Snowman is designed to allow RDF-based projects to use SPARQL in the user-facing parts of their stack, even at scale. Snowman powers projects rendering simple SKOS vocabularies as well as projects rendering entire knowledge bases. Snowman's templating system comes with RDF- and SPARQL-tailored functions, and features and takes its data from SPARQL queries.

Installation

Download the latest release for your OS/architecture.

If your OS/architecture combination is not available, you will need to build Snowman from source:

git clone https://github.com/glaciers-in-archives/snowman
cd snowman
go build -o snowman

Usage

Running snowman new --directory="my-project-name" will scaffold a new project utilising the most common Snowman features. You might still want to review the "From scrath" instructons below to get a good introduction to core concepts.

From scratch

This is a tutorial. You can at any time run snowman --help for a full list of options.

Setting the target endpoint

snowman.yaml should by default be located in the root directory of your project. It defines the URL of your SPARQL endpoint as well as optional HTTP headers and custom metadata.

sparql_client:
  endpoint: "https://query.wikidata.org/sparql"
  http_headers: 
    User-Agent: "project-tutorial Snowman (https://github.com/glaciers-in-archives/snowman)"

Defining queries

SPARQL queries provide data to views, but, because a single query can be used for multiple views and even partial rendering, all your SPARQL files should be located in the queries directory (or child directories) of your project. Let's put this in queries/works.rq:

SELECT ?qid ?title ?workLabel WHERE {
  BIND("Douglas Adams" AS ?title) .
  ?work wdt:P50 wd:Q42 .

  BIND(REPLACE(STR(?work), "http://www.wikidata.org/entity/", "") AS ?qid)

  SERVICE wikibase:label {
    bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "[AUTO_LANGUAGE],en" .
    ?work rdfs:label ?workLabel .
  }
}

Defining view templates

Snowman uses Go templates. A template can access a single SPARQL result, or an entire resultset.

Let's start with an example that demonstrates how to access data in a view template intended to access an entire resultset. Note that the index and range keywords must be used to access data. Let's put the following in templates/index.html:

<h1>Works by {{ (index . 0).title }}</h1>
<ul>
    {{ range . }}
    <li><a href="https://github.com/glaciers-in-archives/snowman/blob/main/works/{{ .qid }}.html">{{ .workLabel }}</a></li>
    {{ end }}
</ul>

Snowman can also create a file from each result in a resultset. If a view has been configured for this, only a given result will be accessible from within a template. Put the following template in templates/work.html.

<h1>{{ .workLabel }}</h1>

Connecting templates and queries with views

By design, both templates and queries can be used across various views. For example, one could use the single query defined above in both of our templates. The following view will use the specified query and template to generate a file named index.html in the root directory of your site.

Views are defined in a file named views.yaml, which should be in the root directory of your project:

views:
  - output: "index.html"
    query: "works.rq"
    template: "index.html"

While the above view takes all the results from the works query and forwards them to the template, we can also generate a file from each result. We do this by wrapping the SPARQL variable we want to use in the resulting filename with double curly brackets in the output option. Note that the variable, therefore, must be unique.

The following view should generate a file for each result and use the qid SPARQL variable as the filename. You should append the following YAML to views.yaml:

  - output: "works/{{qid}}.html"
    query: "works.rq"
    template: "work.html"

HTML templates are automatic, context-sensitive escaping, safe against code injection. When you need to create templates for JS, JSON, etc. add the unsafe: true option in order to render the file as text.

  - output: "works/{{qid}}.json"
    query: "works.rq"
    template: "work.json"
    unsafe: true

Now you can generate the site by running snowman build. Your static site should appear in the site directory in the root directory of your project. To start the server and view your site, run the snowman server command.

Documentation

Static files

Static files are placed in the static directory and will be copied to the root of your built site. For example, the file static/css/buttons.css would be copied to site/css/buttons.css.

If you have made changes to static files only and want to rebuild your site, you can do so with the snowman build --static command. The static flag ensures that Snowman updates only static files, rather than doing a full build.

Child templates

While child templates are regular Go templates, they are invoked with Snowman's include or include_text functions with the full path to a template rather than a Go template name.

include expects HTML templates, while include_text will treat the rendered content as text, and might escape it if the parent template is an HTML template.

Layouts

Layouts in Snowman are regular Go templates that are defined with define and block statements and are used with the template statement. Layout files must, however, be placed under templates/layouts to be discovered by Snowman.

Static files with templates

If you want to use layouts and templates within a static file, you'll need to create a view and a template for it, but in the view configuration you should exclude the query option.

Built-in template functions

Snowman exposes a number of built-in template functions in addition to the standard Go template functions.

Now

Snowman exposes the time.Now function in all templates. It can be used as follows:

{{ now.Format "2006-01-02" }}

{{ now.UTC.Year }}

For more on how to format dates, see the official Go documentation.

Split

Snowman exposes the strings.Split function in all templates. The following example illustrates how to split a comma-separated string in a range statement:

{{ range split .list_of_values "," }}
  {{ . }}
{{ end }}

Join

Snowman exposes a ´join´ function which takes a separator and any number of strings and merges them. The following examples illustrate how to merge three strings—first with a comma separator:

{{ join "," "comma" "separated" "string" }}

Print

Snowman exposes the fmt.Sprint function as print in all templates. The following example illustrates how to print a string:

{{ print "Hello world" }}

This can also be used to concat strings and other values:

{{ $hello := print "Hello " $name }}

Replace

Snowman exposes the strings.Replace function in all templates. The following example illustrates how to replace part of a string:

{{ replace . "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" "" 1 }}

The first argument is the string to be replaced, the second is the string to be replaced, the third is the replacement string, and the fourth is the number of replacements to make. If the fourth argument is -1, all occurrences will be replaced.

Regex Replace

re_replace works just like replace, but supports replacing strings using regular expressions. The first argument is the string to be replaced, the second is the regular expression, and the third is the replacement string.

{{ re_replace "Hello world" "world$" "Snowman" }}

Env

env allows you to access environment variables from within your templates. env returns the value of an environment as a string.

{{ env "PATH" }}

Ucase, lcase, and tcase

Snowman provides ucase, lcase, and tcase for changing strings into uppercase, lowercase, and title case respectively.

{{ lcase .YourStringVariable }}

Has_prefix and has_suffix

has_prefix and has_suffix are used to check if a string starts or ends with a given prefix or suffix.

{{ has_prefix .YourStringVariable "prefix" }}

Query

Snowman provides a query function that allows for the issuing of SPARQL queries or parameterized SPARQL queries during rendering. The function takes one or more parameters. The first is the name of the query, and the following parameters, optionally, is are strings to inject into the query. The given injection strings will replace instances of {{.}} in their given order.

{{ $sparql_result := query "name_of_parameterized_query.rq" $var }}
{{ $another_resultset := query "name_of_query.rq" }}

Config

Snowman exposes your site's configuration through the function config. The following example illustrates how to retrieve your SPARQL endpoint:

{{ config.Client.Endpoint }}

Include and include_text

include and include_text are used to render child templates. include expects HTML templates, while include_text will treat the rendered content as plaintext. The first argument is the path to the child template all following arguments are passed to the child template.

{{ include "path/to/child.html" $variable $another_variable }}

Safe HTML

The safe_html function allows you to render an HTML string as-is, without the default escaping performed in unsafe templates. Note that you should never trust third-party HTML.

{{ safe_html "<p>This renders as HTML</p>" }}

URI

The uri function takes a string and attempts to cast it to a URI, and produces an error upon failure.

{{ uri "https://schema.org/Person" }}

Int

The int function takes a value and attempts to cast it to an integer, and produces an error upon failure.

{{ int "123" }}

Add

The add function sums two values.

{{ add 5 6 }}

Sub

The sub function subtracts two given integer values.

{{ sub 10 5 }}

Div

The div function divides two given integer values.

{{ div 10 2 }}

Mul

The mul function multiplies two given integer values.

{{ mul 5 6 }}

Mod

The mod function returns the modulus of two given values.

{{ mod 5 2 }}

Rand

Given two values, the rand function returns a random integer between them.

{{ rand 5 10 }}

Add1

The add1 function increments the given integer by 1.

{{ add1 $your_integer }}

Type

The type function returns the given variable's type as a string.

{{ type $uri_html_string_or_anything_else }}

To JSON

The to_json function converts a given argument to a JSON-formatted string.

{{ to_json $your_variable }}

From JSON

The from_json function converts a given JSON-formatted string to a Go-interface which templates can use.

{{ from_json $your_json_string }}

Version

The version function returns the Snowman version used to build the page.

{{ version }}

Trim

The trim function trims leading and trailing white space from a given string.

{{ trim $your_variable }}

Get Remote

The get_remote function retrieves the contents of a remote URL and returns it as a string.

{{ get_remote "https://fornpunkt.se/lamning/lNJVbNa.geojson" }}

Combine it with from_json to parse remote JSON.

Get Remote with Config

The get_remote_with_config function also retrieves the contents of a remote URL and returns it as a string. However, it takes a second argument, which allows you to set custom HTTP request headers.

{{ get_remote "https://fornpunkt.se/lamning/lNJVbNa.geojson" $your_config }}

Current View

The current_view function return the configuration of the view being rendered.

{{ current_view }}

Note that the current_view function isn't available when used inside of templates included using the include or include_text functions.

Read File

The read_file function reads the contents of a file and returns it as a string.

{{ read_file "relative/path/to/file.txt" }}

Working with cache

Default behaviour

By default, Snowman will issue SPARQL queries only when the result of a query is not found in the cache. To ignore the cache or update it, use the cache flag when running the build command to set a caching strategy:

snowman build --cache never

Inspect cache

Snowman allows you to inspect the cached data for a particular query or parameterized query using the cache command. The cache command takes as arguments first the path of the query and then, optionally, the argument used in a parameterized query:

snowman cache list-of-icecream.rq

snowman cache icecream.rq "your parameter"

Invalidate cache

Especially when you build very large sites or use expensive SPARQL queries it can be useful to invalidate specific portions of the cache. You can do so using the cache command. Specify the query or parameterized query for which you want to invalidate the cache, and add the flag invalidate:

snowman cache list-of-icecream.rq --invalidate

snowman cache icecream.rq "your parameter" --invalidate

Sometimes, following changes to your queries and external data, you can end up with unused cache items. You can clear these using the --unused selector flag:

snowman cache --unused --invalidate

Using the built-in server

Snowman comes with a built-in development server exposed through the server command. The server command has two optional arguments, port and address, which can be used to bind Snowman to an IP address and port:

snowman server

snowman server --port 4000 --address 0.0.0.0

Timing your builds

Sometimes when you work on large sites, it can be useful to time your build processes to measure the impact of changes. All Snowman commands, therefore, have a flag named timeit. This prints a command's execution time to the console. While this is mostly useful for measuring build times, all Snowman commands support it.

Using per-environment snowman.yaml configurations

If you need different snowman.yaml configurations for different environments you can use the --config build flag to build your project using configurations other than the default snowman.yaml:

snowman build --config=production-snowman.yaml

Development

Snowman is written in Go. To build Snowman from source, you need to have Go installed. Clone the repository and build the binary:

git clone https://github.com/glaciers-in-archives/snowman
cd snowman
go build -o snowman

To run the tests, use the foollowing command:

go test ./...

To make a release, see RELEASE.md.

License

Copyright (c) 2020- Albin Larsson & contributors. Snowman is made available under the GNU Lesser General Public License.