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Conditionals and Loops (3:00)

Timing Topic Description
15 min Opening Conditional Statements
20 min Codealong Comparison Operators
15 min Codealong Truthy and Falsy
20 min Codealong Boolean/Logical Operators
25 min Lab Independent Practice
25 min Codealong & Independent Practice Switch Statements
10 min Codealong While & Do-While
15 min Codealong Iteration
30 min Lab Fizzbuzz Code Challenge
5 min Conclusion Final Questions & Exit Tickets

Learning Objectives

After this lesson, students will be able to:

Preparation

Before this lesson, students should already be able to:

Conditional Statements (15 min)

Conditional statements enable us to essentially decide which blocks of code to execute and which to skip, based on the results of tests that we run. JavaScript supports two conditional statements: if...else and switch. We'll start off with the 'if'...'else' statement, which uses Boolean (true or false) tests.

If/Else Statement

if (expr) { code }

... is a command to run the code block if expr is true

if (1 > 0) {
  console.log("hi");
}
//=> hi

You can also add an optional else clause, to run if expr is not true:

if (expr) { code } else { other code }

if (0 > 1) {
  console.log("hi");
} else {
  console.log("bye");
}
//=> bye

When you need to test more than one case, you may use else if:

var name = "kittens";
if (name === "puppies") {
  name += "!";
} else if (name === "kittens") {
  name += "!!";
} else {
  name = "!" + name;
}
name === "kittens!!"
//=> true

Note: It is not recommended to assign variables within a conditional expression because that will assign a value to the variable, as seen below:

student = "Jamie";
//=> "Jamie"

The expression above will return the value shown on the second line. So if you assign a truthy value inside a conditional statement, this condition will always be true; if you assign an undefined value, the conditional statement will be false (undefined = falsey). Another potential issue is that it can be confused with equality (===). The example below illustrates WHAT NOT TO DO:

if (x = 3) {
    console.log("boo");
}

Ternary Operators

JavaScript has a ternary operator for conditional expressions. The ternary operator is basically a concise "if-else” in one line, except that it not only executes blocks of code, it also returns a value:

var age = 12;
//=> undefined

var allowed = (age > 18) ? "yes" : "no";
//=> undefined

allowed
//=> "no"

Block Statements

Statements intended to be executed after a control flow operation will be grouped into a block statement; they are placed inside curly braces:


{
  console.log("hello");
  console.log("roar");
}

Block Scope

We will talk about scope in later lessons; basically it means a limited area of code that knows about a variable's existence. In the case of block statements in JavaScript, no scope is created, unlike in most other languages.

var name = "gerry";
{
  var name = "jay";
}
console.log(name);
// => jay

Only functions introduce scope in Javascript.

Comparison Operators (20 min)

Comparisons in JavaScript can be made using <, >, <= and >=. These can be used for both strings and numbers. This can be either beneficial or frustrating to a developer, since most languages do not implicitly convert strings to numbers the way that JavaScript does.

"A" > "a"
//=> false

"b" > "a"
//=> true

12 > "12"
//=> false

12 >= "12"
//=> true

Double-Equals Equality Operator ==

Equality is a bit more complex. JavaScript provides two ways to verify equality.

When you verify equality using double-equals ==, JavaScript performs much of the "type coercion" in the background. As we mentioned above, if the operands have a different type (e.g., the number 1 and the string "1"), JavaScript will attempt to change the type of both operands in order to check if they are equal. This means that expressions will often return equal more easily than if we were stricter about what things were equivalent. Some examples:

"dog" == "dog";
//=> true

1 == true;
//=> true

Triple-Equals Equality Operator ===

To avoid type coercion and to measure equality more strictly, use the triple-equals operator. Because === more truly measures actual equality, we should always use === instead of ==, which is a legacy of the early days of JavaScript when people thought it might be useful to have an operator that does type coercion before checking equality, but that's pretty much never a good idea as it defeats the whole purpose of having data types.

Note: "Sameness" and "equality" have various definitions, which can make the differentiation somewhat fuzzy. They can also differ by programming language. Because you'll often be measuring whether two things are equal, you should carefully investigate the way this works.

Some examples:

1 === true;
//=> false

true === true;
//=> true

"hello" === "hello"
//=> true

However, there are some situations when === does not behave as we expect it to, for example when empty objects or arrays are involved:

{} === {}
//=> Uncaught SyntaxError: Unexpected token ===

[] === []
//=> false

[1,7] === [1,7]
//=> false

Explanation

The examples in the second set fail equality tests because both object literals and arrays are objects, not just "primitive" values like strings, numbers, and Booleans. Objects and arrays are complex collections of values, and when we refer to them, we're actually referencing where they live in memory. That's why we call them "reference types." Strings and numbers are "value types."

What does this all mean? When we attempt to compare two objects or arrays with ===, JavaScript doesn't care if they look like similar collections. It only compares whether or not they are the exact same object in memory. In each case above, checking for equality is actually comparing two objects that are in two different places in memory. They're not exactly "the same."

!= and !==

There are also != and !== operators, which are the negative versions of == and ===. And again, we should always use !== and ===, because they are more precise than != and ==.

Truthy and Falsey (15 min)

All of the following become false when converted to a Boolean:

All other values become true when converted to a Boolean.

Do not confuse the primitive Boolean values true and false with the true and false values of the Boolean object. For example:

var b = new Boolean(false);
if (b) { console.log("true") }
//=> true

There is a simple way of verifying the 'truthyness' or 'falseyness' of a value. When you add ! in front of a value, the returned value will be the inverse of the value in a Boolean. So if you add two ! then you'll get the Boolean value of the original one:

!!1
//=> true

!!0
//=> false

!!-1
//=> true

!![]
//=> true

!!{}
//=> true

!!null
//=> false

!!""
//=> false

Find more on truthy and falsey values here

Boolean and Logical Operators (20 min)

When you feed Boolean values of true or false into logical operators, they will return true or false based on a few rules.

There are two "binary" operators that require two values:

A third "unary" operator requires only one value:

&& (AND)

The && operator requires both left and right values to be true in order to return true:

true && true
//=> true

Any other combination is false.

true && false
//=> false

false && false
//=> false

|| (OR)

The || operator requires just one of the left or right values to be true in order to return true.

true || false
//=> true

false || true
//=> true

false || false
//=> false

Only false || false will return false

The ! takes a value and returns the opposite Boolean value:

!(true)
//=> false

Short-Circuit Logic

&& and || and ! don't have to operate only on true or false -- they can operate on any values, and JavaScript will evaluate the truthyness or falseyness of the operands. In the case of !, it returns a Boolean true-or-false, but in the case of && and ||, it returns one of the original operands themselves, using short-circuit logic.

This means that the execution of the second operand is dependent on the execution of the first. This is useful for checking for null objects before accessing their attributes:

var name = person && person.name;

In this case, if the first operand person is undefined, which is falsey, the second operand person.name will not be evaluated. The expression basically says, "We already know the whole && expression is false, because person is falsey. Why bother dealing with the second operand?"

Short-circuit logic is also useful for setting default values:

var name = person.name || "Bobby Default";

In this case, if the first operand person.name turns out to be falsey for any reason (probably because it's undefined or it's an empty string), "Bobby Default" will be returned. If person.name is truthy (probably because it's a non-empty string), it will be returned, and the second operand won't be evaluated. The expression basically says, "We already know the whole || expression is true, because person.name is truthy. Why bother dealing with the second operand?"

Further reference: Mozilla Developer Network article on Logical operators

Independent Practice (25 min)

When programming user interfaces, you will often need to display results based on a certain input. In this exercise, help the students design a program that will let users know what legal privileges U.S. citizens enjoy based on their age.

Write a program that outputs results based on users’ age. This exercise draws on if/else statements, Boolean logic, and comparison operators. See the conditions below:

Have the program print out only the most recent thing that they've become eligible to do, i.e. if they are 46, only print "You can run for president." (This will at least force them to use else if instead of just if).

Students can work in pairs to complete the exercise. Check out the solution below.

Note: If you are outside the U.S., adjust the conditions above to reflect the laws in your country.

Solution ```javascript var age = 25; if (age < 16) { console.log('You can go to school!') } else if (age >= 16 && age < 18) { console.log('You can drive!'); } else if (age >= 18 && age < 21) { console.log('You can vote!'); } else if (age >= 21 && age < 25) { console.log('You can drink alcohol!'); } else if (age >= 25 && age < 35) { console.log('You can rent a car!'); } else if (age >= 35 && age < 62) { console.log('You can run for president!'); } else if (age >= 62) { console.log('You can collect social security!'); } else { console.log('Please enter a correct age value'); } => You can rent a car! ```

Switch Statements (25 min)

Now let's look at switch statements. These conditional statements can be used for multiple branches based on a number or string:

var food = "apple";

switch(food) {
  case 'pear':
    console.log("I like pears");
    break;
  case 'apple':
    console.log("I like apples");
    break;
  default:
    console.log("No favorite");
}
//=> I like apples

In this case, the switch statement compares food to each of the cases (pear and apple) and evaluates the expressions beneath them if there is a match. It uses === to evaluate equality.

The default clause is optional.

Switch Statement Usage

To illustrate why programmers implement a switch statement—as opposed to if/else logic—compare these two approaches with the students.

Part 1: Construct If/Else Conditionals

Create an if/else statement that returns a string, such as "Awesome Job" if the user gets a grade of “A” or "Bad Job" if they get an "F." Console.log a string for each letter grade.


var grade = 'C';

if (grade === 'A') {
  console.log('Awesome job');
} else if (grade === 'B') {
  console.log('Good job');
} else if (grade === 'C') {
  console.log('Okay job');
} else if (grade === 'D') {
  console.log('Not so good job');
} else if (grade === 'F') {
  console.log('Bad job');
} else {
  console.log('Unexpected grade value entered');
}

Part 2: Construct Similar Logic Using a Switch Statement

Using the if/else statement from above, convert it into a switch statement. ```javascript var grade = 'C'; switch (grade) { case 'A': console.log('Awesome job'); break; case 'B': console.log('Good job'); break; case 'C': console.log('Okay job'); break; case 'D': console.log('Not so good job'); break; case 'F': console.log('Bad job'); break; default: console.log('Unexpected grade value entered'); } ```


Part 3: Which is Faster?

Note: Prompt students to answer which format is faster. Be sure to elaborate on the number of computations run by each of the approaches. For example, when evaluating for grade = 'C' using the if/else approach, the condition (grade === 'x') is evaluated three times. What if the if/else statement had 10 conditions? 100? How would this impact the speed of the program? Please see 'Writing Efficient JavaScript' for more details.

Part 4: Intentionally Break the Switch Statement

As break statements play a major role in switch statements, rewrite the switch statement from Part 2 without any break's:

var grade = 'C';

switch (grade) {
  case 'A':
    console.log('Awesome job');
  case 'B':
    console.log('Good job');
  case 'C':
    console.log('Okay job');
  case 'D':
    console.log('Not so good job');
  case 'F':
    console.log('Bad job');
  default:
    console.log('Unexpected grade value entered');
}

=> Okay job
=> Not so good job
=> Bad job
=> Unexpected grade value entered

Ask the students to explain what is occurring here. If you are unable to generate any responses, try changing the grade being evaluated from 'C' to 'B':

var grade = 'B';

switch (grade) {
  case 'A':
    console.log('Awesome job');
  case 'B':
    console.log('Good job');
  case 'C':
    console.log('Okay job');
  case 'D':
    console.log('Not so good job');
  case 'F':
    console.log('Bad job');
  default:
    console.log('Unexpected grade value entered');
}

=> Good job
=> Okay job
=> Not so good job
=> Bad job
=> Unexpected grade value entered

Be sure to explain the purpose of the break, (i.e., to stop evaluating and break out of the switch statement after the condition has been met).

Part 5: Illustrate the Fall-Through Technique

You will often need to return the same value for different cases. The fall-through technique is one way to achieve this:

var grade = 'C';

switch (grade) {
  case 'A':
  case 'B':
  case 'C':
    console.log('You passed!')
    break
  case 'D':
  case 'F':
    console.log('You failed')
    break
  default:
    console.log('Unexpected grade value entered')
}

=> You passed!

While and Do-While (10 min)

While is a loop statement that will run while a condition is true.

JavaScript has while loops and do-while loops. The first is useful for basic looping, but there's a possibility it will never get run. Using a do-while loop makes sure that the body of the loop is executed at least once, because while() isn't evaluated until after the block of code runs.

[rewrite of the paragraph above for clarity; please check for accuracy] JavaScript has while loops and do-while loops. The first is useful for basic looping; however, it would forever remain inert without the do-while loop, which ensures that the body of the loop is executed at least once, because while() isn't evaluated until after the block of code runs.

[some of this below looks like it might be missing content…]

while (true) {
  // an infinite loop!
}

This should be enough to break a browser.

var input = 0;
do {
  console.log(input++);
} while (input < 10);

Iteration (15 min)

Iterating is a way of incrementally repeating a task.

for

You can iterate over an array with:

var a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
for (var i = 0; i < a.length; i++) {
  console.log(i);
}

If the array length is fixed (aka elements are not being added/removed which change the number of elements in the array), the previous loop is slightly inefficient because it is essentially looking up the length property once every loop. An improvement is to chain the var assignment:

var a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
for (var i = 0, len = a.length; i < len; i++) {
  console.log(i);
}

Notice the placement of the comma and semi-colons.

forEach

Another way of iterating over an array added with ECMAScript 5 is forEach():

["dog", "cat", "hen"].forEach(function(currentValue, index, array) {
   console.log("I want a ", currentValue);
   console.log(array[index]);
});

Fizz Buzz: Independent Practice (30 min)

Relying on your new-found knowledge of loops and if/else statements, incrementally build the common Fizz buzz loop. Fizz buzz is a math game designed to teach the concept of division. Create a program that will iterate through numbers 1 to 100 and log each number in the console.

Hint: Read about the Remainder Operator on MDN and figure out how to use it to simplify this problem.

Open the fizzbuzz.js to get started.

Note: Guide students with solutions below as they complete each step.

Step 1:

Construct a for loop that iterates through, and console.log()'s out, numbers 1 - 100:

for (var num = 1; num <= 100; num++) {
  console.log(num);
}
Step 2:

Add an if/else statement that logs the string "fizz" if the value being iterated over is divisible by 3; otherwise, log out the value:

for (var num = 1; num <= 100; num++) {
  if (num % 3 === 0) {
    console.log('fizz');
  } else {
    console.log(num)
  }
}
Step 3:

Add an else if clause that logs the string "buzz" if the value being iterated over is divisible by 5:

for (var num = 1; num <= 100; num++) {
  if (num % 3 === 0) {
    console.log('fizz');
  } else if (num % 5 === 0) {
    console.log('buzz')
  } else {
    console.log(num)
  }
}
Step 4:

Add an additional else if clause that logs the string "fizzbuzz" if the value being iterated over is divisible by both 3 and 5. Note: this step is intentionally broken! Place the new else if below the evaluations for fizz and buzz; after running the code, and experiencing the undesired results, prompt the students as to why the fizzbuzz evaluation never occurred.

for (var num = 1; num <= 100; num++) {
  if (num % 3 === 0) {
    console.log('fizz');
  } else if (num % 5 === 0) {
    console.log('buzz')
  } else if (num % 15 === 0) {
    console.log('fizzbuzz')
  } else {
    console.log(num)
  }
}
Step 5:

Fix the above code to evaluate the fizzbuzz condition:

for (var num = 1; num <= 100; num++) {
  if (num % 15 === 0) {
    console.log('fizzbuzz');
  } else if (num % 5 === 0) {
    console.log('buzz')
  } else if (num % 3 === 0) {
    console.log('fizz')
  } else {
    console.log(num)
  }
}

Conclusion (5 min)

These are some of the foundational tools you’ll use in many of your applications. You might need to study the exact syntax before it’s committed to your memory, but it's important that you remember these core "control flow" concepts, because every programming language you encounter will involve them.

Review

Make sure the lesson objectives have been met.

Homework

The following homework assignments should be introduced before the end of class--make sure that students understand the goals of both exercises and have an opportunity to ask questions. The assignments should be due by the next class period--students should submit their completed assignments to the instructional team using Slack (either as links to GitHub repos or as attached .js files, depending on the class' comfort level with GitHub).

Assignment 1: 99 Bottles of Coke

Lyrics of the song 99 Bottles of coke 99 bottles of coke on the wall, 99 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 98 bottles of coke on the wall. 98 bottles of coke on the wall, 98 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 97 bottles of coke on the wall. 97 bottles of coke on the wall, 97 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 96 bottles of coke on the wall. 96 bottles of coke on the wall, 96 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 95 bottles of coke on the wall. 95 bottles of coke on the wall, 95 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 94 bottles of coke on the wall. 94 bottles of coke on the wall, 94 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 93 bottles of coke on the wall. 93 bottles of coke on the wall, 93 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 92 bottles of coke on the wall. 92 bottles of coke on the wall, 92 bottles of coke. 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Take one down and pass it around, 35 bottles of coke on the wall. 35 bottles of coke on the wall, 35 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 34 bottles of coke on the wall. 34 bottles of coke on the wall, 34 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 33 bottles of coke on the wall. 33 bottles of coke on the wall, 33 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 32 bottles of coke on the wall. 32 bottles of coke on the wall, 32 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 31 bottles of coke on the wall. 31 bottles of coke on the wall, 31 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 30 bottles of coke on the wall. 30 bottles of coke on the wall, 30 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 29 bottles of coke on the wall. 29 bottles of coke on the wall, 29 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 28 bottles of coke on the wall. 28 bottles of coke on the wall, 28 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 27 bottles of coke on the wall. 27 bottles of coke on the wall, 27 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 26 bottles of coke on the wall. 26 bottles of coke on the wall, 26 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 25 bottles of coke on the wall. 25 bottles of coke on the wall, 25 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 24 bottles of coke on the wall. 24 bottles of coke on the wall, 24 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 23 bottles of coke on the wall. 23 bottles of coke on the wall, 23 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 22 bottles of coke on the wall. 22 bottles of coke on the wall, 22 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 21 bottles of coke on the wall. 21 bottles of coke on the wall, 21 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 20 bottles of coke on the wall. 20 bottles of coke on the wall, 20 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 19 bottles of coke on the wall. 19 bottles of coke on the wall, 19 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 18 bottles of coke on the wall. 18 bottles of coke on the wall, 18 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 17 bottles of coke on the wall. 17 bottles of coke on the wall, 17 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 16 bottles of coke on the wall. 16 bottles of coke on the wall, 16 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 15 bottles of coke on the wall. 15 bottles of coke on the wall, 15 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 14 bottles of coke on the wall. 14 bottles of coke on the wall, 14 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 13 bottles of coke on the wall. 13 bottles of coke on the wall, 13 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 12 bottles of coke on the wall. 12 bottles of coke on the wall, 12 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 11 bottles of coke on the wall. 11 bottles of coke on the wall, 11 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 10 bottles of coke on the wall. 10 bottles of coke on the wall, 10 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 9 bottles of coke on the wall. 9 bottles of coke on the wall, 9 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 8 bottles of coke on the wall. 8 bottles of coke on the wall, 8 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 7 bottles of coke on the wall. 7 bottles of coke on the wall, 7 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 6 bottles of coke on the wall. 6 bottles of coke on the wall, 6 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 5 bottles of coke on the wall. 5 bottles of coke on the wall, 5 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 4 bottles of coke on the wall. 4 bottles of coke on the wall, 4 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 3 bottles of coke on the wall. 3 bottles of coke on the wall, 3 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 2 bottles of coke on the wall. 2 bottles of coke on the wall, 2 bottles of coke. Take one down and pass it around, 1 bottle of coke on the wall. 1 bottle of coke on the wall, 1 bottle of coke. Take one down and pass it around, no more bottles of coke on the wall. No more bottles of coke on the wall, no more bottles of coke. Go to the store and buy some more, 99 bottles of coke on the wall.

Assignment 2: Random Address Generator

Further Resources