Tensort

Tensort is a family of sorting algorithms that are tunable to adjust to the priorities of the task at hand.

This project started as an exploration of what a sorting algorithm that prioritizes robustness might look like. As such it also describes and provides implementations of Robustsort, a group of Tensort variants designed for robustness in conditions described in David H. Ackley's Beyond Efficiency.

Simply put, Tensort takes an input list, transforms the list into a multi-dimensional tensor field, then transforms that tensor field back into a sorted list. These transformations provide opportunities to increase redundancy for improved robustness and can be leveraged to include any further processing we wish to do on the elements.

     

     

Table of Contents

• Introduction
  • Inspiration
  • Why?
  • But why would anyone care about this in the first place?
  • What's a tensor?
  • Why Haskell?
• Project structure
• Algorithms overview
  • Tensort
  • Preface
  • Structure
  • Algorithm
  • Benefits
  • Logarithmic Bytesize
  • Robustsort
  • Preface
  • Overview
  • Examining Bubblesort
  • Rotationsort
  • Introducing Supersort
  • Permutationsort
  • Supersort Adjudication
  • Recursion
  • Magicsort
  • Magic Robustsort SubAlgorithm alterations
  • A note about Mundane Robustsort SubAlgorithms
• Comparing it all
• Library
• Development Environment
• Contact
• Thank you
• Hype

Introduction

Inspiration

• Beyond Efficiency by David H. Ackley

• Beyond Efficiency by Dave Ackley by Future of Coding (Lu Wilson, Jimmy Miller, Ivan Reese)

Why?

Because near the end of that podcast episode, Ivan said "Why are we comparing Bubblesort versus Quicksort and Mergesort? Well, because no one's made Robustsort yet."

And I thought, "Why not?"

But why would anyone care about this in the first place?

Being adaptable to different scenarios, a tunable sorting algorithm has many potential applications. This README will focus on robustness in sorting.

Ackley has compelling things to say about why prioritizing robustness is important and useful. I'd highly recommend reading that paper!

Or listening to this podcast!

If you want my elevator pitch, it's because we eventually want to build things like Dyson Spheres. Doing so will involve massively distributed systems that are constantly pelted by radiation. In such circumstances, robustness is key.

Another example I like to consider is artificial cognition. When working in a non-deterministic system (or a system so complex as to be considered non-deterministic), it can be helpful to have systems in place to verify that the answer we come to is valid.

Incidentally, while I was preparing for this project, we experienced the strongest solar storm to reach Earth in 2 decades. I don't know for certain whether the solar activity caused any computer errors, but we had some anomalies at work and certainly joked about them being caused by the Sun.

Also during the same period, one of the Internet's root-servers glitched out for unexplained reasons.

As Ackley asserts, as a culture we have tended to prioritize correctness and efficiency to the detriment of robustness. The rate of our technological progression precludes us from continuing to do so.

What's a tensor?

If you want an in-depth explanation, Wikipedia is usually a good starting place.

If you just want to understand Tensort, you can think of 'tensor' as a fancy word for a multi-dimensional array.

Every tensor has a degree, which is the number of dimensions it has. A 0-degree tensor is a scalar (like an integer), a 1-degree tensor is a vector (like a list), a 2-degree tensor is a matrix, and so on.

Each dimension of a tensor has a rank, which can be thought of as the length of that dimension. A tensor's shape can be described by another tensor that denotes the ranks of each of its dimensions. For example, [1,2,3] is an instance of a 1-degree tensor. Its single dimension is 3 elements long, so it has a rank 3. Thus its shape is [3].

For another example, consider the following tensor which has the shape [3,2]:

[[1,2,3],
 [4,5,6]]

Tensort transforms a list into a field of the highest-degree tensors possible while giving its dimensions a specified maximum rank size to achieve the densest possible cluster of short lists. This provides opportunities to add processing tailored to suit the current goals while preserving time efficiency.

Why Haskell?

1. Tensort can involve a lot of recursion, which Haskell handles well

2. All the other benefits we get from using a purely functional language, such as strict dependency management, which even the smartest among us sometimes falter without:

        

     

3. Obviously

Project structure

• src/ contains the Tensort library

• app/ contains the suite for comparing different sorting algorithms in terms of robustness and time efficiency (only in the benchmarking branch)

• data/ contains benchmarking data

Algorithms overview

This README assumes some general knowledge of basic sorting algoritms. If you would like a refresher, I recommend this video which touches on Bubblesort and Mergesort, and this video which discusses Quicksort.

It also assumes you've read Beyond Efficiency by David H. Ackley. Go read it! It's short!

Please note that we will discuss a few algorithms that I've either made up or am just not familiar with by other names. If any of these algorithms have previously been named, please let me know. Prior to this project I really only had a rudimentary understanding of Insertionsort, Quicksort, Mergesort, Bubblesort and Bogosort, so it's entirely possible that I've reinvented a few things that already exist.

The algorithms used here that I have made up or renamed are, in order of introduction, Tensort, Robustsort, Rotationsort, Permutationsort, and Magicsort.

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It may be helpful to note that this project was originally undertaken in an endeavor to come up with a solution naively, for the exercise, before researching other algorithms built to tackle the same problem. Another notable example of a robust sorting algotithm is Ackley's <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=helScS3coAE&t=260s" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> Demon Horde Sort , which I purposefully avoiding learning much about before publishing v1.0.0.0 of this package. Demon Horde Sort is more truly robust than Tensort, being resiliant against far more types of unexpected conditions than just a wonky comparator. It's really cool and a lot closer to what I expect computinig to look like in the future - I encourage you to check out that video when you're done here!

---

I will also be joined by the spirit of Sir Michael Caine, who is here for two reasons. One is to keep an eye on me and make sure I don't go too overboard. More importantly, he's here as a bit of insurance to make sure you've read Beyond Efficiency. You can think of him as my version of the M&M's on Van Halen's concert rider (the most famously robust rider in rock history). If you can't figure out why he's here, especially by the end of this README, go back and re-read the paper!

Alright, let's get started! Ready, Sir Michael?

     

Tensort

Preface

Tensort is my original attempt to write the most robust sorting algorithm possible with O(n log n) average time efficiency while avoiding anything that Ackley might consider a "cheap hack." Starting out, my hope was that it would be, if not competitive with Bubblesort in robustness, at least a major improvement over Quicksort and Mergesort.

After settling on this algorithm, I looked into several other sorting algorithms for comparison and found a few that have some similarities with Tensort - notably Blocksort, Bucketsort, and Patiencesort. If you are familiar with these algorithms, you may recognize that they each have a structure that aids in understanding them.

Tensort uses an underlying structure as well. We will discuss this structure before going over the algorithm's actual steps. If this doesn't make sense yet, fear not!

Structure

Bit <- Element of the list to be sorted

Byte <- List of Bits

Bytesize <- Maximum length of a Byte

Tensor <- Tuple of a Register list and a Memory list

Memory <- List of Bytes or other Tensors contained in the current Tensor

Register <- List of Records, each Record referencing one Byte or Tensor
in Memory

Record <- Tuple of the Address and a copy of the TopBit of the referenced
Byte or Tensor

Address <- Pointer to a Byte or Tensor in Memory

TopBit <- Value of the Bit at the top of the stack in a Byte or Tensor

TensorStack <- A top-level Tensor along with all the Bits, Bytes, and
Tensors contained within it. Structurally equivalent to a Tensor

TopRegister <- List of Records that is built after all Tensors are built.
Each Record references one TensorStack. Structurally equivalent to a
Register

SubAlgorithm <- The sorting sub-algorithm used at various stages

In Tensort, the smallest unit of information is a Bit. Each Bit stores one element of the list to be sorted. A group of Bits is known as a Byte.

A Byte is a list of Bits. The maximum length of a Byte (known as the Bytesize) is set according to an argument passed to Tensort. This Bytesize can also be thought of as the maximum rank (not degree) of a tensor in Tensort. Ideally, all Bytes will be of maximum length until the final steps of Tensort. Several Bytes are grouped together in a Tensor.

A Tensor is a tuple with two elements: Register and Memory.

Memory is the second element in a Tensor tuple. It is a list of Bytes or other Tensors. The maximum length of this Memory list is equal to the Bytesize.

A Register is the first element in a Tensor tuple. It is a list of Records, each of which has an Address pointing to an element in its Tensor's Memory and a copy of the TopBit in the referenced element.

Each Record is a simplification of a Byte or Tensor in a Tensor's memory. It is a tuple comprised of an Address and a TopBit

The Address of a Record is an integer representing the index of the referenced Byte or Tensor in its containing Tensor's memory

The TopBit of a Byte (which is copied into the Byte's referencing Record) is the Bit at the end of the Byte list. If everything functions correctly, this will be the highest value Bit in the Byte.

The TopBit of a Tensor (which is copied into the Tensor's referencing Record) is the TopBit of the Byte referenced by the Record at the end of the Register list of the Tensor referenced by the Record at the end of the Register list of the Tensor... and so on until the original (containing) Tensor is reached. If everything functions correctly, this TopBit will be the highest value Bit in the Byte.

A TensorStack is a top-level Tensor (i.e. a Tensor not contained within another Tensor) along with all the Bits, Bytes, and Tensors it contains. Once the Tensors are fully built, the total number of TensorStacks will be equal to (or sometimes less than) the Bytesize, but before that point there will be many more TensorStacks.

Once all Tensors are built, a TopRegister is assembled as a list of Records, each Record referencing one TensorStack.

The sorting SubAlgorithm will be used any time we sort something within Tensort. The choice of this SubAlgorithm is very important. For reasons that will become clear soon, the SubAlgorithm for Standard Tensort will be Bubblesort, but the major part of Tensort's tunability is the ability to substitute another sorting algorithm based on current priorities.

Now, on to the algorithm!

Algorithm

The first step in Tensort is to randomize the input list. I'll explain why we do this in more detail later - for now just know that it's easier for Tensort to make mistakes when the list is already nearly sorted.

1. Randomize the input list of Bits.

2. Assemble Bytes by grouping the Bits into lists of lengths equal to the Bytesize, then sorting the Bits in each Byte using the SubAlgorithm. After this, we will do no more write operations on the Bits until the final steps. Instead, we will make copies of the Bits and sort the copies alongside their pointers.

3. Assemble TensorStacks by creating Tensors from the Bytes:

   1. Group the Bytes together in Memory lists of Bytesize length.
   2. Assign each Memory to a newly-created Tensor.
   3. For each Tensor, make Records for each Byte in its Memory by combining the Byte's index in Memory list with a copy of its TopBit.
   4. Group the Records for each Tensor together and form them into their Tensor's Register list.
   5. Sort the Records in each Register list in order of their TopBits.

4. Reduce the number of TensorStacks by creating a new layer of Tensors from the Tensors created in Step 3:

   1. Group the first layer of Tensors together in Memory lists of Bytesize length.
   2. Assign each Memory to a newly-created Tensor.
   3. For each newly-created Tensor, make Records for each Tensor in its Memory by combining the enclosed Tensor's index in the Memory list with a copy of its TopBit.
   4. Group the Records for each newly-created Tensor together and form them into their Tensor's Register list.
   5. Sort each Register list in order of its Records' TopBits.

5. Continue in the same manner as in Step 4 until the number of TensorStacks is equal to or less than the Bytesize.

6. Assemble a TopRegister by making Records from the Top Bits of each TensorStack and sorting the Records.

7. Remove the TopBit from the top Byte in the top TensorStack and add it to the final Sorted List. If the top Byte has more than one Bit in it still, re-sort the Byte for good measure

8. If the top Byte in the top TensorStack is empty:

   1. Remove the Record that points to the top Byte from its containing Tensor's Register.
   2. If the Tensor containing that byte is empty, remove the Record that points to that Tensor from its containing Tensor's Register. Do this recursively until finding a Tensor that is not empty or the top of the TensorStack is reached.
   3. If the entire TensorStack is empty of Bits, remove its Record from the TopRegister.
   4. If all TensorStacks are empty of Bits, return the final Sorted List. Otherwise, re-sort the TopRegister.

9. Otherwise (i.e. the top Byte or a Tensor that contains it is not empty):

   1. Update the top Byte's (or Tensor's) Record with its new TopBit.
   2. Re-sort the top Byte's (or Tensor's) containing Tensor's Register.
   3. Jump up a level to the Tensor that contains that Tensor, update the containing Tensor's Record with its new TopBit, and re-sort its Register. Do this recursively until the whole TensorStack is rebalanced.
   4. Update the TensorStack's Record in the TopRegister with its new TopBit.
   5. Re-sort the TopRegister.

10. Repeat Steps 7-9 until the final Sorted List is returned.

Now that we know all the steps, it's easier to see why we randomize the list as the beginning step. This way, if the list is already nearly sorted, values close to each other don't get stuck under each other in their Byte. Ideally, we want the top Bits in all the TensorStacks to be close to the same value.

To illustrate, say that we're using a Bytesize of 4 and the first four Bits in a list of 1,000,000 to be sorted are 121, 122, 123, and 124. If we don't randomize the list, these 4 Bits get grouped together in the first Byte.

That's all well and good if everything performs as expected, but if something unexpected happens during an operation where we intend to add 124 to the final list and we add a different Bit instead, three of the best Bits to have mistakenly added (121, 122, and 123) are impossible to have been selected.

Benefits

Tensort is designed to be adaptable for different purposes. The core mechanic in Tensort is the breaking down of the input into smaller pieces along many dimensions to sort the smaller pieces. Once we understand the overall structure of Tensort, we can design a SubAlgorithm (and Bytesize) to suit our needs.

Standard Tensort leverages the robustness of Bubblesort while reducing runtime by never Bubblesorting the entire input at once.

We are able to do this because A) Bubblesort is very good at making sure the last element is in the final position of a list, and B) at each step in Tensort the only element we really care about is the last element of a given list (or to look at it another way, the TopBit of a given Tensor).

Logarithmic Bytesize

When using standard Tensort (i.e. using Bubblesort as the SubAlgoritm), as the Bytesize approaches 1, the length of the input list, or the square root of the number of elements in the input list, its average time efficiency approaches O(n^2).

Standard Tensort is most time efficient when the Bytesize is close to the natural log of the number of elements in the input list. A logarithmic Bytesize is likely to be ideal for most use cases of standard Tensort.

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Alright! We now have a sorting algorithm absent of cheap hacks that both maintains O(n log n) average time efficiency and is relatively robust. I'm pretty happy with that!

But now that we understand Tensort's basic structure, let's tune it for even more robustness!

     

Robustsort

Preface

In Beyond Efficiency, Ackley augmented Mergesort and Quicksort with what he called "cheap hacks" in order to give them a boost in robustness in an attempt to get them to compare with Bubblesort. This amounted to adding a quorum system to the unpredictable comparison operator and choosing the most-agreed-upon answer.

I agree that adding a quorum for the unpredictable comparison operator is at least a post-hoc solution to a known problem. Instead of retrying a specific component again because we know it to be unpredictable, let's build redundancy into the system at the (sub-)algorithmic level. A simple way to do this is by asking different components the same question and see if they agree.

Robustsort is my attempt to make the most robust sorting algorithm possible, utilizing some solution-checking on the (sub-)algorithmic level while still:

• Keeping to O(n log n) average time efficiency

• Never re-running a sub-algorithm that is expected to act deterministicly on the same arguments looking for a non-deterministic result (i.e. expect that if a component gives a wrong answer, running it again the same way won't somehow yield a right answer)

• Using a minimal number of different sub-algorithms (i.e. don't just use every sorting algorithm that comes to mind and compare all their results)

With those ground rules in place, let's get to Robustsort!

Overview

Once we have Tensort in our toolbox, the road to Robustsort is not long.

Robustsort is a potentially recursive version of Tensort, but first we'll look at the basic variant: a 3-Bit Tensort with a custom SubAlgorithm that compares other sub-algorithms. For convenience, we will call this custom SubAlgorithm Supersort. We use a 3-Bit Tensort here because there's something magical that happens around the number 3.

Robust sorting algorithms tend to be slow. Bubblesort, for example, having an average time efficiency of O(n^2), is practically glacial compared with Quicksort and Mergesort (which both have an average of O(n log n)).

Here's the trick though: with small numbers the difference between these values is minimal. For example, when n=4, Mergesort will make 6 comparisons, while Bubblesort will make 12. A Byte holding 4 Bits is both small enough to run the Bubblesort quickly and large enough to allow multiple opportunities for a mistake to be corrected.

In Robustsort we choose a Bytesize of 3 because a list of 3 Bits has some special properties. For one thing, sorting at this length greatly reduces the time it takes to run our slow-but-robust algorithms. For example, at this size, Bubblesort will make only 6 comparisons. Mergesort still makes 6 as well.

Furthermore, when making a mistake while sorting a list of 3 elements, the mistake will displace an element by only 1 or 2 positions at most, no matter which algorithm is used.

This is all to say that using a 3-Bit Bytesize allows us to have our pick of sub-algorithms to compare with!

Examining Bubblesort

Before moving further, let's talk a little about Bubblesort and why we're using it in our SubAlgorithm.

We've said before that Bubblesort is likely to put the last element in the correct position of a list. Let's examine this in the context of Bubblesorting a 3-element list.

I ran Bubblesort 1000 times on random permutations of [1,2,3] using a faulty comparator that gives a random result 10% of the time when comparing two elements. Here is how often each outcome was returned:

94.1% <- [1,2,3]

2.5% <- [1,3,2]

3.0% <- [2,1,3]

0.0% <- [2,3,1]

0.4% <- [3,1,2]

0.0% <- [3,2,1]

In these results, 97.1% of the time the TopBit was returned in the correct position. The only results returned in which the TopBit was not in the correct position were [1,3,2] and [3,1,2].

Rotationsort

When choosing an algorithm to compare with Bubblesort, we want something with substantially different logic, for the sake of robustness. We do, however, want something similar to Bubblesort in that it compares our elements multiple times. And as mentioned above, the element that is most important to our sorting is the last (i.e. highest value) element, by a large degree.

In terms of the probability of different outcomes, if our algorithm returns an incorrect result, we want that result to be different than what Bubblesort is likely to return.

Keeping these priorities in mind, the algorithm we will use to compare with Bubblesort is Rotationsort.

The steps in Rotationsort are relatively simple:

1. Compare the last element with the first element. If the last element is smaller, move it to the beginning of the list and repeat Step 1.

2. Compare the first two elements. If the second element is smaller, move it to the beginning of the list and return to Step 1.

3. Compare the second and third elements. If the third element is smaller, move it to the beginning of the list and return to Step 1.

4. Continue on in this fashion until the end of the list is reached.

5. Return the sorted list.

The version we use here will be a Reverse Rotationsort. Instead of starting at the beginning of the list and working forward, moving lower-value elements back to the beginning, a Reverse Rotationsort starts at the end and works backward, moving higher-value elements to the end. We do this because it yields a more favorable spread of results to combine with Bubblesort than a Forward Rotationsort does.

Here are the results of running (Reverse) Rotationsort 1000 times on random permutations of [1,2,3] using a faulty comparator that gives a random result 10% of the time when comparing two elements:

95.3% <- [1,2,3]

1.5% <- [1,3,2]

3.1% <- [2,1,3]

0.1% <- [2,3,1]

0.0% <- [3,1,2]

0.0% <- [3,2,1]

In these results, 98.4% of the time the TopBit was returned in the correct position The only results returned in which the TopBit was not in the correct position were [1,3,2] and [2,3,1].

You may notice that one of the two problematic results returned ([2,3,1]) was never returned by Bubblesort. In turn, Bubblesort returned one result ([3,1,2]) that Rotationsort did not. This doesn't mean that these algorithms will never return these results, but the chances of them doing so are very low.

Overall, there is a modest probability (about 0.04% according to these results) that Bubblesort and Rotationsort will agree on [1,3,2] as the result, but it is very unlikely that they will agree on any other result that does not have the Top Bit in the correct position.

A note about [1,3,2]

You may notice that the most common problematic result returned by both Bubblesort and Rotationsort is [1,3,2]. Wouldn't it be better to compare with an algorithm that doesn't return this result as often?

It would. It seems, however, that any sorting algorithm which has [1,2,3] and [2,1,3] as its most common results also has [1,3,2] as its third most common. This may be inevitable due to [2,1,3] and [1,3,2] being only one adjacent element swap away from [1,2,3].

I came up with Rotationsort while attempting to discover a robust sorting algorithm that prioritizes non-adjacent swaps (compare Circlesort). If anyone finds an algorithm that is comparable with Bubblesort and Rotationsort in terms of both accuracy in determining the TopBit and adhering to the general rules of this project while returning something besides [1,3,2] as its third most common result, I'd love to hear about it!

     

Introducing Supersort

Supersort is a SubAlgorithm that compares the results of two different sorting algorithms, in our case Bubblesort and Rotationsort. If both algorithms agree on the result, that result is used.

Looking at our analysis of Bubblesort and Rotationsort, we can approximate the chances that they will agree in similar conditions:

~89.68% <- Agree Correctly

~10.19% <- Disagree

~0.09% <- Agree Incorrectly - TopBit correct

~0.04% <- Agree Incorectly - TopBit incorrect

Hey, that's pretty good! If they agree, then return the results from Rotationsort because if for some reason the module that compares the full Bytes is also faulty (outside the scope of these benchmarks), Rotationsort is more likely to have an accurate result.

Around 10% of the time, these sub-algorithms will disagree with each other. If this happens, we run our third sub-algorithm: Permutationsort.

Permutationsort

Permutationsort is a simple, brute-force sorting algorithm.

As a first step we generate all the different ways the elements could possibly be arranged in the list. Then we loop over this list of permutations until we find one that is in the right order.

We check if a permutation is in the right order by comparing the first two elements. If the first element is greater, we move to the next permutation. Otherwise (i.e. the first element is smaller), we compare the next two elements, and so on until we either find two elements that are out of order or we reach the end of the list, confirming that the list is in order.

Permutationsort is a good choice for our adjudication algorithm because A) the spread of outcomes is favorable for our needs and B) it uses logic that is completely different from Bubblesort and Rotationsort. Using different manners of reasoning to reach an agreed-upon answer increases the robustness of a system.

Here are the results of running Permutationsort 1000 times on random permutations of [1,2,3] using a faulty comparator that gives a random result 10% of the time:

81.9% <- [1,2,3]

4.1% <- [2,1,3]

4.5% <- [3,1,2]

5.3% <- [1,3,2]

3.4% <- [2,3,1]

0.8% <- [3,2,1]

In these cases, 86% of the time the Top Bit was in the correct position. The least likely outcome is a reverse-sorted Byte and the other possible incorrect outcomes are in approximately even distribution with each other. https://hachyderm.io/@kaBeech

Supersort Adjudication

Supposing that our results from Bubblesort and Rotationsort disagree and we now have our result from Permutationsort, how do we choose which to use?

First we check to see whether the result from Permutationsort agrees with the results from either Bubblesort or Rotationsort. To keep things simple, let's just look at the raw chances that Permutationsort will agree on results with Bubblesort or Rotationsort.

Permutationsort and Bubblesort:

~77.07% <- Agree Correctly

~28.13% <- Disagree

~0.14% <- Agree Incorrectly - TopBit correct

~0.12% <- Agree Incorectly - TopBit incorrect

Permutationsort and Rotationsort:

~78.05% <- Agree Correctly

~21.74% <- Disagree

~0.14% <- Agree Incorrectly - TopBit correct

~0.07% <- Agree Incorectly - TopBit incorrect

If Permutationsort agrees with either Bubblesort or Rotationsort, then it's easy - just use that result!

According to these results, Permutationsort is likely to disagree with both Bubblesort and Rotationsort about 6.12% of the time if all three are run independently. In practice, if Permutationsort is run at all it has a greater chance than that because in order to reach that point, first either Bubblesort or Rotationsort must have sorted the list incorrectly, which makes them less likely to agree with Permutationsort.

In any case, if all three sub-algorithms disagree, use the results from Rotationsort.

Recursion

You'll remember that our standard Tensort uses a logarithmic Bytesize. Our base Robustsort uses a Bytesize of 3, but we can use a logarithmic Bytesize by adding recursion.

     

     

Let's take our base Robustsort example above and make it recursive.

First, instead of using a 3-Bit Bytesize, we will use a logarithmic Bytesize. Then, instead of using our Supersort directly as our SubAlgorithm, we will use Robustsort itself to sort the records.

At the base case, this Robustsort will have a Bytesize of 3. If the logarithmic Bytesize of the input list is greater than 27, then the SubAlgorithm of the top-level Robustsort will be a recursive Robustsort with a logarithmic Bytesize.

The number 27 is chosen because we want a number that has a natural log that is close to 3 (27's is about 3.3) and since 3 ^ 3 = 27, it is easy to sort lists of 27 elements in groups of 3.

This recursive version of Robustsort is more tailored to large input lists (in fact, it doesn't add another layer of recursion until the input list is is longer than 500 billion elements), but differences can be noticed when sorting smaller lists as well.

We now have a simple form of Robustsort: a potentially recursive Tensort with a 3-Bit base case using a Supersort adjudicating Bubblesort, Rotationsort, and Permutationsort as its base SubAlgorithm.

Well that's pretty cool! But I wonder... can we make this more robust, if we relax the rules just a little more?

Of course we can! And we will. To do so, we will replace Permutationsort with another newly-named sorting algorithm: Magicsort!

Magicsort

For our most robust iteration of Robustsort we will relax the requirement on never re-running the same deterministic sub-algorithm in one specific context. Magicsort is an algorithm that will re-run Permutationsort only if it disagrees with an extremely reliable, theoretically non-deterministic algorithm - one that's so good it's robust against logic itself...

     

     

...Bogosort!

Magicsort simply runs both Permutationsort and Bogosort on the same input and checks if they agree. If they do, the result is used and if not, both algorithms are run again. This process is repeated until the two algorithms agree on a result.

Magicsort is based on the notion that if you happen to pull the right answer out of a hat once, it might be random chance, but if you do it twice, it might just be magic!

Observant readers may have already deduced that Permutationsort functions nearly identically to Bogosort. Here are the results of running Bogosort 1000 times on random permutations of [1,2,3] using a faulty comparator that gives a random result 10% of the time:

81.3% <- [1,2,3]

3.0% <- [2,1,3]

3.8% <- [3,1,2]

5.8% <- [1,3,2]

5.7% <- [2,3,1]

0.4% <- [3,2,1]

In these cases, 84.3% of the time the Top Bit was in the correct position. Even though both Bogosort and Permutationsort were ran with the same random seeds, they gave slightly different results because their methodology is slightly different. Still, the least likely outcome for Bogosort is also a reverse-sorted Byte and the other possible incorrect outcomes are in approximately even distribution with each other.

Here are the results of running Magicsort 1000 times on random permutations of [1,2,3] using a faulty comparator that gives a random result 10% of the time when comparing two elements:

~94.0% <- [1,2,3] (Correct)

~1.5% <- [2,1,3] (Correct TopBit)

~1.4% <- [1,3,2] (Incorrect)

~1.5% <- [3,1,2] (Incorrect)

~1.5% <- [2,3,1] (Incorrect)

~0.1% <- [3,2,1] (Reverse)

In total, 95.5% of the time we got the TopBit in the correct position, 0.1% of the time we got a reverse-sorted list, and the other results are in almost exactly even distribution with each other.

You may note that [1,3,2] (the most common problematic result from earlier) was second least common result. This is likely a fluke, but it's still pretty neat.

The downside here is that Magisort can take a long time to run. Thankfully, Magicsort will only be run in our algorithm if Bubblesort and Rotationsort disagree on an answer, and even then it only has 3 elements to sort. Overall, the Robustsort we're building that uses Magicsort will still have an average of O(n log n) time efficiency.

Magic Robustsort SubAlgorithm alterations

We will also make a few adjustments to our SubAlgorithms for Magic Robustsort.

First, we will make our Reverse Rotationsort ambidextrous. This means that after each forward comparison (with a chance to rotate the smaller element to the front of the list), we will make a backward comparison (with a chance to rotate the larger element to the back of the list).

Second, we will replace Bubblesort with a Forward Ambidextrous Rotationsort.

Finally, we will adjust our adjudication scheme, taking the Forward Ambidextrous Rotationsort's results if there is no agreement within Supersort.

A note about Mundane Robustsort Subalgorithms

It is perfectly valid to use Bogosort in place of Permutationsort in Robustsort's standard Supersort SubAlgorithm. It may even be argued that doing so is more robust, since Bogosort barely even relies on logic. Here are some considerations to keep in mind:

• Bogosort by nature re-runs on the same input multiple times. Depending on viewpoint, this either violates the original rules I set forward or is a major benefit

• In testing, Robustsort with Bogosort tends to give more robust results, though Robustsort with Permutationsort tends to run slightly faster

• Permutationsort uses additional space due to computing all possible permutations of the input and storing them in a list

• If Permutaionsort incorrectly judges the correct permutation to be incorrect, it must loop back over the entire list of permutations again before it has another chance of giving the correct result

• Bogosort could theoretically run forever without returning a result, even when no errors occur

Comparing it all

Now let's take a look at how everything compares. Here is a graph showing the benchmarking results for average error score (over 1000 runs) for our algorithms:

     

     

As shown above, when sorting a randomly shuffled deck of cards, Quicksort makes 202 positional errors, Mergesort makes 201, Bubblesort makes 4, Logarithmic Tensort makes 51, Basic Mundane Robustsort with Bogosort adjudicator makes 11, and Basic Magic Robustsort makes only 1!

I'll note here that the results weren't nearly as dramatic when adding in a stuck comparator (which gives the same answer it gave previously 50% of the time) in addition to the wonky one (which gives a random answer 10% of the time). Our Recursive Magic Robustsort made an average of 292 positional errors in these conditions, which well outperformed Mergesort's 747, but was still behind Bubblesort's 97.

More benchmarking data can be found in the data/ directory. Before we wrap up, let's look at the runtimes and average error scores (with a wonky comparator) for the largest input list (2048) I benchmarked before removing Bubblesort from the comparisons (you may have to scroll to view the entire information):

----------------------------------------------------------
 Algorithm    | Time            | Score    | n = 2048
 Mergesort    | 0.002706653s    | 319199   |
 Quicksort    | 0.002206037s    | 269252   |
 Bubblesort   | 67.229769894s   | 707      |
 TensortBL    | 0.056649886s    | 34223    |
 RobustsortP  | 0.036861441s    | 21177    |
 RobustsortB  | 0.038692015s    | 18025    |
 RobustsortM  | 0.046679795s    | 3255     |
 RobustsortRP | 0.229615609s    | 15254    |
 RobustsortRB | 0.22648706s     | 10147    |
 RobustsortRM | 0.249211013s    | 1824     |
----------------------------------------------------------

     

Well, there it is! I'm pretty happy with the results. What do you think, Sir Michael?

     

     

Library

This package provides implementations of the following algorithms wrapped for integer sorting:

• Standard Logarithmic Tensort

• Basic Robustsort with Permutationsort adjudicator

• Basic Robustsort with Bogosort adjudicator

• Basic Magic Robustsort

• Recursive Robustsort with Permutationsort adjudicator

• Recursive Robustsort with Bogosort adjudicator

• Recursive Magic Robustsort

It also provides many more algorithms and helper functions wrapped for both Bit and Record sorting so you can make your own Tensort variants!

Check the code in src/ or the documentation on Hackage/Hoogle for more details.

Development Environment

This project is wrapped in a Nix Flake, so it's easy to hack on yourself!

Note that (unless otherwise specified) all instructions assume you are in the repository root, have Nix installed, and have entered the development shell.

Entering the Dev Shell

Note that these instructions don't make the assumptions listed above

• Install Nix
• Enable Flakes
• Clone this repository
• Run nix develop in the repository root

Run main test suite (QuickCheck)

• Run cabal test

Run DocTest

• Run cabal repl --with-compiler=doctest

Print Benchmarking Data

• Checkout to the 'benchmarking' branch
• Uncomment the desired benchmarking process(es) in app/Main.hs
• Tweak any settings desired
• Run cabal run

Contact

Questions and feedback are welcome!

The easiest way to contact me currently is likely via LinkedIn, or you can try Mastodon or email.

Thank you!

Thank you for reading! I've had so much fun working on this project. I hope you've enjoyed our time and that you'll continue thinking about tunable sorting and robustness in computing.

I'd like to send a special thank you to the following people:

• David H. Ackley, obviously

• Lu Wilson, Jimmy Miller, and Ivan Reese of Future of Coding (Check it out! They do my favorite tech podcast)

• The Haskell community at large, specifically the Haskell Subreddit and Portland Has Skill

• Countless family, friends, acquaintances, and strangers who've tolerated me blathering on about sorting algorithms over the past few months 💙

Hype

• Dave Ackley read my paper!! And had this to say about it: "Super great stuff! kabeech dives into iid errors in comparison sorting, ropes it, pulls it down, and hogties it six ways to Sunday."