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ggerganov / llama.cpp

LLM inference in C/C++
MIT License
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ggml llama

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llama.cpp

llama

License: MIT Server Conan Center

Roadmap / Project status / Manifesto / ggml

Inference of Meta's LLaMA model (and others) in pure C/C++

[!IMPORTANT] [2024 Jun 12] Binaries have been renamed w/ a llama- prefix. main is now llama-cli, server is llama-server, etc (https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/pull/7809)

Recent API changes

Hot topics

Table of Contents
  1. Description
  2. Usage
  3. Contributing
  4. Coding guidelines
  5. Docs

Description

The main goal of llama.cpp is to enable LLM inference with minimal setup and state-of-the-art performance on a wide variety of hardware - locally and in the cloud.

Since its inception, the project has improved significantly thanks to many contributions. It is the main playground for developing new features for the ggml library.

Supported platforms:

Supported models:

Typically finetunes of the base models below are supported as well.

(instructions for supporting more models: HOWTO-add-model.md)

Multimodal models:

HTTP server

llama.cpp web server is a lightweight OpenAI API compatible HTTP server that can be used to serve local models and easily connect them to existing clients.

simplechat is a simple chat client, which can be used to chat with the model exposed using above web server (use --path to point to simplechat), from a local web browser.

Bindings:

UI:

Unless otherwise noted these projects are open-source with permissive licensing:

(to have a project listed here, it should clearly state that it depends on llama.cpp)

Tools:

Here is a typical run using LLaMA v2 13B on M2 Ultra:

$ make -j && ./llama-cli -m models/llama-13b-v2/ggml-model-q4_0.gguf -p "Building a website can be done in 10 simple steps:\nStep 1:" -n 400 -e
I llama.cpp build info:
I UNAME_S:  Darwin
I UNAME_P:  arm
I UNAME_M:  arm64
I CFLAGS:   -I.            -O3 -std=c11   -fPIC -DNDEBUG -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Wcast-qual -Wdouble-promotion -Wshadow -Wstrict-prototypes -Wpointer-arith -Wmissing-prototypes -pthread -DGGML_USE_K_QUANTS -DGGML_USE_ACCELERATE
I CXXFLAGS: -I. -I./common -O3 -std=c++11 -fPIC -DNDEBUG -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Wcast-qual -Wno-unused-function -Wno-multichar -pthread -DGGML_USE_K_QUANTS
I LDFLAGS:   -framework Accelerate
I CC:       Apple clang version 14.0.3 (clang-1403.0.22.14.1)
I CXX:      Apple clang version 14.0.3 (clang-1403.0.22.14.1)

make: Nothing to be done for `default'.
main: build = 1041 (cf658ad)
main: seed  = 1692823051
llama_model_loader: loaded meta data with 16 key-value pairs and 363 tensors from models/llama-13b-v2/ggml-model-q4_0.gguf (version GGUF V1 (latest))
llama_model_loader: - type  f32:   81 tensors
llama_model_loader: - type q4_0:  281 tensors
llama_model_loader: - type q6_K:    1 tensors
llm_load_print_meta: format         = GGUF V1 (latest)
llm_load_print_meta: arch           = llama
llm_load_print_meta: vocab type     = SPM
llm_load_print_meta: n_vocab        = 32000
llm_load_print_meta: n_merges       = 0
llm_load_print_meta: n_ctx_train    = 4096
llm_load_print_meta: n_ctx          = 512
llm_load_print_meta: n_embd         = 5120
llm_load_print_meta: n_head         = 40
llm_load_print_meta: n_head_kv      = 40
llm_load_print_meta: n_layer        = 40
llm_load_print_meta: n_rot          = 128
llm_load_print_meta: n_gqa          = 1
llm_load_print_meta: f_norm_eps     = 1.0e-05
llm_load_print_meta: f_norm_rms_eps = 1.0e-05
llm_load_print_meta: n_ff           = 13824
llm_load_print_meta: freq_base      = 10000.0
llm_load_print_meta: freq_scale     = 1
llm_load_print_meta: model type     = 13B
llm_load_print_meta: model ftype    = mostly Q4_0
llm_load_print_meta: model size     = 13.02 B
llm_load_print_meta: general.name   = LLaMA v2
llm_load_print_meta: BOS token = 1 '<s>'
llm_load_print_meta: EOS token = 2 '</s>'
llm_load_print_meta: UNK token = 0 '<unk>'
llm_load_print_meta: LF token  = 13 '<0x0A>'
llm_load_tensors: ggml ctx size =    0.11 MB
llm_load_tensors: mem required  = 7024.01 MB (+  400.00 MB per state)
...................................................................................................
llama_new_context_with_model: kv self size  =  400.00 MB
llama_new_context_with_model: compute buffer total size =   75.41 MB

system_info: n_threads = 16 / 24 | AVX = 0 | AVX2 = 0 | AVX512 = 0 | AVX512_VBMI = 0 | AVX512_VNNI = 0 | FMA = 0 | NEON = 1 | ARM_FMA = 1 | F16C = 0 | FP16_VA = 1 | WASM_SIMD = 0 | BLAS = 1 | SSE3 = 0 | VSX = 0 |
sampling: repeat_last_n = 64, repeat_penalty = 1.100000, presence_penalty = 0.000000, frequency_penalty = 0.000000, top_k = 40, tfs_z = 1.000000, top_p = 0.950000, typical_p = 1.000000, temp = 0.800000, mirostat = 0, mirostat_lr = 0.100000, mirostat_ent = 5.000000
generate: n_ctx = 512, n_batch = 512, n_predict = 400, n_keep = 0

 Building a website can be done in 10 simple steps:
Step 1: Find the right website platform.
Step 2: Choose your domain name and hosting plan.
Step 3: Design your website layout.
Step 4: Write your website content and add images.
Step 5: Install security features to protect your site from hackers or spammers
Step 6: Test your website on multiple browsers, mobile devices, operating systems etc…
Step 7: Test it again with people who are not related to you personally – friends or family members will work just fine!
Step 8: Start marketing and promoting the website via social media channels or paid ads
Step 9: Analyze how many visitors have come to your site so far, what type of people visit more often than others (e.g., men vs women) etc…
Step 10: Continue to improve upon all aspects mentioned above by following trends in web design and staying up-to-date on new technologies that can enhance user experience even further!
How does a Website Work?
A website works by having pages, which are made of HTML code. This code tells your computer how to display the content on each page you visit – whether it’s an image or text file (like PDFs). In order for someone else’s browser not only be able but also want those same results when accessing any given URL; some additional steps need taken by way of programming scripts that will add functionality such as making links clickable!
The most common type is called static HTML pages because they remain unchanged over time unless modified manually (either through editing files directly or using an interface such as WordPress). They are usually served up via HTTP protocols – this means anyone can access them without having any special privileges like being part of a group who is allowed into restricted areas online; however, there may still exist some limitations depending upon where one lives geographically speaking.
How to
llama_print_timings:        load time =   576.45 ms
llama_print_timings:      sample time =   283.10 ms /   400 runs   (    0.71 ms per token,  1412.91 tokens per second)
llama_print_timings: prompt eval time =   599.83 ms /    19 tokens (   31.57 ms per token,    31.68 tokens per second)
llama_print_timings:        eval time = 24513.59 ms /   399 runs   (   61.44 ms per token,    16.28 tokens per second)
llama_print_timings:       total time = 25431.49 ms

And here is another demo of running both LLaMA-7B and whisper.cpp on a single M1 Pro MacBook:

https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/1991296/224442907-7693d4be-acaa-4e01-8b4f-add84093ffff.mp4

Usage

Here are the end-to-end binary build and model conversion steps for most supported models.

Get the Code

git clone https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp
cd llama.cpp

Build

In order to build llama.cpp you have four different options.

Homebrew

On Mac and Linux, the homebrew package manager can be used via

brew install llama.cpp

The formula is automatically updated with new llama.cpp releases. More info: https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/discussions/7668

Nix

On Mac and Linux, the Nix package manager can be used via

nix profile install nixpkgs#llama-cpp

For flake enabled installs.

Or

nix-env --file '<nixpkgs>' --install --attr llama-cpp

For non-flake enabled installs.

This expression is automatically updated within the nixpkgs repo.

Flox

On Mac and Linux, Flox can be used to install llama.cpp within a Flox environment via

flox install llama-cpp

Flox follows the nixpkgs build of llama.cpp.

Metal Build

On MacOS, Metal is enabled by default. Using Metal makes the computation run on the GPU. To disable the Metal build at compile time use the GGML_NO_METAL=1 flag or the GGML_METAL=OFF cmake option.

When built with Metal support, you can explicitly disable GPU inference with the --n-gpu-layers|-ngl 0 command-line argument.

BLAS Build

Building the program with BLAS support may lead to some performance improvements in prompt processing using batch sizes higher than 32 (the default is 512). Support with CPU-only BLAS implementations doesn't affect the normal generation performance. We may see generation performance improvements with GPU-involved BLAS implementations, e.g. cuBLAS, hipBLAS. There are currently several different BLAS implementations available for build and use:

Prepare and Quantize

[!NOTE] You can use the GGUF-my-repo space on Hugging Face to quantise your model weights without any setup too. It is synced from llama.cpp main every 6 hours.

To obtain the official LLaMA 2 weights please see the Obtaining and using the Facebook LLaMA 2 model section. There is also a large selection of pre-quantized gguf models available on Hugging Face.

Note: convert.py has been moved to examples/convert-legacy-llama.py and shouldn't be used for anything other than Llama/Llama2/Mistral models and their derivatives. It does not support LLaMA 3, you can use convert-hf-to-gguf.py with LLaMA 3 downloaded from Hugging Face.

# obtain the official LLaMA model weights and place them in ./models
ls ./models
llama-2-7b tokenizer_checklist.chk tokenizer.model
# [Optional] for models using BPE tokenizers
ls ./models
<folder containing weights and tokenizer json> vocab.json
# [Optional] for PyTorch .bin models like Mistral-7B
ls ./models
<folder containing weights and tokenizer json>

# install Python dependencies
python3 -m pip install -r requirements.txt

# convert the model to ggml FP16 format
python3 convert-hf-to-gguf.py models/mymodel/

# quantize the model to 4-bits (using Q4_K_M method)
./llama-quantize ./models/mymodel/ggml-model-f16.gguf ./models/mymodel/ggml-model-Q4_K_M.gguf Q4_K_M

# update the gguf filetype to current version if older version is now unsupported
./llama-quantize ./models/mymodel/ggml-model-Q4_K_M.gguf ./models/mymodel/ggml-model-Q4_K_M-v2.gguf COPY

Run the quantized model

# start inference on a gguf model
./llama-cli -m ./models/mymodel/ggml-model-Q4_K_M.gguf -n 128

When running the larger models, make sure you have enough disk space to store all the intermediate files.

Running on Windows with prebuilt binaries

You will find prebuilt Windows binaries on the release page.

Simply download and extract the latest zip package of choice: (e.g. llama-b1380-bin-win-avx2-x64.zip)

From the unzipped folder, open a terminal/cmd window here and place a pre-converted .gguf model file. Test out the main example like so:

.\main -m llama-2-7b.Q4_0.gguf -n 128

Memory/Disk Requirements

As the models are currently fully loaded into memory, you will need adequate disk space to save them and sufficient RAM to load them. At the moment, memory and disk requirements are the same.

Model Original size Quantized size (Q4_0)
7B 13 GB 3.9 GB
13B 24 GB 7.8 GB
30B 60 GB 19.5 GB
65B 120 GB 38.5 GB

Quantization

Several quantization methods are supported. They differ in the resulting model disk size and inference speed.

(outdated)

Model Measure F16 Q4_0 Q4_1 Q5_0 Q5_1 Q8_0
7B perplexity 5.9066 6.1565 6.0912 5.9862 5.9481 5.9070
7B file size 13.0G 3.5G 3.9G 4.3G 4.7G 6.7G
7B ms/tok @ 4th 127 55 54 76 83 72
7B ms/tok @ 8th 122 43 45 52 56 67
7B bits/weight 16.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 8.5
13B perplexity 5.2543 5.3860 5.3608 5.2856 5.2706 5.2548
13B file size 25.0G 6.8G 7.6G 8.3G 9.1G 13G
13B ms/tok @ 4th - 103 105 148 160 131
13B ms/tok @ 8th - 73 82 98 105 128
13B bits/weight 16.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 8.5

Perplexity (measuring model quality)

You can use the perplexity example to measure perplexity over a given prompt (lower perplexity is better). For more information, see https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/perplexity.

The perplexity measurements in table above are done against the wikitext2 test dataset (https://paperswithcode.com/dataset/wikitext-2), with context length of 512. The time per token is measured on a MacBook M1 Pro 32GB RAM using 4 and 8 threads.

How to run

  1. Download/extract: https://huggingface.co/datasets/ggml-org/ci/resolve/main/wikitext-2-raw-v1.zip
  2. Run ./llama-perplexity -m models/7B/ggml-model-q4_0.gguf -f wiki.test.raw
  3. Output: 
    perplexity : calculating perplexity over 655 chunks
24.43 seconds per pass - ETA 4.45 hours
[1]4.5970,[2]5.1807,[3]6.0382,...

    And after 4.45 hours, you will have the final perplexity.

Interactive mode

If you want a more ChatGPT-like experience, you can run in interactive mode by passing -i as a parameter. In this mode, you can always interrupt generation by pressing Ctrl+C and entering one or more lines of text, which will be converted into tokens and appended to the current context. You can also specify a reverse prompt with the parameter -r "reverse prompt string". This will result in user input being prompted whenever the exact tokens of the reverse prompt string are encountered in the generation. A typical use is to use a prompt that makes LLaMA emulate a chat between multiple users, say Alice and Bob, and pass -r "Alice:".

Here is an example of a few-shot interaction, invoked with the command

# default arguments using a 7B model
./examples/chat.sh

# advanced chat with a 13B model
./examples/chat-13B.sh

# custom arguments using a 13B model
./llama-cli -m ./models/13B/ggml-model-q4_0.gguf -n 256 --repeat_penalty 1.0 --color -i -r "User:" -f prompts/chat-with-bob.txt

Note the use of --color to distinguish between user input and generated text. Other parameters are explained in more detail in the README for the llama-cli example program.

image

Persistent Interaction

The prompt, user inputs, and model generations can be saved and resumed across calls to ./llama-cli by leveraging --prompt-cache and --prompt-cache-all. The ./examples/chat-persistent.sh script demonstrates this with support for long-running, resumable chat sessions. To use this example, you must provide a file to cache the initial chat prompt and a directory to save the chat session, and may optionally provide the same variables as chat-13B.sh. The same prompt cache can be reused for new chat sessions. Note that both prompt cache and chat directory are tied to the initial prompt (PROMPT_TEMPLATE) and the model file.

# Start a new chat
PROMPT_CACHE_FILE=chat.prompt.bin CHAT_SAVE_DIR=./chat/default ./examples/chat-persistent.sh

# Resume that chat
PROMPT_CACHE_FILE=chat.prompt.bin CHAT_SAVE_DIR=./chat/default ./examples/chat-persistent.sh

# Start a different chat with the same prompt/model
PROMPT_CACHE_FILE=chat.prompt.bin CHAT_SAVE_DIR=./chat/another ./examples/chat-persistent.sh

# Different prompt cache for different prompt/model
PROMPT_TEMPLATE=./prompts/chat-with-bob.txt PROMPT_CACHE_FILE=bob.prompt.bin \
    CHAT_SAVE_DIR=./chat/bob ./examples/chat-persistent.sh

Constrained output with grammars

llama.cpp supports grammars to constrain model output. For example, you can force the model to output JSON only:

./llama-cli -m ./models/13B/ggml-model-q4_0.gguf -n 256 --grammar-file grammars/json.gbnf -p 'Request: schedule a call at 8pm; Command:'

The grammars/ folder contains a handful of sample grammars. To write your own, check out the GBNF Guide.

For authoring more complex JSON grammars, you can also check out https://grammar.intrinsiclabs.ai/, a browser app that lets you write TypeScript interfaces which it compiles to GBNF grammars that you can save for local use. Note that the app is built and maintained by members of the community, please file any issues or FRs on its repo and not this one.

Obtaining and using the Facebook LLaMA 2 model

Seminal papers and background on the models

If your issue is with model generation quality, then please at least scan the following links and papers to understand the limitations of LLaMA models. This is especially important when choosing an appropriate model size and appreciating both the significant and subtle differences between LLaMA models and ChatGPT:

Android

Build on Android using Termux

Termux is a method to execute llama.cpp on an Android device (no root required).

apt update && apt upgrade -y
apt install git make cmake

It's recommended to move your model inside the ~/ directory for best performance:

cd storage/downloads
mv model.gguf ~/

Get the code & follow the Linux build instructions to build llama.cpp.

Building the Project using Android NDK

Obtain the Android NDK and then build with CMake.

Execute the following commands on your computer to avoid downloading the NDK to your mobile. Alternatively, you can also do this in Termux:

$ mkdir build-android
$ cd build-android
$ export NDK=<your_ndk_directory>
$ cmake -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=$NDK/build/cmake/android.toolchain.cmake -DANDROID_ABI=arm64-v8a -DANDROID_PLATFORM=android-23 -DCMAKE_C_FLAGS=-march=armv8.4a+dotprod ..
$ make

Install termux on your device and run termux-setup-storage to get access to your SD card (if Android 11+ then run the command twice).

Finally, copy these built llama binaries and the model file to your device storage. Because the file permissions in the Android sdcard cannot be changed, you can copy the executable files to the /data/data/com.termux/files/home/bin path, and then execute the following commands in Termux to add executable permission:

(Assumed that you have pushed the built executable files to the /sdcard/llama.cpp/bin path using adb push)

$cp -r /sdcard/llama.cpp/bin /data/data/com.termux/files/home/
$cd /data/data/com.termux/files/home/bin
$chmod +x ./*

Download model llama-2-7b-chat.Q4_K_M.gguf, and push it to /sdcard/llama.cpp/, then move it to /data/data/com.termux/files/home/model/

$mv /sdcard/llama.cpp/llama-2-7b-chat.Q4_K_M.gguf /data/data/com.termux/files/home/model/

Now, you can start chatting:

$cd /data/data/com.termux/files/home/bin
$./llama-cli -m ../model/llama-2-7b-chat.Q4_K_M.gguf -n 128 -cml

Here's a demo of an interactive session running on Pixel 5 phone:

https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/271616/225014776-1d567049-ad71-4ef2-b050-55b0b3b9274c.mp4

Docker

Prerequisites

Images

We have three Docker images available for this project:

  1. ghcr.io/ggerganov/llama.cpp:full: This image includes both the main executable file and the tools to convert LLaMA models into ggml and convert into 4-bit quantization. (platforms: linux/amd64, linux/arm64)
  2. ghcr.io/ggerganov/llama.cpp:light: This image only includes the main executable file. (platforms: linux/amd64, linux/arm64)
  3. ghcr.io/ggerganov/llama.cpp:server: This image only includes the server executable file. (platforms: linux/amd64, linux/arm64)

Additionally, there the following images, similar to the above:

The GPU enabled images are not currently tested by CI beyond being built. They are not built with any variation from the ones in the Dockerfiles defined in .devops/ and the GitHub Action defined in .github/workflows/docker.yml. If you need different settings (for example, a different CUDA or ROCm library, you'll need to build the images locally for now).

Usage

The easiest way to download the models, convert them to ggml and optimize them is with the --all-in-one command which includes the full docker image.

Replace /path/to/models below with the actual path where you downloaded the models.

docker run -v /path/to/models:/models ghcr.io/ggerganov/llama.cpp:full --all-in-one "/models/" 7B

On completion, you are ready to play!

docker run -v /path/to/models:/models ghcr.io/ggerganov/llama.cpp:full --run -m /models/7B/ggml-model-q4_0.gguf -p "Building a website can be done in 10 simple steps:" -n 512

or with a light image:

docker run -v /path/to/models:/models ghcr.io/ggerganov/llama.cpp:light -m /models/7B/ggml-model-q4_0.gguf -p "Building a website can be done in 10 simple steps:" -n 512

or with a server image:

docker run -v /path/to/models:/models -p 8000:8000 ghcr.io/ggerganov/llama.cpp:server -m /models/7B/ggml-model-q4_0.gguf --port 8000 --host 0.0.0.0 -n 512

Docker With CUDA

Assuming one has the nvidia-container-toolkit properly installed on Linux, or is using a GPU enabled cloud, cuBLAS should be accessible inside the container.

Building Locally

docker build -t local/llama.cpp:full-cuda -f .devops/full-cuda.Dockerfile .
docker build -t local/llama.cpp:light-cuda -f .devops/llama-cli-cuda.Dockerfile .
docker build -t local/llama.cpp:server-cuda -f .devops/llama-server-cuda.Dockerfile .

You may want to pass in some different ARGS, depending on the CUDA environment supported by your container host, as well as the GPU architecture.

The defaults are:

The resulting images, are essentially the same as the non-CUDA images:

  1. local/llama.cpp:full-cuda: This image includes both the main executable file and the tools to convert LLaMA models into ggml and convert into 4-bit quantization.
  2. local/llama.cpp:light-cuda: This image only includes the main executable file.
  3. local/llama.cpp:server-cuda: This image only includes the server executable file.

Usage

After building locally, Usage is similar to the non-CUDA examples, but you'll need to add the --gpus flag. You will also want to use the --n-gpu-layers flag.

docker run --gpus all -v /path/to/models:/models local/llama.cpp:full-cuda --run -m /models/7B/ggml-model-q4_0.gguf -p "Building a website can be done in 10 simple steps:" -n 512 --n-gpu-layers 1
docker run --gpus all -v /path/to/models:/models local/llama.cpp:light-cuda -m /models/7B/ggml-model-q4_0.gguf -p "Building a website can be done in 10 simple steps:" -n 512 --n-gpu-layers 1
docker run --gpus all -v /path/to/models:/models local/llama.cpp:server-cuda -m /models/7B/ggml-model-q4_0.gguf --port 8000 --host 0.0.0.0 -n 512 --n-gpu-layers 1

Contributing

Coding guidelines

matmul

Docs