NOTICE: Please consider migrating your projects to embed which is native file embedding feature of Go, or github.com/markbates/pkger. It has an idiomatic API, minimal dependencies, a stronger test suite (tested directly against the std lib counterparts), transparent tooling, and more.
https://blog.gobuffalo.io/introducing-pkger-static-file-embedding-in-go-1ce76dc79c65
Packr (v2)
Packr is a simple solution for bundling static assets inside of Go binaries. Most importantly it does it in a way that is friendly to developers while they are developing.
At this moment, supported go versions are:
- 1.16.x
- 1.17.x
even though it may (or may not) working well with older versions.
Intro Video
To get an idea of the what and why of Packr, please enjoy this short video: https://vimeo.com/219863271.
Library Installation
Go 1.16 and above
$ go install github.com/gobuffalo/packr/v2@v2.8.3or
$ go install github.com/gobuffalo/packr/v2@latestGo 1.15 and below
$ go get -u github.com/gobuffalo/packr/...Binary Installation
Go 1.16 and above
$ go install github.com/gobuffalo/packr/v2/packr2@v2.8.3or
$ go install github.com/gobuffalo/packr/v2/packr2@latestGo 1.15 and below
$ go get -u github.com/gobuffalo/packr/packr2New File Format FAQs
In version v2.0.0 the file format changed and is not backward compatible with the packr-v1.x library.
Can packr-v1.x read the new format?
No, it can not. Because of the way the new file format works porting it to packr-v1.x would be difficult. PRs are welcome though. :)
Can packr-v2.x read packr-v1.x files?
Yes it can, but that ability will eventually be phased out. Because of that we recommend moving to the new format.
Can packr-v2.x generate packr-v1.x files?
Yes it can, but that ability will eventually be phased out. Because of that we recommend moving to the new format.
The --legacy command is available on all commands that generate -packr.go files.
$ packr2 --legacyUsage
In Code
The first step in using Packr is to create a new box. A box represents a folder on disk. Once you have a box you can get string or []byte representations of the file.
// set up a new box by giving it a name and an optional (relative) path to a folder on disk:
box := packr.New("My Box", "./templates")
// Get the string representation of a file, or an error if it doesn't exist:
html, err := box.FindString("index.html")
// Get the []byte representation of a file, or an error if it doesn't exist:
html, err := box.Find("index.html")What is a Box?
A box represents a folder, and any sub-folders, on disk that you want to have access to in your binary. When compiling a binary using the packr2 CLI the contents of the folder will be converted into Go files that can be compiled inside of a "standard" go binary. Inside of the compiled binary the files will be read from memory. When working locally the files will be read directly off of disk. This is a seamless switch that doesn't require any special attention on your part.
Example
Assume the follow directory structure:
├── main.go
└── templates
├── admin
│ └── index.html
└── index.htmlThe following program will read the ./templates/admin/index.html file and print it out.
package main
import (
"fmt"
"github.com/gobuffalo/packr/v2"
)
func main() {
box := packr.New("myBox", "./templates")
s, err := box.FindString("admin/index.html")
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
fmt.Println(s)
}Development Made Easy
In order to get static files into a Go binary, those files must first be converted to Go code. To do that, Packr, ships with a few tools to help build binaries. See below.
During development, however, it is painful to have to keep running a tool to compile those files.
Packr uses the following resolution rules when looking for a file:
- Look for the file in-memory (inside a Go binary)
- Look for the file on disk (during development)
Because Packr knows how to fall through to the file system, developers don't need to worry about constantly compiling their static files into a binary. They can work unimpeded.
Packr takes file resolution a step further. When declaring a new box you use a relative path, ./templates. When Packr receives this call it calculates out the absolute path to that directory. By doing this it means you can be guaranteed that Packr can find your files correctly, even if you're not running in the directory that the box was created in. This helps with the problem of testing, where Go changes the pwd for each package, making relative paths difficult to work with. This is not a problem when using Packr.
Usage with HTTP
A box implements the http.FileSystem interface, meaning it can be used to serve static files.
package main
import (
"net/http"
"github.com/gobuffalo/packr/v2"
)
func main() {
box := packr.New("someBoxName", "./templates")
http.Handle("/", http.FileServer(box))
http.ListenAndServe(":3000", nil)
}Building a Binary
Before you build your Go binary, run the packr2 command first. It will look for all the boxes in your code and then generate .go files that pack the static files into bytes that can be bundled into the Go binary.
$ packr2Then run your go build command like normal.
NOTE: It is not recommended to check-in these generated -packr.go files. They can be large, and can easily become out of date if not careful. It is recommended that you always run packr2 clean after running the packr2 tool.
Cleaning Up
When you're done it is recommended that you run the packr2 clean command. This will remove all of the generated files that Packr created for you.
$ packr2 cleanWhy do you want to do this? Packr first looks to the information stored in these generated files, if the information isn't there it looks to disk. This makes it easy to work with in development.
Debugging
The packr2 command passes all arguments down to the underlying go command, this includes the -v flag to print out go build information. Packr looks for the -v flag, and will turn on its own verbose logging. This is very useful for trying to understand what the packr command is doing when it is run.
FAQ
Compilation Errors with Go Templates
Q: I have a program with Go template files, those files are named foo.go and look like the following:
// Copyright {{.Year}} {{.Author}}. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package {{.Project}}When I run packr2 I get errors like:
expected 'IDENT', found '{'A: Packr works by searching your .go files for github.com/gobuffalo/packr/v2#New or github.com/gobuffalo/packr/v2#NewBox calls. Because those files aren't "proper" Go files, Packr can't parse them to find the box declarations. To fix this you need to tell Packr to ignore those files when searching for boxes. A couple solutions to this problem are:
- Name the files something else. The
.tmplextension is the idiomatic way of naming these types of files. - Rename the folder containing these files to start with an
_, for example_templates. Packr, like Go, will ignore folders starting with the_character when searching for boxes.
Dynamic Box Paths
Q: I need to set the path of a box using a variable, but packr.New("foo", myVar) doesn't work correctly.
A: Packr attempts to "automagically" set it's resolution directory when using github.com/gobuffalo/packr/v2#New, however, for dynamic paths you need to set it manually:
box := packr.New("foo", "|")
box.ResolutionDir = myVarI don't want to pack files, but still use the Packr interface.
Q: I want to write code that using the Packr tools, but doesn't actually pack the files into my binary. How can I do that?
A: Using github.com/gobuffalo/packr/v2#Folder gives you back a *packr.Box that can be used as normal, but is excluded by the Packr tool when compiling.
Packr Finds No Boxes
Q: I run packr2 -v but it doesn't find my boxes:
DEBU[2019-03-18T18:48:52+01:00] *parser.Parser#NewFromRoots found prospects=0
DEBU[2019-03-18T18:48:52+01:00] found 0 boxesA: Packr works by parsing .go files to find github.com/gobuffalo/packr/v2#Box and github.com/gobuffalo/packr/v2#NewBox declarations. If there aren't any .go in the folder that packr2 is run in it can not find those declarations. To fix this problem run the packr2 command in the directory containing your .go files.
Box Interfaces
Q: I want to be able to easily test my applications by passing in mock boxes. How do I do that?
A: Packr boxes and files conform to the interfaces found at github.com/gobuffalo/packd. Change your application to use those interfaces instead of the concrete Packr types.
// using concrete type
func myFunc(box *packr.Box) {}
// using interfaces
func myFunc(box packd.Box) {}