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Replication package for "Expatriate Managers: Effects on Firm Performance"

Authors

Overview

Data Availability and Provenance Statements

Statement about Rights

License for Data

The data are licensed under a Creative Commons/CC-BY-NC license. See LICENSE.txt for details.

Summary of Availability

Details on each Data Source

INSTRUCTIONS: For each data source, list the file that contains data from that source here; if providing combined/derived datafiles, list them separately after the DAS. For each data source or file, as appropriate,

  • Describe the format (open formats preferred, but some software-specific formats OK if open-source readers available): .dta, .xlsx, .csv, netCDF, etc.
  • Provide a data dictionairy, either as part of the archive (list the file name), or at a URL (list the URL). Some formats are self-describing if they have the requisite information (e.g., .dta should have both variable and value labels).
  • List availability within the package
  • Use proper bibliographic references in addition to a verbose description (and provide a bibliography at the end of the README, expanding those references)

A summary in tabular form can be useful:

Data.Name Data.Files Location Provided Citation
“Current Population Survey 2018” cepr_march_2018.dta data/ TRUE CEPR (2018)
“Provincial Administration Reports” coast_simplepoint2.csv; rivers_simplepoint2.csv; RAIL_dummies.dta; railways_Dissolve_Simplify_point2.csv Data/maps/ TRUE Administration (2017)
“2017 SAT scores” Not available data/to_clean/ FALSE College Board (2020)

where the Data.Name column is then expanded in the subsequent paragraphs, and CEPR (2018) is resolved in the References section of the README.

Example for public use data collected by the authors

The [DATA TYPE] data used to support the findings of this study have been deposited in the [NAME] repository ([DOI or OTHER PERSISTENT IDENTIFIER]). [1]. The data were collected by the authors, and are available under a Creative Commons Non-commercial license.

Example for public use data sourced from elsewhere and provided

Data on National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) were downloaded from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA, 2016). We use Table 30. Data can be downloaded from https://apps.bea.gov/regional/downloadzip.cfm, under "Personal Income (State and Local)", select CAINC30: Economic Profile by County, then download. Data can also be directly downloaded using https://apps.bea.gov/regional/zip/CAINC30.zip. A copy of the data is provided as part of this archive. The data are in the public domain.

Datafile: CAINC30__ALL_AREAS_1969_2018.csv

Example for public use data with required registration and provided extract

The paper uses IPUMS Terra data (Ruggles et al, 2018). IPUMS-Terra does not allow for redistribution, except for the purpose of replication archives. Permissions as per https://terra.ipums.org/citation have been obtained, and are documented within the "data/IPUMS-terra" folder.

Note: the reference to "Ruggles et al, 2018" would be resolved in the Reference section of this README, and in the main manuscript.

Datafile: data/raw/ipums_terra_2018.dta

Example for free use data with required registration, extract not provided

The paper uses data from the World Values Survey Wave 6 (Inglehart et al, 2019). Data is subject to a redistribution restriction, but can be freely downloaded from http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWV6.jsp. Choose WV6_Data_Stata_v20180912, fill out the registration form, including a brief description of the project, and agree to the conditions of use. Note: "the data files themselves are not redistributed" and other conditions. Save the file in the directory data/raw.

Note: the reference to "Inglehart et al, 2018" would be resolved in the Reference section of this README, and in the main manuscript.

Datafile: data/raw/WV6_Data_Stata_v20180912.dta (not provided)

Example for confidential data

INSTRUCTIONS: Citing and describing confidential data, in particular when it does not have a regular distribution channel or online landing page, can be tricky. A citation can be crafted (see guidance), and the DAS should describe how to access, whom to contact (including the role of the particular person, should that person retire), and other relevant information, such as required citizenship status or cost.

The data for this project (DESE, 2019) are confidential, but may be obtained with Data Use Agreements with the Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education (DESE). Researchers interested in access to the data may contact [NAME] at [EMAIL], also see www.doe.mass.edu/research/contact.html. It can take some months to negotiate data use agreements and gain access to the data. The author will assist with any reasonable replication attempts for two years following publication.

Example for confidential Census Bureau data

All the results in the paper use confidential microdata from the U.S. Census Bureau. To gain access to the Census microdata, follow the directions here on how to write a proposal for access to the data via a Federal Statistical Research Data Center: https://www.census.gov/ces/rdcresearch/howtoapply.html. You must request the following datasets in your proposal:

  1. Longitudinal Business Database (LBD), 2002 and 2007
  2. Foreign Trade Database – Import (IMP), 2002 and 2007 [...]

(adapted from Fort (2016))

Example for preliminary code during the editorial process

Code for data cleaning and analysis is provided as part of the replication package. It is available at https://dropbox.com/link/to/code/XYZ123ABC for review. It will be uploaded to the [JOURNAL REPOSITORY] once the paper has been conditionally accepted.

Dataset list

INSTRUCTIONS: In some cases, authors will provide one dataset (file) per data source, and the code to combine them. In others, in particular when data access might be restrictive, the replication package may only include derived/analysis data. Every file should be described. This can be provided as a Excel/CSV table, or in the table below.

INSTRUCTIONS: While it is often most convenient to provide data in the native format of the software used to analyze and process the data, not all formats are "open" and can be read by other (free) software. Data should at a minimum be provided in formats that can be read by open-source software (R, Python, others), and ideally be provided in non-proprietary, archival-friendly formats.

INSTRUCTIONS: All data files should be fully documented: variables/columns should have labels (long-form meaningful names), and values should be explained. This might mean generating a codebook, pointing at a public codebook, or providing data in (non-proprietary) formats that allow for a rich description. This is in particular important for data that is not distributable.

INSTRUCTIONS: Some journals require, and it is considered good practice, to provide synthetic or simulated data that has some of the key characteristics of the restricted-access data which are not provided. The level of fidelity may vary - it may be useful for debugging only, or it should allow to assess the key characteristics of the statistical/econometric procedure or the main conclusions of the paper.

Data file Source Notes Provided
data/raw/lbd.dta LBD Confidential No
data/raw/terra.dta IPUMS Terra As per terms of use Yes
data/derived/regression_input.dta All listed Combines multiple data sources, serves as input for Table 2, 3 and Figure 5. Yes

Computational requirements

INSTRUCTIONS: In general, the specific computer code used to generate the results in the article will be within the repository that also contains this README. However, other computational requirements - shared libraries or code packages, required software, specific computing hardware - may be important, and is always useful, for the goal of replication. Some example text follows.

INSTRUCTIONS: We strongly suggest providing setup scripts that install/set up the environment. Sample scripts for Stata, R, Julia are easy to set up and implement. Specific software may have more sophisticated tools: Python, Julia.

Software Requirements

All the Stata packages can be installed by running code/util/install.do or make install.

The package includes a Makefile, which can be used to run all the code in the proper order. This requires Linux or Mac.

Controlled Randomness

INSTRUCTIONS: Some estimation code uses random numbers, almost always provided by pseudorandom number generators (PRNGs). For reproducibility purposes, these should be provided with a deterministic seed, so that the sequence of numbers provided is the same for the original author and any replicators. While this is not always possible, it is a requirement by many journals' policies. The seed should be set once, and not use a time-stamp. If using parallel processing, special care needs to be taken. If using multiple programs in sequence, care must be taken on how to call these programs, ideally from a main program, so that the sequence is not altered. If no PRNG is used, check the other box.

Memory, Runtime, Storage Requirements

INSTRUCTIONS: Memory and compute-time requirements may also be relevant or even critical. Some example text follows. It may be useful to break this out by Table/Figure/section of processing. For instance, some estimation routines might run for weeks, but data prep and creating figures might only take a few minutes. You should also describe how much storage is required in addition to the space visible in the typical repository, for instance, because data will be unzipped, data downloaded, or temporary files written.

Summary

Approximate time needed to reproduce the analyses on a standard (CURRENT YEAR) desktop machine:

Approximate storage space needed:

Details

The code was last run on a 4-core Intel-based laptop with MacOS version 10.14.4 with 200GB of free space.

Portions of the code were last run on a 32-core Intel server with 1024 GB of RAM, 12 TB of fast local storage. Computation took 734 hours.

Portions of the code were last run on a 12-node AWS R3 cluster, consuming 20,000 core-hours, with 2TB of attached storage.

INSTRUCTIONS: Identifiying hardware and OS can be obtained through a variety of ways: Some of these details can be found as follows:

  • (Windows) by right-clicking on "This PC" in File Explorer and choosing "Properties"
  • (Mac) Apple-menu > "About this Mac"
  • (Linux) see code in linux-system-info.sh`

Description of programs/code

INSTRUCTIONS: Give a high-level overview of the program files and their purpose. Remove redundant/ obsolete files from the Replication archive.

(Optional, but recommended) License for Code

INSTRUCTIONS: Most journal repositories provide for a default license, but do not impose a specific license. Authors should actively select a license. This should be provided in a LICENSE.txt file, separately from the README, possibly combined with the license for any data provided. Some code may be subject to inherited license requirements, i.e., the original code author may allow for redistribution only if the code is licensed under specific rules - authors should check with their sources. For instance, some code authors require that their article describing the econometrics of the package be cited. Licensing can be complex. Some non-legal guidance may be found here.

The code is licensed under a MIT/BSD/GPL [choose one!] license. See LICENSE.txt for details.

Instructions to Replicators

INSTRUCTIONS: The first two sections ensure that the data and software necessary to conduct the replication have been collected. This section then describes a human-readable instruction to conduct the replication. This may be simple, or may involve many complicated steps. It should be a simple list, no excess prose. Strict linear sequence. If more than 4-5 manual steps, please wrap a main program/Makefile around them, in logical sequences. Examples follow.

Details

List of tables and programs

INSTRUCTIONS: Your programs should clearly identify the tables and figures as they appear in the manuscript, by number. Sometimes, this may be obvious, e.g. a program called "table1.do" generates a file called table1.png. Sometimes, mnemonics are used, and a mapping is necessary. In all circumstances, provide a list of tables and figures, identifying the program (and possibly the line number) where a figure is created.

NOTE: If the public repository is incomplete, because not all data can be provided, as described in the data section, then the list of tables should clearly indicate which tables, figures, and in-text numbers can be reproduced with the public material provided.

The provided code reproduces:

Figure/Table # Program Line Number Output file Note
Table 1 02_analysis/table1.do summarystats.csv
Table 2 02_analysis/table2and3.do 15 table2.csv
Table 3 02_analysis/table2and3.do 145 table3.csv
Figure 1 n.a. (no data) Source: Herodus (2011)
Figure 2 02_analysis/fig2.do figure2.png
Figure 3 02_analysis/fig3.do figure-robustness.png Requires confidential data

References

INSTRUCTIONS: As in any scientific manuscript, you should have proper references. For instance, in this sample README, we cited "Ruggles et al, 2019" and "DESE, 2019" in a Data Availability Statement. The reference should thus be listed here, in the style of your journal:

Steven Ruggles, Steven M. Manson, Tracy A. Kugler, David A. Haynes II, David C. Van Riper, and Maryia Bakhtsiyarava. 2018. "IPUMS Terra: Integrated Data on Population and Environment: Version 2 [dataset]." Minneapolis, MN: Minnesota Population Center, IPUMS. https://doi.org/10.18128/D090.V2

Department of Elementary and Secondary Education (DESE), 2019. "Student outcomes database [dataset]" Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education (DESE). Accessed January 15, 2019.

U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). 2016. “Table 30: "Economic Profile by County, 1969-2016.” (accessed Sept 1, 2017).

Inglehart, R., C. Haerpfer, A. Moreno, C. Welzel, K. Kizilova, J. Diez-Medrano, M. Lagos, P. Norris, E. Ponarin & B. Puranen et al. (eds.). 2014. World Values Survey: Round Six - Country-Pooled Datafile Version: http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWV6.jsp. Madrid: JD Systems Institute.

Acknowledgements

Some content on this page was copied from Hindawi. Other content was adapted from Fort (2016), Supplementary data, with the author's permission.