R., 2018. Assessment of the water and energy budget in a peatland catchment of the Alps using the process based GEOtop hydrological model. J. Hydrol. 563, 195–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.05.041
Fullhart, A.T., Kelleners, T.J., Chandler, D.G., Mcnamara, J.P., Seyfried, M.S., 2018. Water Flow Modeling with Dry Bulk Density Optimization to Determine Hydraulic Properties in Mountain Soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 82, 31–44. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2017.06.0196
Kollet, S., Sulis, M., Maxwell, R.M.R.M., Paniconi, C., Putti, M., Bertoldi, G., Coon, E.T.E.T., Cordano, E., Endrizzi, S., Kikinzon, E., Mouche, E., Mügler, C., Park, Y.-J.Y.-J., Refsgaard, J.C.J.C., Stisen, S., Sudicky, E., 2017. The integrated hydrologicmodel intercomparison project, IH-MIP2: A second set of benchmark results to diagnose integrated hydrology and feedbacks. Water Resour. Res. 53, 867–890. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR015716
Engel, M., Notarnicola, C., Endrizzi, S., Bertoldi, G., 2017. Snow model sensitivity analysis to understand spatial and temporal snow dynamics in a high-elevation catchment. Hydrol. Process. 31, 4151–4168. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.11314
Mauder, M., Genzel, S., Fu, J., Kiese, R., Soltani, M., Steinbrecher, R., Zeeman, M., Banerjee, T., De Roo, F., Kunstmann, H., 2017. Evaluation of energy balance closure adjustment methods by independent evapotranspiration estimates from lysimeters and hydrological simulations. Hydrol. Process. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.11397
Formetta, G., Capparelli, G., David, O., Green, T.R., Rigon, R., 2016. Integration of a Three-Dimensional Process-Based Hydrological Model into the Object Modeling System. Water 8, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8010012
Hingerl, L., Kunstmann, H., Wagner, S., Mauder, M., Bliefernicht, J., Rigon, R., 2016. Spatio-temporal variability of water and energy fluxes - a case study for a mesoscale catchment in pre-alpine environment. Hydrol. Process. 30, 3804–3823. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10893
Zi, T., Kumar, M., Kiely, G., Lewis, C., Albertson, J., 2016. Simulating the spatio-temporal dynamics of soil erosion , deposition , and yield using a coupled sediment dynamics and 3D distributed hydrologic model. Environ. Model. Softw. 83, 310–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2016.06.004
Formetta, G., Simoni, S., Godt, J.W., Lu, N., Rigon, R., 2016. Geomorphological control on variably saturated hillslope hydrology and slope instability. Water Resour. Res. 52, 4590–4607. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017626
Greifeneder, F., Notarnicola, C., Bertoldi, G., Brenner, J., Wagner, W., 2015. A novel approach to improve spatial detail in modeled soil moisture through the integration of remote sensing data, in: Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), 2015 IEEE International. pp. 1988–1991. https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2015.7326187
Fiddes, J., Endrizzi, S., Gruber, S., 2015. Large-area land surface simulations in heterogeneous terrain driven by global data sets : application to mountain permafrost. Cryosph. 9, 411–426. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-411-2015
Eccel, E., Cordano, E., Zottele, F., 2015. A project for climatologic mapping of soil water content in Trentino. Ital. J. Agrometeorol. 1, 5–20.
Bertoldi, G., Della Chiesa, S., Notarnicola, C., Pasolli, L., Niedrist, G., Tappeiner, U., Della, S., Notarnicola, C., Pasolli, L., Niedrist, G., Tappeiner, U., 2014. Estimation of soil moisture patterns in mountain grasslands by means of SAR RADARSAT2 images and hydrological modeling. J. Hydrol. 516, 245–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.02.018
Endrizzi, S., Gruber, S., Dall’Amico, M., Rigon, R., 2014. GEOtop 2.0: simulating the combined energy and water balance at and below the land surface accounting for soil freezing, snow cover and terrain effects. Geosci. Model Dev. 7, 2831–2857. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2831-2014
Della Chiesa, S., Bertoldi, G., Niedrist, G., Obojes, N., Endrizzi, S., Albertson, J.D., Wohlfahrt, G., Hörtnagl, L., Tappeiner, U., 2014. Modelling changes in grassland hydrological cycling along an elevational gradient in the Alps. Ecohydrology n/a--n/a. https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1471
Cordano, E., Rigon, R., 2013. A mass-conservative method for the integration of the two-dimensional groundwater (Boussinesq) equation. Water Resour. Res. 49, 1058–1078. https://doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20072
Lewis, C., Albertson, J., Zi, T., Xu, X., Kiely, G., 2013. How does afforestation affect the hydrology of a blanket peatland? A modelling study. Hydrol. Process. 27, 3577–3588. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9486
Gubler, S., Endrizzi, S., Gruber, S., Purves, R.S., 2013. Sensitivities and uncertainties of modeled ground temperatures in mountain environments. Geosci. Model Dev. 6, 1319–1336. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1319-2013
Fiddes, J., Gruber, S., 2012. TopoSUB: a tool for efficient large area numerical modelling in complex topography at sub-grid scales. Geosci. Model Dev. 5, 1245–1257. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-1245-2012
Dall’Amico, M., Endrizzi, S., Gruber, S., Rigon, R., 2011. A robust and energy-conserving model of freezing variably-saturated soil. Cryosph. 5, 469–484. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-469-2011
Bertoldi, G., Notarnicola, C., Leitinger, G., Endrizzi, S., Della Chiesa, S., Zebisch, M., Tappeiner, U., Della Chiesa, S., Tappeiner, U., 2010. Topographical and ecohydrological controls on land surface temperature in an Alpine catchment. Ecohydrology 3, 189–204. https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.129
Endrizzi, S., Marsh, P., 2010. Observations and modeling of turbulent fluxes during melt at the shrub-tundra transition zone 1: point scale variations. Hydrol. Res. 41, 471–490.
Gebremichael, M., Rigon, R., Bertoldi, G., Over, T.M.M., 2009. On the scaling characteristics of observed and simulated spatial soil moisture fields. Nonlin. Process. Geophys. 16, 141–150. https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-16-141-2009
Simoni, S., Zanotti, F., Bertoldi, G., Rigon, R., 2008. Modelling the probability of occurrence of shallow landslides and channelized debris flows using GEOtop-FS. Hydrol. Process. doi: 10.10, 532–545. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6886
Bertoldi, G., Rigon, R., Over, T.M.M., 2006. Impact of Watershed Geomorphic Characteristics on the Energy and Water Budgets. J. Hydrometeorol. 7, 389–403. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM500.1
Rigon, R., Bertoldi, G., Over, T.M.M., 2006. GEOtop: A Distributed Hydrological Model with Coupled Water and Energy Budgets. J. Hydrometeorol. 7, 371–388. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM497.1
Zanotti, F., Endrizzi, S., Bertoldi, G., Rigon, R., 2004. The GEOtop snow module. Hydrol. Proc. 18, 3667–3679. DOI:10.1002/hyp.5794. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5794