package.json file to manage project dependenciesWhen using npm, it is often the case that we aren't familiar with all of the code in the dependency tree. Building modern JavaScript applications relies on our ability to use the tools built for us by others. As it turns out, most of those tools are also built using other people's tools. One package may be used in another, which is used in another, and another, and so on...
Using npm, we download specific packages of code. If those packages have
dependencies, the dependencies are also downloaded in a recursive manner. For
the purposes of our own application, however, we only need to know about the
node packages we specifically need to get our app working. We don't need to
worry about what packages those packages need. Why? Because every node package
includes a package.json file that lists out all dependencies. This file lets
Node know what to download when we run npm install. Node will download all the
packages, check the package.json files present in each of those packages,
download any additional packages, and repeat.
We will see in future labs that as the number of packages increases, more and
more happens when we run npm install. All we need to worry about, though, is
the top level — what is listed in our application's package.json file.
In this code-along, we are going to practice the process of setting up a
package.json file. We will also install an npm package or two and use their
functionality in new code we write.
Before we create our package.json file, take a moment to look at the
package.json file that is already at the top level of the directory for this
code-along. If you look at the "name" attribute at the top, you will see that it
is the same as the name of the directory, react-hooks-npm-lab. This is the
package.json file that belongs to this code-along; you should not make any
changes to this file! Instead, we will build out a simple application within
this lesson's directory and create a package.json file for that application.
Note that this lesson's files include a sub-folder, color-clock, that contains
some basic starter files for a project. If you look at color-clock/index.html,
you'll see a script tag:
<script src="https://github.com/learn-co-curriculum/react-hooks-npm-lab/raw/main/index.js" type="module"></script>Taking a look inside index.js, we can see that this script relies on a unique
function call, format(new Date(), "MMMM do yyyy, h:mm:ss a"). We're also
importing that function from a node_modules folder that contains a date
formatting library called date-fns. Our goal is to get this code working. We
do not need to change index.js. Instead, we will need to set up a
package.json file and install the
date-fns package.
The first thing to do is change directory into this folder in your terminal by
typing the command cd color-clock.
The next step is to create a package.json file in the color-clock directory,
which in turn will be where the node_modules folder is.
Important: to avoid overwriting the package.json file for this code-along
be sure to change directory into color-clock before creating the
package.json file!
The package.json can be written quickly from scratch, but we actually have a
handy command for creating these files: npm init.
Run npm init and you will be prompted to confirm the information that will be
stored in package.json, starting with the name of the project.
Most prompts will provide a default value. Some are blank and can be left this
way for now. Follow the prompts by pressing enter in the terminal on each prompt
until you reach the end, when you will be prompted to type 'yes' to confirm. A
fully constructed package.json file will then appear in the color-clock
directory.
In the process of creating the package.json file, you were prompted to write a
test script. We left it blank at that time, but we can add it to the
package.json file ourselves. Let's do that now to see how this works.
Open the newly created package.json file and look for a section titled
"scripts". Let's replace the default "test" script with a shell command:
"scripts": {
"test": "echo 'Hello World!'"
}We can now call this script and have it run by using the command npm test in
the terminal (if that doesn't work, try npm run test). You should see a
printout of Hello World!.
In all the JavaScript-based labs you've encountered so far, this sort of script
is how we run tests. If you look at the "test" script on JavaScript labs in
the previous phase, most will have something like this:
"test": "mocha -R mocha-multi --reporter-options spec=-,json=.results.json"The mocha command is actually a command that you can run in the terminal. This
is a call to the testing package, mocha, along with a second package,
mocha-multi that helps with reporting. When you run npm test in a lab, the
command specified in the "test" script is what gets called.
Scripts are often useful for things like testing or to start a necessary process, like a local server.
With package.json set up, we can now add a package we want to include in our
project.
Now, we're building a colorful clock — the project is simple enough that we could build it entirely out of custom code. Here's the thing though: one of the reasons packages exist and are so useful is because programmers often run into the same problems over and over. Node packages are written so we don't have to recreate a solution to a problem other programmers have already solved.
In the case of a colorful clock, we have to deal with formatting time. This is
such a common problem, that a package has been created to help us:
date-fns. date-fns is a handy package that comes with a number
of functions that make displaying dates and times simpler than trying to figure
out JavaScript's built-in functions.
Let's install date-fns and incorporate it into our clock. To install a package
and save it to your package.json file, run npm install followed by the
package name. In our case, that would be:
$ npm install date-fns@2.30.0NOTE: We are specifying 2.30.0 as newer versions of date-fns will not work with this lab. We can always specify the version of our packages using @!
This command will add the package to the list of dependencies in package.json.
When npm install is run, all dependencies are installed. If you were to
publish this repository on GitHub, other users would now be able to clone down
the repo and install whatever is listed in package.json to get the program
working.
The second package we'll need to run our application in the browser is
serve, which will run a lightweight server. To install it, we run:
$ npm install serveNext, in the "scripts" section in package.json, let's add an npm script to
run the server using the serve package:
"scripts": {
"test": "echo 'Hello World!'",
"start": "serve"
}If you run npm start to run the script and open
localhost:3000 in the browser, you will see that the
clock is not appearing. Go ahead and open the console and you'll see that
we're getting an error:
Uncaught TypeError: Failed to resolve module specifier "@babel/runtime/helpers/esm/typeof". Relative references must start with either "/", "./", or "../".The specifics of this error are beyond the scope of this lesson, but basically
what it means is that not all of the files in our project are currently set up
to be interpretable by the browser. Before we can get our clock running
correctly, we need to install one more tool, esbuild. esbuild is a
JavaScript bundler, which is a tool that handles all of a project's
dependencies, and combines the code into a single file that is browser-ready.
There are a number of different JavaScript bundlers available; we're using
esbuild because it is relatively easy to configure and works fine for our
simple application.
Stop the server with ctrl-c, then install esbuild:
$ npm install esbuildThen we'll add one more script to run the build:
"scripts": {
"test": "echo 'Hello World!'",
"start": "serve",
"build": "esbuild index.js --bundle --outfile=dist/out.js"
}When we run a build using esbuild, it makes sure that all the dependencies are
included and up to date, and combines the code from multiple files into a single
file that is ready to be loaded in the browser. Note that the name of this file
is specified in the build command above: dist/out.js.
Go ahead and run npm run build. You should now see the dist folder in your
file tree and the out.js file inside it. The final step is to update the
script in the index.html file to use this new file. Find this line:
<script src="https://github.com/learn-co-curriculum/react-hooks-npm-lab/raw/main/index.js" type="module"></script>Change the src property to dist/out.js. Now we're finally ready to start the
server. Run npm start then open up localhost:3000 in
the browser. You should now see a colorful clock appear!
When building our own applications, we will often rely on existing packages to handle specific pieces of a project. Although we only installed a couple of packages for this code-along, there were additional layers of dependencies for them so many additional dependencies were installed as well. It isn't necessary to understand how each of these works. The main thing to grasp is how to implement and use the specific dependencies you need.