:scissors: Short Transformers

• [Unofficial] Pytorch implementation of layer pruning based on layer importance defined in papers:

  • ShortGPT: Layers in Large Language Models are More Redundant Than You Expect
  • Weight subcloning: direct initialization of transformers using larger pretrained ones
  • The Unreasonable Ineffectiveness of the Deeper Layers
  • Your Transformer is Secretly Linear

• The repository reproduces and extends original methods by offering more layer pruning criteria.

• See example outputs at the end of this README :rocket: (Can you guess a recipe for 01-ai/Yi-1.5-9B-Chat frankenmerge?)

Installation:

pip install short-transformers

Required additional dependencies: torch, transformers, datasets, accelerate.

Quickstart:

from short_transformers import ShortTransformer
from datasets import load_dataset

# load from path/hf_hub
model = ShortTransformer.from_pretrained(model_name)

# or use hf model
# model = ShortTransformer.from_model(hf_model)

# load hf dataset
dataset = load_dataset("allenai/c4", "en", split="validation", streaming=True)

# remove 5 layers, use the dataset to find the least important layers to remove
short_model = model.remove_layers(block_size=5, dataset=dataset, limit=1000)

# continue training to heal after the cut
# ...

# save as hf model
short_model.save_pretrained(output_path)

Both short_model and the saved model are fully compatible with transformers. See examples/basic.py for a complete working example.

Pruning in steps:

Pruning can composed step-by-step and customized:

1. Analyze model layers:

   
   from datasets import load_dataset
   from short_transformers import ShortTransformer
   from short_transformers.utils import (
   draw_diagram,
   get_scored_blocks,
   get_best_pruning_start,
   )
   # load from path/hf_hub
   model_name = "meta-llama/Meta-Llama-3-8B"

model = ShortTransformer.from_pretrained(model_name, device_map="auto")

dataset = load_dataset("allenai/c4", "en", split="validation", streaming=True)

calculate distances between inputs/outputs from/to model layers

results in a triangular numpy array of shape (layer_count, layer_count)

results[x, y] - averaged distances for block of size x starting at layer y

results = model.analyse_layers( dataset=dataset, tokenizer=tokenizer, use_chat_template=False, key="text", limit=100, max_length=1000, )

draw results

diagrams style matches the style of original article

"The Unreasonable Ineffectiveness of the Deeper Layers"

draw_diagram(results, "results.png", title="Meta-Llama-3-8B", normalized=True)

Example output:
<p align="center">
<img src="https://github.com/melisa-writer/short-transformers/raw/main/docs/images/Meta-Llama-3-8B.png" align="center" width='300'/>
</p>

2. Find optimal `block_size` and `start_layer`:
```python
# find optimial block of size 'block_size' to prune
start_layer = get_best_pruning_start(results, block_size=5)

# evaluate all possibe block sizes to prune,
# for each block returns score 0-1
# which is averaged over samples distance between input and output to/from a block
block_score = get_scored_blocks(results, return_md=True, threshold=0.3)

Example output:

3. Pruning layers:

# prune 5-layers block
model.prune(start_layer=start_layer, block_size=5)

# save the pruned model
model.save_pretrained("model_output_dir")

See example/prune_in_steps.py for a complete working example.

4. Changing the pruning method:

Default pruning method is based on angular distance of the last token. It is possible to overwrite the distance by using model.set_metric(some_callable) before model.analyse_layers().

# ...
from short_transformers.dist import get_angular_distance_ith_token

model_name = "meta-llama/Meta-Llama-3-8B"
model = ShortTransformer.from_pretrained(model_name, device_map="auto")

# choose metric
# calculate distances based on the angular distance of the i=0 token
model.set_metric(get_angular_distance_ith_token(i=0))

# load dataset ...

results = model.analyse_layers(
    dataset=dataset,
    tokenizer=tokenizer,
    key="text",
    limit=1,
    max_length=1000,
)

Supported metric for layer importance calculation:

• bi score (see: ShortGPT: Layers in Large Language Models are More Redundant Than You Expect)
• relative magnitude (see: Weight subcloning: direct initialization of transformers using larger pretrained ones)
• angular distance of the i-th token (see: The Unreasonable Ineffectiveness of the Deeper Layers)
• averaged angular distances of all tokens
• linear approximation of the i-th token (see: Your Transformer is Secretly Linear)
• euclidian dist of the i-th token

Example outputs:

Meta-Llama-3-8B-Instruct

Layerwise distances:

Blockwise distances:

Euclidian Dist Last Token

Figure 1: Euclidian Dist Last Token. Figure 2: Euclidian Dist Last Token Normalised

Relative Magnitude

Figure 1: Relative Magnitude. Figure 2: Relative Magnitude Normalised

Bi Score

Figure 1: Bi Score. Figure 2: Bi Score Normalised

Linear Approximation Last Token

Figure 1: Linear Approximation Last Token. Figure 2: Linear Approximation Last Token Normalised

Angular Distance All Tokens

Figure 1: Angular Distance All Tokens. Figure 2: Angular Distance All Tokens Normalised

Angular Distance Last Token

Figure 1: Angular Distance Last Token. Figure 2: Angular Distance Last Token Normalised

Yi-1.5-9B-Chat-16K

Layerwise distances:

Blockwise distances:

Euclidian Dist Last Token

Figure 1: Euclidian Dist Last Token. Figure 2: Euclidian Dist Last Token Normalised

Relative Magnitude

Figure 1: Relative Magnitude. Figure 2: Relative Magnitude Normalised

Bi Score

Figure 1: Bi Score. Figure 2: Bi Score Normalised

Linear Approximation Last Token

Figure 1: Linear Approximation Last Token. Figure 2: Linear Approximation Last Token Normalised

Angular Distance Last Token

Figure 1: Angular Distance Last Token. Figure 2: Angular Distance Last Token Normalised

Citing:

If you use Short Transformers in your research, please cite with the following BibText

@misc{russak2024shorttransformers,
    title  = {ShortTransformers, optimal layer pruning tools},
    author = {Melisa Russak},
    url    = {https://github.com/melisa/short-transformers},
    year   = {2024}
}

@misc{gromov2024unreasonable,
      title={The Unreasonable Ineffectiveness of the Deeper Layers}, 
      author={Andrey Gromov and Kushal Tirumala and Hassan Shapourian and Paolo Glorioso and Daniel A. Roberts},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2403.17887},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL}
}

@misc{razzhigaev2024transformer,
      title={Your Transformer is Secretly Linear}, 
      author={Anton Razzhigaev and Matvey Mikhalchuk and Elizaveta Goncharova and Nikolai Gerasimenko and Ivan Oseledets and Denis Dimitrov and Andrey Kuznetsov},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2405.12250},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.LG}
}

@misc{men2024shortgpt,
      title={ShortGPT: Layers in Large Language Models are More Redundant Than You Expect}, 
      author={Xin Men and Mingyu Xu and Qingyu Zhang and Bingning Wang and Hongyu Lin and Yaojie Lu and Xianpei Han and Weipeng Chen},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2403.03853},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL}
}

@misc{samragh2023weight,
      title={Weight subcloning: direct initialization of transformers using larger pretrained ones}, 
      author={Mohammad Samragh and Mehrdad Farajtabar and Sachin Mehta and Raviteja Vemulapalli and Fartash Faghri and Devang Naik and Oncel Tuzel and Mohammad Rastegari},
      year={2023},
      eprint={2312.09299},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.LG}
}