This is Cloud Haskell. It's a Haskell framework for distributed applications. Basically, it's a tool for writing applications that coordinate their work on a cluster of commodity computers or virtual machines. This is useful for providing highly reliable, redundant, long-running services, as well as for building compute-intensive applications that can benefit from lots of hardware.
This package, remote (github), contains the original, prototype implementation of Cloud Haskell, which now exists mainly for historical interest. This version has been surpassed by distributed-process (github). Although the interface for the two versions is similar, the newer version has a lot of important improvements, including support for polymorphic RPC and pluggable transport back-ends. Users considering Cloud Haskell for practical ends should start with the new version.
For more information on Cloud Haskell, including motivation, sample applications, performance analysis, and a brief tutorial, I suggest the paper. For even more information, try my thesis. These documents apply to the original version, but are mostly relevant to the newer version, as well.
The remainder of this file contains a (slightly out-of-date) introduction to programming with Cloud Haskell. There are example programs included in the distribution.
Cloud Haskell has two interfaces:
Assuming you have the Haskell Platform installed, just run this command from the Cloud Haskell directory:
cabal install remoteYou can then compile your own Cloud Haskell applications, or try out the programs in the examples directory.
Many programming languages expose concurrent programming as a shared memory model, wherein multiple, concurrently executing programs, or threads, can examine and manipulate variables common to them all. Coordination between threads is achieved with locks, mutexes, and other synchronization mechanisms. In Haskell, these facilities are available as MVars.
In contrast, languages like Erlang eschew shared data and require that concurrent threads communicate only by message-passing. The key insight of Erlang and languages like it is that reasoning about concurrency is much easier without shared memory. Under a message-passing scheme, a thread provides a recipient, given as a thread identifier, and a unit of data; that data will be transferred to the recipient's address space and placed in a queue, where it can be retrieved by the recipient. Because data is never shared implicitly, this is a particularly good model for distributed systems.
This framework presents a combined approach to distributed framework: while it provides an Erlang-style message-passing system, it lets the programmer use existing concurrency paradigms from Haskell.
Location is represented by a node. Usually, a node corresponds to an instance of the Haskell runtime system; that is, each independently executed Haskell program exists in its own node. Multiple nodes may run concurrently on a single physical host system, but the intention is that nodes run on separate hosts, to take advantage of more hardware.
The basic unit of concurrency is the process (as distinct from an OS process). A process is a concurrent calculation that can participate in messaging. There is little overhead involved in starting and executing processes, so programmers can start as many as they need.
Code that runs in a process is in the ProcessM monad.
Processes are created with the spawn function. Its type signatures will help explain its operation:
spawn :: NodeId -> Closure (ProcessM ()) -> ProcessM ProcessIdspawn takes a NodeId, indicating where to run the process, and a Closure, indicating which function will start the process. This lets the programmer start arbitrary functions on other nodes, which may be running on other hosts. Actual code is not transmitted to the other node; instead, a function identifier is sent. This works on the assumption that all connected nodes are running identical copies of the compiled Haskell binary (unlike Erlang, which allows new code to be sent to remote nodes at runtime).
We encode the function identifier used to start remote processes in a Closure. Closures for remotely-callable functions are automatically generated, and are named after the original function with a __closure suffix. Therefore, if I have a function like this:
greet :: String -> ProcessM ()
greet name = say ("Hello, " ++ name)I can run it on some node (and get its PID) like this:
pid <- spawn someNode (greet__closure "John Baptist")The greet__closure symbol here identifies a closure generator and is automatically created by the framework from user-defined functions; see the examples or documentation for more details.
You can send messages to a process given its PID. The send function corresponds to Erlang's ! operator.
send :: (Serializable a) => ProcessId -> a -> ProcessM ()Given a ProcessId and a chunk of serializable data (implementing the Data.Binary.Binary type class), we can send a message to the given process. The message will be transmitted across the network if necessary and placed in the process's message queue. Note that send will accept any type of data, as long as it implements Binary.
A process can receive messages by calling expect:
expect :: (Serializable a) => ProcessM aNote that expect is also polymorphic; the type of message to receive is usually inferred by the compiler. If a message of that type is in the queue, it will be returned. If multiple messages of that type are in the queue, they will be returned in FIFO order. If there are no messages of that type in the queue, the function will block until such a message arrives.
A channel provides an alternative to message transmission with send and expect. While send and expect allow transmission of messages of any type, channels require messages to be of uniform type. Channels work like a distributed equivalent of Haskell's Control.Concurrent.Chan. Unlike regular channels, distributed channels have distinct ends: a single receiving port and at least one sending port. Create a channel with a call to newChannel:
newChannel :: (Serializable a) => ProcessM (SendPort a, ReceivePort a)The resulting SendPort can be used with the sendChannel function to insert messages into the channel. The ReceivePort can be used to receive messages with 'receiveChannel'. The SendChannel can be serialized and sent as part of messages to other processes, which can then write to it; the ReceiveChannel, though, cannot be serialized, although it can be accessed from multiple threads on the same node.
Here we'll provide a basic example of how to get started with your first project.
We'll be running a program that will estimate pi, making use of available computing resources potentially on remote systems. There will be an arbitrary number of nodes, one of which will be designated the master, and the remaining nodes will be slaves. The slaves will estimate pi in such a way that their results can be combined by the master, and an approximation will be output. The more nodes, and the longer they run, the more precise the output.
In more detail: the master will assign each slave a region of the Halton sequence, and the slaves will use elements of the sequence to estimate the ratio of points in a unit square that fall within a unit circle, and that the master will sum these ratios.
Here's the procedure, step by step.
Compile Pi6.hs. If you have the framework installed correctly, it should be sufficient to run:
ghc --make Pi6Select the machines you want to run the program on, and select one of them to be the master. All hosts must be connected on a local area network. For the purposes of this explanation, we'll assume that you will run your master node on a machine named masterhost and you will run two slave nodes each on machines named slavehost1 and slavehost2.
Copy the compiled executable Pi6 to some location on each of the three hosts.
For each node, we need to create a configuration file. This is plain text file, usually named config and usually placed in the same directory with the executable. There are many possible settings that can be given in the configuration file, but only a few are necessary for this example; the rest have sensible defaults. On masterhost, create a file named config with the following content:
cfgRole MASTER
cfgHostName masterhost
cfgKnownHosts masterhost slavehost1 slavehost2On slavehost1, create a file named config with the following content:
cfgRole WORKER
cfgHostName slavehost1
cfgKnownHosts masterhost slavehost1 slavehost2On slavehost2, create a file named config with the following content:
cfgRole WORKER
cfgHostName slavehost2
cfgKnownHosts masterhost slavehost1 slavehost2A brief discussion of these settings and what they mean:
The cfgRole setting determines the node's initial behavior. This is a string which is used to differentiate the two kinds of nodes in this example. More complex distributed systems might have more different kinds of roles. In this case, WORKER nodes do nothing on startup, but just wait from a command from a master, whereas MASTER nodes seek out worker nodes and issue them commands.
The cfgHostName setting indicates to each node the name of the host it's running on.
The cfgKnownHosts setting provides a list of hosts that form part of this distributed execution. This is necessary so that the master node can find its subservient slave nodes.
Taken together, these three settings tell each node (a) its own name, (b) the names of other nodes and (c) their behavioral relationship.
Now, run the Pi6 program twice in each of the worker nodes. There should now be four worker nodes awaiting instructions.
To start the execution, run Pi6 on the master node. You should see output like this:
2011-02-10 11:14:38.373856 UTC 0 pid://masterhost:48079/6/ SAY Starting...
2011-02-10 11:14:38.374345 UTC 0 pid://masterhost:48079/6/ SAY Telling slave nid://slavehost1:33716/ to look at range 0..1000000
2011-02-10 11:14:38.376479 UTC 0 pid://masterhost:48079/6/ SAY Telling slave nid://slavehost1:45343/ to look at range 1000000..2000000
2011-02-10 11:14:38.382236 UTC 0 pid://masterhost:48079/6/ SAY Telling slave nid://slavehost2:51739/ to look at range 2000000..3000000
2011-02-10 11:14:38.384613 UTC 0 pid://masterhost:48079/6/ SAY Telling slave nid://slavehost2:44756/ to look at range 3000000..4000000
2011-02-10 11:14:56.720435 UTC 0 pid://masterhost:48079/6/ SAY Done: 31416061416061416061416061Let's talk about what's going on here.
This output is generated by the framework's logging facility. Each line of output has the following fields, left-to-right: the date and time that the log entry was generated; the importance of the message (in this case 0); the process ID of the generating process; the subsystem or component that generated this message (in this case, SAY indicates that these messages were output by a call to the say function); and the body of the message. From these messages, we can see that the master node discovered four nodes running on two remote hosts; for each of them, the master emits a "Telling slave..." message. Note that although we had to specify the host names where the nodes were running in the config file, the master found all nodes running on each of those hosts. The log output also tells us which range of indices of the Halton sequence were assigned to each node. Each slave, having performed its calculation, sends its results back to the master, and when the master has received responses from all slaves, it prints out its estimate of pi and ends. The slave nodes continue running, waiting for another request. At this point, we could run the master again, or we can terminate the slaves manually with Ctrl-C or the kill command.
I am grateful for the contributions of the following people to this project: