This is a list of published action potential models. Specifically, detailed models (not reduced or propagation focussed) without stochastics (no release units).
Models are listed as year, followed by first author (or multiple if shared first authorship). Model names / nicknames (e.g. LR1) are provided separately under "known as". Ordering is year, then first author alphabetically.
Type
Species
Preparation
Base A tentative "base" model is indicated. This can be a clear ancestor - with many equations and parameters inherited - but also a more vague "inspiration".
Code Where possible, indicate whether code is
Models are included if they represent the dynamics of a single cell or, for early models, of a small, space-clamped, multicellular preparation. Models are omitted if they contain spatial propagation, either in larger tissues or by dividing the cell into a multitude of "calcium release units".
Whether or not a modification counts as a "model" is entirely subjective. No strict criteria are used here, just try to make it useful.
Some papers with model lists or model comparison:
Online model repositories and lists:
A number of software packages are referenced because they contain models.
Some reductions and propagation models:
Some CaRU stochastic/spatial models:
Some models with other features:
Base: HH1952 | In PMR | Paper Noble (1962) A Modification of the Hodgkin-Huxley Equations Applicable to Purkinje Fibre Action and Pacemaker Potentials
Krause, Antoni, Fleckenstein (1966) An electronic model for the formation of local and transmitted stimuli on the myocardium fibers based upon variable current-voltage characteristics for potassium and sodium ions
Note: In german. Can't find it online
Base: Noble 1962 | In PMR | Paper McAllister, Noble, Tsien (1975) Reconstruction of the electrical activity of cardiac Purkinje fibres
Known as: McAllister-Noble-Tsien (MNT)
Base: McAllister 1975 | In Myokit repo | In PMR | Paper Beeler, Reuter (1977) Reconstruction of the action potential of ventricular myocardial fibres
Known as: Beeler-Reuter (BR)
Modifications:
Base: Mixed | In PMR | Paper Yanagihara, Noma, Irisawa (1980) Reconstruction of sino-atrial node pacemaker potential based on the voltage clamp experiments
Base: McAllister 1975 | Paper Bristow, Clark (1982) A mathematical model of primary pacemaking cell in SA node of the heart
Known as: Bristow-Clark
Base: Yanagihara 1980 | Chapter Irisawa, Noma (1982) Pacemaker mechanisms of rabbit sinoatrial node cells, in: Bouman, Jongsma (Eds.), Cardiac Rate and Rhythm: Physiological, Morphological, and Developmental Aspects
Known as: Irisawa-Noma
Base: DiFrancesco 1985 | In PMR | Paper Noble, Noble (1984) A model of sino-atrial node electrical activity based on a modification of the DiFrancesco-Noble 1984 equations
Known as: Noble-Noble model
Note: This is an adaptation of the DiFrancesco 1985 model, but was published earlier. It cites DiFrancesco 1985 as "1984 (in the press)".
Base: McAllister 1975 | In PMR | Paper DiFrancesco, Noble (1985) A Model of the Cardiac Electrical Activity Incorporating Ionic Pumps and Concentration Changes
Known as: DiFrancesco-Noble model
Bits:
Base: Bristow 1982 | Paper Reiner, Antzelevitch (1985) Phase resetting and annihilation in a mathematical model of sinus node
Known as: Reiner-Antzelevitch
Base: Beeler 1977 | In PMR | Paper Drouhard, Roberge (1987) Revised formulation of the Hodgkin-Huxley representation of the sodium current in cardiac cells
Known as: Drouhard-Roberge, BRDR
Modifications:
Base: DiFrancesco 1985 | In PMR | Paper Hilgemann, Noble (1987) Excitation-contraction coupling and extracellular calcium transients in rabbit atrium; reconstruction of basic cellular mechanisms
Chapter: Murphey, Clark (1987) Parasympathetic control of the SA node cell in rabbit heart; a model. In: Activation, Metabolism and Perfusion of the Heart, eds Sideman, Beyar
Base: Noble 1984 | In PMR | Chapter: "DiFrancesco, Noble, Denyer (1989) Ionic Mechanisms in Normal and Abnormal Cardiac Pacemaker Activity", in "Jacklet (Ed, 1989) Neuronal and Cellular Oscillators".
Known as: Noble-DiFrancesco-Denyer
Base: McAllister 1975 | Abstract Fischmeister, Vassort (1981) The electrogenic NaCa exchange and the cardiac electrical activity; I Simulation on Purkinje fibre action potential
Abstract only.
Base: Hilgemann 1987 | Code for this paper is inside "Oxsoft Heart" | In PMR | Paper Earm, Noble (1990) A model of the single atrial cell; relation between calcium current and calcium release
Base: DiFrancesco 1985, but mostly new | Paper Rasmusson, Clark et al., Campbell (1990) A mathematical model of a bullfrog cardiac pacemaker cell
Novelties:
Base: Rasmusson 1990a | Paper Rasmusson, Clark et al., Campbell (1990) A mathematical model of electrophysiological activity in a bullfrog atrial cell
Base: Beeler 1977 | Updated matlab code | In PMR | Paper Luo, Rudy (1991) A model of the ventricular cardiac action potential. Depolarization, repolarization, and their interaction.
Known as: Luo-Rudy model, LR1, Luo-Rudy phase 1 model
Bits:
Base: Earm 1990 | Code for this paper is inside "Oxsoft Heart" | In PMR | Paper Noble, Noble et al., So (1991) The Role of Sodium-Calcium Exchange During the Cardiac Action Potential
Base: Noble 1984 | Paper Wilders, Jongsma, Van Ginneken (1991) Pacemaker activity of the rabbit sinoatrial node; A comparison of mathematical models
Base: DiFrancesco 1985 | Paper Nordin (1993) Computer model of membrane current and intracellular Ca2 flux in the isolated guinea pig ventricular myocyte Has erratum
Bits:
Base: Rasmusson 1990 | In PMR | [Paper](Demir, Clark, Murphey, Giles (1994) A mathematical model of a rabbit sinoatrial node cell)
Base: Luo 1991 | In PMR (with issues) | Paper Luo, Rudy (1994) A dynamic model of the cardiac ventricular action potential I; Simulations of ionic currents and concentration changes
Known as: LRd, LR2, Luo-Rudy phase 2 model
Modifications:
Base: 1994 Luo GV | In PMR (with issues) | Paper Zeng, Laurita, Rosenbaum, Rudy (1995) Two Components of the Delayed Rectifier K Current in Ventricular Myocytes of the Guinea Pig Type
Modifications:
Base: Noble 1989, Wilders 1991 | In PMR | Paper Dokos, Celler, Lovell (1996) Ion Currents Underlying Sinoatrial Node Pacemaker Activity; A New Single Cell Mathematical Model
Base: Dokos 1996a | Paper Dokos, Celler, Lovell (1996) Vagal Control of Sinoatrial Rhythm; a Mathematical Model
Modifications:
Base: Demir 1994 | In PMR | Paper Lindblad, Murphey, Clark Giles (1996) A model of the action potential and underlying membrane currents in a rabbit atrial cell
Base: Zeng 1995 | In PMR | Paper Shaw, Rudy (1997) Electrophysiologic effects of acute myocardial ischemia: a theoretical study of altered cell excitability and action potential duration
Base: Luo 1994 | In PMR | In Myokit repo | Paper Courtemanche, Ramirez, Nattel (1998) Ionic mechanisms underlying human atrial action potential properties; insights from a mathematical model
Base: Luo 1994 | In PMR | Paper Jafri, Rice, Winslow (1998) Cardiac Ca2 Dynamics; The Roles of Ryanodine Receptor Adaptation and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Load
Modifications:
Base: Noble 1991 | Code for this paper is inside "Oxsoft Heart" | Official CellML (in PMR) | Paper (not online) Noble, Varghese, Kohl, Noble (1998) Improved guinea-pig ventricular cell model incorporating a diadic space, IKr and IKs, and length- and tension-dependent processes | Correction (not online)
Base: Lindblad 1996 | In Myokit repo | In PMR | Paper Nygren, Fiset et al., Giles (1998) Mathematical model of an adult human atrial cell; the role of K-currents in repolarization
Base: Luo 1994 | In Myokit repo | In PMR | Paper Priebe, Beuckelmann (1998) Simulation study of cellular electric properties in heart failure
Base: Luo 1994 | In PMR | Paper Riemer, Sobie, Tung (1998) Stretch-induced changes in arrhythmogenesis and excitability in experimentally based heart cell models
Modifications:
Base: Zeng 1995 | Paper Chudin, Goldhaber et al., Kogan (1999) Intracellular Ca dynamics and the stability of ventricular tachycardia
Modifications:
Base: Zeng 1995 | Paper Clancy, Rudy (1999) Linking a genetic defect to its cellular phenotype in a cardiac arrhythmia
Modifications:
Base: Demir 1994 | In PMR | Paper Demir, Clark, Giles (1999) Parasympathetic modulation of sinoatrial node pacemaker activity in rabbit heart; a unifying model
Modifications:
Base: Luo 1994 | In PMR | Paper Dumaine, Towbin et al., Antzelevitch (1999) Ionic mechanisms responsible for the electrocardiographic phenotype of the Brugada syndrome are temperature dependent
Base: Zeng 1995 | In PMR | Paper Viswanathan, Shaw, Rudy (1999) Effects of IKr and IKs Heterogeneity on Action Potential Duration and Its Rate Dependence; A Simulation Study
Base: Jafri 1998 | In PMR | Paper Winslow, Rice et al., O'Rourke (1999) Mechanisms of Altered Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Canine Tachycardia-Induced Heart Failure, II Model Studies
Base: Rederive everything | Paper Endresen, Hall, Hoye, Myrheim (2000) A theory for the membrane potential of living cells
Novelties:
Base: Viswanathan 1999 | Original C++ code | In PMR | Paper Faber, Rudy (2000) Action Potential and Contractility in [Na+]i Overloaded Cardiac Myocytes
Base: Winslow 1999 | In PMR | Paper Greenstein, Wu et al., Winslow (2000) Role of the calcium-independent transient outward current Ito1 in shaping action potential morphology and duration
Base: Courtemanche 1998 | In PMR (with issues) | Paper Ramirez, Nattel, Courtemanche (2000) Mathematical analysis of canine atrial action potentials; rate, regional factors, and electrical remodeling
Base: Jafri 1998 | In PMR | Paper Rice, Jafri, Winslow (2000) Modeling short-term interval-force relations in cardiac muscle
Base: Mostly new? | In PMR | Paper Zhang, Holden et al., Boyett (2000) Mathematical models of action potentials in the periphery and center of the rabbit sinoatrial node
Base: Zhang 2000 | In PMR; with issues | Paper Boyett, Zhang, Garny, Holden (2001) Control of the pacemaker activity of the sinoatrial node by intracellular Ca; Experiments and modelling
Base: Faber 2000 | Paper Hund, Kucera, Otani, Rudy (2001) Ionic Charge Conservation and Long-Term Steady State in the Luo-Rudy Dynamic Cell Model
Modifications:
Base: Winslow 1999 | In PMR | Paper Mazhari, Greenstein et al., Nuss (2001) Molecular interactions between two long-QT syndrome gene products, HERG and KCNE2, rationalized by in vitro and in silico analysis
Base: Winslow 1999 | In PMR | Paper Michailova, McCulloch (2001) Model Study of ATP and ADP Buffering, Transport of Ca2 and Mg2, and Regulation of Ion Pumps in Ventricular Myocyte
Base: Noble 1998 | In PMR | Paper not online: Noble, Noble (2001) Remodelling of calcium dynamics in guinea-pig ventricular cells
Base: Demir 1999, Winslow 1999 | In PMR | Paper Pandit, Clark, Giles, Demir (2001) A Mathematical Model of Action Potential Heterogeneity in Adult Rat Left Ventricular Myocytes
Base: Luo 1994 | In PMR | Paper Puglisi, Bers (2001) LabHEART; an interactive computer model of rabbit ventricular myocyte ion channels and Ca transport
Known as: Puglisi-Bers, LabHEART
Modifications:
Base: Clancy 1999, Viswanathan 1999 | In PMR | Paper Clancy, Rudy (1999) Linking a genetic defect to its cellular phenotype in a cardiac arrhythmia
Modifications:
Base: Chudin 1999 | In PMR | Paper Fox, McHarg, Gilmour (2002) Ionic mechanism of electrical alternans
Base: Ramirez 2000 | In PMR | Paper Kneller, Ramirez et al., Nattel (2002) Time-dependent transients in an ionically based mathematical model of the canine atrial action potential
Base: Wilders 1991, Demir 1994, Dokos 1996, Zhang 2000 | In PMR | Paper Kurata, Hisatome, Imanishi, Shibamoto (2002) Dynamical description of sinoatrial node pacemaking; improved mathematical model for primary pacemaker cell
Base: Luo 1994 | Paper Cabo, Boyden (2003) Electrical remodeling of the epicardial border zone in the canine infracted heart; a computational analysis
Base: Luo 1991, but lots of new things | Original Delphi code | Reimplementation in simBio | Official CellML (in PMR) | Paper Matsuoka, Sarai et al., Noma (2003) Role of individual ionic current systems in ventricular cells hypothesized by a model study
Known as: Kyoto model
Bits:
Base: Pandit 2001 | In PMR | Paper Pandit, Giles, Demir (2003) A Mathematical Model of the Electrophysiological Alterations in Rat Ventricular Myocytes in Type-I Diabetes
Base: Matsuoka 2003 | Original Delphi code | Reimplementation in simBio | Official CellML (in PMR) | Paper Sarai, Matsuoka et al., Noma (2003) Role of individual ionic current systems in the SA node hypothesized by a model study
Based mostly on Rabbit and Guinea pig data. The Delphi and C++ code for this model is the same as that for Matsuoka 2003, but it has a mode switch.
Base: Puglisi 2001 | Original matlab code | In PMR | Paper Saucerman, Brunton, Michailova, McCulloc (2003) Modeling beta-adrenergic control of cardiac myocyte contractility in silico
Base: Noble 1998 | Paper Solovyova, Vikulova et al., Noble (2003) Mechanical interaction of heterogeneous cardiac muscle segments in silico; effects on Ca handling and action potential
Known as: Ekaterinburg-Oxford (EO) model
Base: Puglisi 2001 | Paper Bassani, Altamirano, Puglisi, Bers (2004) Action potential duration determines sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca reloading in mammalian ventricular myocytes (*contributed equally)
Note: Ferret, rabbit, and rat.
Base: Luo 1994, but many new formulations | In PMR | Paper Bondarenko, Szigeti et al., Rasmusson (2004) Computer model of action potential of mouse ventricular myocytes
Base: Hund 2001 (arguably, most of the formulations are new, but the supplement is written in a way that strongly suggests this model was based on LRd2). | Updated matlab and C++ code | In PMR | Paper Hund, Rudy (2004) Rate Dependence and Regulation of Action Potential and Calcium Transient in a Canine Cardiac Ventricular Cell Model
Known as: HRd
Bits:
Base: Winslow 1999 and others | In Myokit repo | In PMR | Paper Iyer, Mazhari, Winslow (2004) A computational model of the human left-ventricular epicardial myocyte
Known as: Iyer-Mazhari-Winslow
Base: Solovyova 2003 | Paper Katsnelson, Nikitina et al., Markhasin (2004) Influence of viscosity on myocardium mechanical activity; a mathematical model
Base: Matsuoka 2003 | Reimplementation in simBio | Paper Matsuoka, Sarai, Jo, Noma (2004) Simulation of ATP metabolism in cardiac excitation-contraction coupling
Modifications:
Base: Saucerman 2003 | Original matlab code | Paper Saucerman, McCulloch (2004) Mechanistic systems models of cell signaling networks; a case study of myocyte adrenergic regulation
Base: Puglisi 2001 | Original matlab code | Paper Saucerman, Healy et al., McCulloch (2004) Proarrhythmic consequences of a KCNQ1 AKAP-binding domain mutation; computational models of whole cells and heterogeneous tissue
Base: Puglisi 2001 | Original C code | Grandi's matlab | Another matlab | In PMR | Paper Shannon, Wang et al., Bers (2004) A mathematical treatment of integrated Ca dynamics within the ventricular myocyte
Known as: Chicago model
Modifications:
Base: Mostly new? | Original C code | In Myokit repo | In PMR | Paper Ten Tusscher, Noble, Noble, Panfilov (2004) A Model for Human Ventricular Tissue
Known as: TNNP 2004
Bits:
Base: Mostly new? | Paper Krogh-Madsen, Schaffer et al., Guevara (2005) An ionic model for rhythmic activity in small clusters of embryonic chick ventricular cells
Base: Priebe 1998 | Original simBio code | Matlab code by Kunichika Tsumoto | Paper Kurata, Hisatome, Matsuda, Shibamoto (2005) Dynamical Mechanisms of Pacemaker Generation in IK1-Downregulated Human Ventricular Myocytes; Insights from Bifurcation Analyses of a Mathematical Model
Base: Michailova 2001 | In PMR | Paper Michailova, Saucerman, Belik, McCulloch (2005) Modeling Regulation of Cardiac KATP and L-type Ca2 Currents by ATP, ADP, and Mg2
Base: Rice 2000
Modifications:
Base: Greenstein 2000 (via Greenstein 2002 local control model) | Paper Greenstein, Hinch, Winslow (2006) Mechanisms of Excitation-Contraction Coupling in an Integrative Model of the Cardiac Ventricular Myocyte
Modifications:
Base: Noble 1998 | In PMR | Paper Iribe, Kohl, Noble (2006) Modulatory effect of calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) on sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2 handling and interval-force relations; a modelling study
Modification:
Base: Zhang 2000 | Paper Mangoni, Traboulsie et al., Lory (2006) Bradycardia and Slowing of the Atrioventricular Conduction in Mice Lacking CaV31 alpha-1g T-Type Calcium Channels
Base: Pandit 2001 | In PMR | Paper Pasek, Simurda, Christe (2006) The functional role of cardiac T-tubules explored in a model of rat ventricular myocytes
Modifications:
Base: Fox 2002 | Paper Sato, Shiferaw et al., Karma (2006) Spatially Discordant Alternans in Cardiac Tissue; Role of Calcium Cycling
Base: Ten Tusscher 2004 | Original C code | In Myokit repo | In PMR | Paper Ten Tusscher, Panfilov (2006) Alternans and spiral breakup in a human ventricular tissue model
Known as: TP 2006
Modifications:
Base: Terashima 2006 | Original simBio code | Paper Takeuchi, Tatsumi et al., Noma (2006) Ionic Mechanisms of Cardiac Cell Swelling Induced by Blocking NaK Pump As Revealed by Experiments and Simulation
Base: Matsuoka 2004 | Original simBio code | Paper Terashima, Takeuchi et al., Noma (2006) Modelling Cl homeostasis and volume regulation of the cardiac cell
Modifications:
Base: Hund 2001 |Original matlab and C++ code | Paper Faber, Silva, Livshitz, Rudy (2007) Kinetic Properties of the Cardiac L-Type Ca Channel and Its Role in Myocyte Electrophysiology; A Theoretical Investigation
Known as: Faber-Rudy
Base: Shannon 2004 | Paper Grandi, Puglisi et al., Bers (2007) Simulation of Ca-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II on rabbit ventricular myocyte ion currents and action potentials
Base: Iyer 2004 | In PMR | Paper Iyer, Hajjar, Armoundas (2007) Mechanisms of Abnormal Calcium Homeostasis in Mutations Responsible for Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia
Base: Takeuchi 2006 | Original simBio code | Paper Kuzumoto, Takeuchi et al., Matsuoka (2008) Simulation analysis of intracellular Na and Cl homeostasis during beta1-adrenergic stimulation of cardiac myocyte
Modifications:
Base: Hund 2004 | Original matlab code | In Myokit repo | In PMR | Paper Livshitz, Rudy (2007) Regulation of Ca and electrical alternans in cardiac myocytes; role of CAMKII and repolarizing currents
Base: Pandit 2001 | In PMR | Paper Niederer, Smith (2007) A Mathematical Model of the Slow Force Response to Stretch in Rat Ventricular Myocytes
Modifications:
Modifications:
Base: Hund 2004 | In PMR | Paper Benson, Aslanidi, Zhang, Holden (2008) The canine virtual ventricular wall; A platform for dissecting pharmacological effects on propagation and arrhythmogenesis
Base: Ten Tusscher 2006 | In Myokit repo | In PMR | Paper Fink, Noble et al., Giles (2008) Contributions of HERG K current to repolarization of the human ventricular action potential
Modifications:
Base: Sarai 2003, Kuzumoto 2007 | Original simBio code | Paper Himeno, Sarai, Matsuoka, Noma (2008) Ionic mechanisms underlying the positive chronotropy induced by beta1-adrenergic stimulation in guinea pig sinoatrial node cells
Base: Livshitz 2007 | Original C++ code
Base: Dokos 1996, Bondarenko 2004 | Paper Korhonen, Rapila, Tavi (2008) Mathematical model of mouse embryonic cardiomyocyte excitation-contraction coupling
Base: Kurata 2002 | Paper Kurata, Matsuda, Hisatome, Shibamoto (2008) Regional difference in dynamical property of sinoatrial node pacemaking; role of Na channel current
Base: Shannon 2004 | In PMR | Paper Mahajan, Shiferaw et al., Weiss (2008) A Rabbit Ventricular Action Potential Model Replicating Cardiac Dynamics at Rapid Heart Rates
Base: Hund 2001 with many changes | In PMR | Paper Pasek, Simurda, Orchard, Christe (2008) A model of the guinea-pig ventricular cardiac myocyte incorporating a transverse-axial tubular system
Base: Ten Tusscher 2006 | Paper Ten Tusscher, Panfilov (2008) Modelling of the ventricular conduction system
Modifications:
Base: Pandit 2001 | Original CellML (in PMR) | Paper Terkildsen, Niederer et al., Smith (2008) Using Physiome standards to couple cellular functions for rat cardiac excitation-contraction
Known as: PHN
Modifications:
Base: Shannon 2004 | Original matlab code | In PMR | Paper Saucerman, Bers (2008) Calmodulin mediates differential sensitivity of CaMKII and calcineurin to local Ca2 in cardiac myocytes
Base: Solovyova 2003 | In PMR | Paper Sulman, Katsnelson, Solovyova, Markhasin (2008) Mathematical modeling of mechanically modulated rhythm disturbances in homogeneous and heterogeneous myocardium with attenuated activity of Na-K pump
Base: Bondarenko 2004 | In PMR | Paper Wang, Sobie (2008) Mathematical model of the neonatal mouse ventricular action potential
Base: Lindblad 1996 | In PMR (with help from original authors) | Paper Aslanidi, Boyett et al., Zhang (2009) Mechanisms of transition from normal to reentrant electrical activity in a model of rabbit atrial tissue; interaction of tissue heterogeneity and anisotropy
Base: Benson 2008 | In PMR (with help from original authors) | Paper Aslanidi, Stewart, Boyett, Zhang (2009) Optimal Velocity and Safety of Discontinuous Conduction through the Heterogeneous Purkinje-Ventricular Junction
Base: Hund 2008 | Original matlab and C++ code | In Myokit repo | In PMR | Paper Decker, Heijman et al., Rudy (2009) Properties and ionic mechanisms of action potential adaptation, restitution, and accommodation in canine epicardium
Base: Ten Tusscher 2004 | Paper Grandi, Pasqualini et al., Severi (2009) Theoretical investigation of action potential duration dependence on extracellular Ca in human cardiomyocytes
Base: Lindblad 1996, Kurata 2002 | In PMR | Paper Inada, Hancox, Zhang, Boyett (2009) One-Dimensional Mathematical Model of the Atrioventricular Node Including Atrio-Nodal, Nodal, and Nodal-His Cells
Base: Pandit 2001, Bondarenko 2004 | Paper Korhonen, Hanninen, Tavi (2009) Model of excitation-contraction coupling of rat neonatal ventricular myocytes
Base: Bondarenko 2004 | Paper Koivumaki, Korhonen et al., Tavi (2009) Regulation of excitation-contraction coupling in mouse cardiac myocytes; integrative analysis with mathematical modelling
Base: Faber 2007 | Original matlab code | Paper Livshitz, Rudy (2009) Uniqueness and Stability of Action Potential Models during Rest, Pacing, and Conduction Using Problem-Solving Environment
Base: Hund 2004 | Original matlab code | Paper Livshitz, Rudy (2009) Uniqueness and Stability of Action Potential Models during Rest, Pacing, and Conduction Using Problem-Solving Environment
Base: Nygren 1998 | In Myokit repo | In PMR | Paper Maleckar, Greenstein, Giles, Trayanova (2009) K current changes account for the rate dependence of the action potential in the human atrial myocyte
Base: Kurata 2002, Shannon 2004 | In PMR | Paper Maltsev, Lakatta (2009) Synergism of coupled subsarcolemmal Ca2 clocks and sarcolemmal voltage clocks confers robust and flexible pacemaker function in a novel pacemaker cell model
Base: Ten Tusscher 2006 | Original CellML code (in PMR) | In Myokit repo | Paper Stewart, Aslanidi et al., Zhang (2009) Mathematical model of the electrical action potential of Purkinje fibre cells
Base: Shannon 2004 | Original matlab code | In Myokit repo | In PMR | Paper Grandi, Pasqualini, Bers (2010) A novel computational model of the human ventricular action potential and Ca transient
Known as: Grandi-Pasqualini-Bers human ventricular model, GPB
Note: Also credited as 2009 due to publication date being listed as 2009 and date of issue it appeared in listed as 2010.
Modifications:
Base: Kurata 2002 | Paper Imtiaz, von der Weid, Laver, van Helden (2010) SR Ca store refill; a key factor in cardiac pacemaking
Base: Korhonen 2008 | Paper Korhonen, Rapila et al., Tavi (2010) Local Ca releases enable rapid heart rates in developing cardiomyocytes
Base: Bondarenko 2004 | Official CellML (in PMR) | Paper Li, Niederer et al., Smith (2010) A mathematical model of the murine ventricular myocyte; a data-driven biophysically based approach applied to mice overexpressing the canine NCX isoform
Base: Maltsev 2009 | Paper Maltsev, Lakatta (2010) A novel quantitative explanation for the autonomic modulation of cardiac pacemaker cell automaticity via a dynamic system of sarcolemmal and intracellular proteins
Base: Iyer 2004 | Original fortran code | In Myokit repo | In PMR | Paper Sampson, Iyer, Marks, Kass (2010). A computational model of Purkinje fibre single cell electrophysiology: implications for the long QT syndrome
Base: Saucerman 2008 | Original matlab code | Paper Soltis, Saucerman (2010) Synergy between CaMKII Substrates and beta-Adrenergic Signaling in Regulation of Cardiac Myocyte Ca2+ Handling
Base: Grandi 2010 | Official CellML (in PMR) | In Myokit repo | Paper Carro, Rodriguez, Laguna, Pueyo (2011) A human ventricular cell model for investigation of cardiac arrhythmias under hyperkalaemic conditions
Known as: CRLP
Base: DiFrancesco 1985, but many new parts | Official CellML (in PMR) | Paper Corrias, Giles, Rodriguez (2011) Ionic mechanisms of electrophysiological properties and repolarization abnormalities in rabbit Purkinje fibers
Base: Grandi 2010 | Original matlab code | In Myokit repo | In PMR | Paper Grandi, Pandit, Voigt et al., Bers (2011) Human atrial action potential and Ca model; sinus rhythm and chronic atrial fibrillation (shared first authorship)
Modifications:
Base: Decker 2009 | Original matlab code | In Myokit repo | In PMR | Paper Heijman, Volders, Westra, Rudy (2011) Local control of beta-adrenergic stimulation; effects on ventricular myocyte electrophysiology and Ca transient
Base: Zhang 2000, Kurata 2002 | Paper Kharche, Yu, Lei, Zhang (2011) A mathematical model of action potentials of mouse sinoatrial node cells with molecular bases
Base: Nygren 1998 | In Myokit repo | In PMR | Paper Koivumaki, Korhonen, Tavi (2011) Impact of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Release on Calcium Dynamics and Action Potential Morphology in Human Atrial Myocytes; A Computational Study
Base: Decker 2009 | Original C++ code | Paper Li, Rudy (2011) A model of canine purkinje cell electrophysiology and Ca2 cycling; rate dependence, triggered activity, and comparison to ventricular myocytes
Known as: PRd
Base: Ten Tusscher 2006 | Paper Moreno, Zhu et al., Clancy (2011) A computational model to predict the effects of class I anti-arrhythmic drugs on ventricular rhythms
Modifications:
Base: Livshitz 2009 | Original matlab and C++ code | In Myokit repo | Paper O'Hara, Virag, Varro, Rudy (2011) Simulation of the Undiseased Human Cardiac Ventricular Action Potential; Model Formulation and Experimental Validation
Bits:
Base: Zhang 2000, Kurata 2002 | Paper Tao, Paterson, Smith (2011) A model of cellular cardiac-neural coupling that captures the sympathetic control of sinoatrial node excitability in normotensive and hypertensive rats
Base: Mangoni 2006 | Paper Christel, Cardona et al., Lee (2012) Distinct localization and modulation of Cav12 and Cav13 L-type Ca channels in mouse sinoatrial node
Base: Benson 2008 | Original matlab code | In PMR | Paper Davies, Mistry et al., Abi-gerges (2012) An in silico canine cardiac midmyocardial action potential duration model as a tool for early drug safety assessment
Base: Shannon 2004 | Original matlab code | Paper Morotti, Grandi et al., Bers (2012) Theoretical Study of L-type Ca2+ Current Inactivation Kinetics during Action Potential Repolarization and Early Afterdepolarizations
Modifications:
Base: Grandi 2009 | Paper Paci, Sartiani et al., Severi (2012) Mathematical modelling of the action potential of human embryonic stem cell derived cardiomyocytes
Base: Maltsev 2009 | Official CellML (in PMR) | Paper Severi, Fantini, Charawi, DiFrancesco (2012) An updated computational model of rabbit sinoatrial action potential to investigate the mechanisms of heart rate modulation
Known as: SDiF
Base: Maltsev 2010 | Paper Yaniv, Spurgeon et al., Lakatta (2012) Crosstalk between mitochondrial and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca cycling modulates cardiac pacemaker cell automaticity
Base: O'Hara 2011 | Updated C++ code | Paper Yang, Clancy (2012) In silico Prediction of Sex-Based Differences in Human Susceptibility to Cardiac Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias
Base: Bondarenko 2004 | Original matlab code | Paper Yang, Saucerman (2012) Phospholemman is a negative feed-forward regulator of Ca in beta-adrenergic signaling, accelerating beta-adrenergic inotropy
Base: Courtemanche 1998 | Paper Colman, Aslanidi et al., Zhang (2013) Pro-arrhythmogenic effects of atrial fibrillation-induced electrical remodelling: insights from the three-dimensional virtual human atria
Base: Paci 2012 | In Myokit repo | In PMR | Paper Paci, Hyttinen, Aalto-Setala, Severi (2013) Computational Models of Ventricular and Atrial-Like Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Cardiomyocytes
Base: Grandi 2011 | In Myokit repo | In PMR | Paper Voigt, Heijman et al., Dobrev (2013) Impaired Na-dependent regulation of acetylcholine-activated inward-rectifier K current modulates AP rate dependence in cAF
Modifications:
Base: Yaniv 2012 | Paper Yaniv, Sirenko et al., Lakatta (2013) New evidence for coupled clock regulation of the normal automaticity of sinoatrial nodal pacemaker cells; bradycardic effects of ivabradine are linked to suppression of intracellular Ca cycling
Base: Maltsev 2009 | Paper Yaniv, Stern, Lakatta, Maltsev (2013) Mechanisms of beat-to-beat regulation of cardiac pacemaker cell function by Ca cycling dynamics
Base: Grandi 2010, CaRU reduction used by Greenstein 2006 | Original visual basic code | Paper Asakura, Cha et al., Noma (2014) EAD and DAD mechanisms analyzed by developing a new human ventricular cell model
Known as: HuVECI (this terminology starts with Himeno 2015)
Note: This and subsequent huvec models use an iterative procedure to implement calcium buffering, which makes it difficult to replicate in modelling frameworks.
Modifications:
Base: Bondarenko 2004 | Paper Bondarenko (2014) A compartmentalized mathematical model of the beta1-adrenergic signaling system in mouse ventricular myocytes
Modifications:
Base: Grandi 2011 | Original OpenCARP code | Paper Chang, Bayer, Trayanova (2014) Disrupted calcium release as a mechanism for atrial alternans associated with human atrial fibrillation
Base: Bondarenko 2004 | Paper Davies, Jin et al., Lei (2014) Mkk4 is a negative regulator of the transforming growth factor beta 1 signaling associated with atrial remodeling and arrhythmogenesis with age
Base: Soltis 2010 | Original matlab code | Paper Morotti, Edwards et al., Grandi (2014) A novel computational model of mouse myocyte electrophysiology to assess the synergy between Na+ loading and CaMKII
Base: Faber 2000 | Official CellML (in PMR) | Paper Tong, Ghouri, Taggart (2014) Computational modeling of inhibition of voltage-gated Ca channels: identification of different effects on uterine and cardiac action potentials
Base: Yang 2012 mouse | Original matlab code | Paper Yang, Polanowska-Grabowska et al., Saucerman (2014) PKA catalytic subunit compartmentation regulates contractile and hypertrophic responses to beta-adrenergic signaling
Base: Asakura 2014 | Original (HuVECII) visual basic code | Official C | Updated (HuVECIII, 2017) visual basic | Paper Himeno, Asakura et al., Noma (2015) A human ventricular myocyte model with a refined representation of excitation-contraction coupling
Known as: HuVEC, or HuVECII
Base: Shannon 2004, Soltis 2010 | Original matlab code | Paper Negroni, Morotti et al., Bers (2015) Beta-adrenergic effects on cardiac myofilaments and contraction in an integrated rabbit ventricular myocyte model
Bits:
Base: Paci 2013 | Paper Paci, Hyttinen, Rodriguez, Severi (2015) Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived versus adult cardiomyocytes; an in silico electrophysiological study on ionic current block effects
Base: Voigt-Heijman 2013 | Paper
Modifications:
Base: Probably Yaniv 2013a | Paper Yaniv, Ganesan et al., Lakatta (2015) Real-time relationship between PKA biochemical signal network dynamics and increased action potential firing rate in heart pacemaker cells
Base: Yaniv 2015 | Paper Behar, Ganesan, Zhang, Yaniv (2016) The autonomic nervous system regulates the heart rate through cAMP-PKA dependent and independent coupled-clock pacemaker cell mechanisms
Base: Pandit 2001 | [Paper]() Gattoni, Roe et al., Smith (2016) The calcium-frequency response in the rat ventricular myocyte; an experimental and modelling study
Modifications:
Base: Korhonen 2009 | Paper Majumder et al., Pijnappels, Panfilov (2016) A Mathematical Model of Neonatal Rat Atrial Monolayers with Constitutively Active Acetylcholine-Mediated K Current
Base: Grandi 2011 | Original matlab code | Paper Morotti, McCulloch et al., Grandi (2016) Atrial-selective targeting of arrhythmogenic phase-3 earlyafterdepolarizations in human myocytes
Modifications:
Base: O'Hara 2011 | Paper Passini, Minchole et al. Bueno-Orovio (2016) Mechanisms of Pro-Arrhythmic Abnormalities in Ventricular Repolarisation and Anti-Arrhythmic Therapies in Human Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Modifications:
Base: Dokos 1996a | Paper Pohl, Wachter, Hatam, Leonhardt (2016) A computational model of a human single sinoatrial node cell
Base: Ramirez 2000 | Official CellML (in PMR) | Paper Varela, Colman, Hancox, Aslanidi (2016) Atrial Heterogeneity Generates Re-entrant Substrate during Atrial Fibrillation and Anti-arrhythmic Drug Action
Base: Courtemanche 1998 | In Myokit repo | Paper Aguilar, Feng et al., Nattel (2017) Rate-dependent role of IKur in human atrial repolarization and atrial fibrillation maintenance
Modifications:
Base: Negroni 2015 | Original matlab code | Paper Bartos, Morotti et al., Bers (2017) Quantitative analysis of the Ca2+-dependent regulation of delayed rectifier K+ current IKs in rabbit ventricular myocytes
Bits:
Base: Kharche 2011 | Paper Behar, Yaniv (2017) Age-related pacemaker deterioration is due to impaired intracellular and membrane mechanisms; insights from numerical modeling
Base: Colman 2013 | Paper Colman, Ni et al., Zhang (2017) In silico assessment of genetic variation in KCNA5 reveals multiple mechanisms of human atrial arrhythmogenesis
Base: Li 2017 | Original code | Official CellML (in PMR) | In Myokit repo | Paper Dutta, Chang et al., Li (2017) Optimization of an in-silico cardiac cell model for proarrhythmia risk assessment
Known as: ORd-cipa-v1
Modifications:
Base: Morotti 2016 | Original matlab code | In Myokit repo | Paper Ellinwood, Dobrev, Morotti, Grandi (2017) Revealing kinetics and state-dependent binding properties of IKur-targeting drugs that maximize atrial fibrillation selectivity Erratum
Modifications:
Base: Severi 2012 | Official CellML | Physiome reproduction paper | In Myokit repo | In PMR | Paper Fabbri, Fantini, Wilders, Severi (2017) Computational analysis of the human sinus node action potential; model development and effects of mutations
Known as: FWS
Base: O'Hara 2011 | Paper Li, Dutta et al., Colatsky (2017) Improving the in silico assessment of proarrhythmia risk by combining hERG channel-drug binding kinetics and multichannel pharmacology Known as: IKr-dynamic ORd model, original IKr-dyn ORd model
Modifications:
Base: Colman 2017 | In Myokit repo | In PMR | Paper Ni, Whittaker et al., Zhang (2017) Synergistic Anti-arrhythmic Effects in Human Atria with Combined Use of Sodium Blockers and Acacetin
Bits:
Base: Paci 2015 | Paper Paci, Passini et al., Rodriguez (2017) Phenotypic Variability in LQT3 Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and their response to antiarrhythmic pharmacologic therapy; an in silico approach
Base: Morotti 2014 | Original matlab code | Paper Surdo, Berrera et al., Zaccolo (2017) FRET biosensor uncovers cAMP nano-domains at beta-adrenergic targets that dictate precise tuning of cardiac contractility
Bits:
Base: Ten Tusscher 2006 | Official CellML (in PMR) | In Myokit repo | Paper Bai, Gladding et al., Zhao (2018) Ionic and cellular mechanisms underlying TBX5-PITX2 insufficiency-induced atrial fibrillation; Insights from mathematical models of human atrial cells
Known as: TPA
Base: Courtemanche 1998, Nygren 1998, Chang 2014 | Original C++ code | Paper Colman, Saxena, Kettlewell, Workman (2018) Description of the Human Atrial Action Potential Derived From a Single, Congruent Data Source; Novel Computational Models for Integrated Experimental-Numerical Study of Atrial Arrhythmia Mechanisms
Base: Korhonen 2010, Paci 2015 | Original matlab code | Paper Koivumaki, Naumenko et al., Tavi (2018) Structural Immaturity of Human iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes; In Silico Investigation of Effects on Function and Disease Modeling
Base: Paci 2017 | In Myokit repo | Paper Paci, Polonen et al., Hyttinen (2018) Automatic optimization of an in silico model of human iPSC derived cardiomyocytes recapitulating calcium handling abnormalities
Base: Fabbri 2017 | Official CellML (in PMR) | In Myokit repo | Paper Loewe, Lutz et al., Severi (2019) Hypocalcemia-Induced Slowing of Human Sinus Node Pacemaking
Base: Shannon 2004, Ten Tusscher 2004, Maltsev 2009 | In Myokit repo | In PMR | Paper Kernik, Morotti et al., Clancy (2019) A computational model of induced pluripotent stem‐cell derived cardiomyocytes incorporating experimental variability from multiple data sources
Base: O'Hara 2011 | Original Matlab and official CellML code | In PMR | Paper Tomek, Bueno-Orovio et al., Rodriguez (2019) Development, calibration, and validation of a novel human ventricular myocyte model in health, disease, and drug block
Base: Tao 2011 | Paper Alghamdi, Boyett, Hancox, Zhang (2020) Cardiac pacemaker dysfunction arising from different studies of ion channel remodeling in the aging rat heart
Base: Bondarenko 2014 | Original fortran code | Paper Asfaw, Tyan, Glukhov, Bondarenko (2020) A compartmentalized mathematical model of mouse atrial myocytes
Modifications:
Base: Ten Tusscher 2006, Sulman 2008 | Paper Balakina-Vikulova, Panfilov, Solovyova, Katsnelson (2020) Mechano-calcium and mechano-electric feedbacks in the human cardiomyocyte analyzed in a mathematical model
Base: Dutta 2017 | Original matlab code | Official CellML (in PMR) | In Myokit repo | Paper Bartolucci, Passini et al., Severi (2020) Simulation of the effects of extracellular calcium changes leads to a novel computational model of human ventricular action potential with a revised calcium handling
Known as: BPS2020
Modifications:
Base: Paci 2018 | In Myokit repo | Paper Paci, Passini et al., Entcheva (2020) All-Optical Electrophysiology Refines Populations of In Silico Human iPSC-CMs for Drug Evaluation
Base: Jafri 1998 but mostly new | [Paper]() Sengul Ayan, Sircan et al., Yaras (2020) Mathematical model of the ventricular action potential and effects of isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy in rats
Modifications:
Base: Tomek 2019 | Original Matlab and official CellML code | In Myokit repo | Paper 1 Tomek, Bueno-Orovio et al., Rodriguez (2019) Development, calibration, and validation of a novel human ventricular myocyte model in health, disease, and drug block | Paper 2 Tomek, Bueno-Orovio, Rodriguez (2020) ToR-ORd-dynCl; an update of the ToR-ORd model of human ventricular cardiomyocyte with dynamic intracellular chloride Known as: ToR-ORd-dynCl
Modifications:
Base: O'Hara 2011, Li 2011 | Original Matlab and official CellML code | In Myokit repo | In PMR | Paper Trovato, Passini et al., Rodriguez (2020) Human Purkinje in silico model enables mechanistic investigations into automaticity and pro-arrhythmic abnormalities
Modifications:
Base: Kurata 2002 and Courtemanche 1998 | In Myokit repo | Paper Akwaboah, Tsevi et al., Deo (2021) An in silico hiPSC-Derived Cardiomyocyte Model Built With Genetic Algorithm
Modifications:
Base: Yang 2012 | Original C++ code | Paper Fogli Iseppe, Ni et al., Grandi (2021) Sex-specific classification of drug-induced Torsade de Pointes susceptibility using cardiac simulations and machine learning
Base: Paci 2020, Rice 2008 | Original Matlab Code | Paper Forouzandehmehr, Koivumäki, Hyttinen, Paci (2021) A mathematical model of hiPSC cardiomyocytes electromechanics
Modifications:
Base: O'Hara 2011, but many new parts | Original openCARP code and official Myokit, and CellML code | Paper Gaur, Qi et al., Vigmond (2021) A computational model of pig ventricular cardiomyocyte electrophysiology and calcium handling; Translation from pig to human electrophysiology
Base: Fabbri 2017 | Paper Hoekstra, van Ginneken, Wilders, Verkerk (2021) HCN4 current during human sinoatrial node-like action potentials
Base: O'Hara 2011 and Tomek 2020 | Paper Margara, Wang et al., Rodriguez (2021) In-silico human electro-mechanical ventricular modelling and simulation for drug-induced pro-arrhythmia and inotropic risk assessment
Modifications:
Base: Grandi 2010 | Original code | Paper Morotti, Liu et al., Grandi (2024) Quantitative cross-species translators of cardiac myocyte electrophysiology; Model training, experimental validation, and applications
Modifications:
Base: Kharche 2011 | Original matlab code | Paper Morotti, Ni et al., Grandi (2021) Intracellular Na+ Modulates Pacemaking Activity in Murine Sinoatrial Node Myocytes: An In Silico Analysis
Base: Surdo 2017 | Original code | Paper Morotti, Liu et al., Grandi (2024) Quantitative cross-species translators of cardiac myocyte electrophysiology; Model training, experimental validation, and applications
Modifications:
Base: Bartos 2017 | Original code | Paper Morotti, Liu et al., Grandi (2024) Quantitative cross-species translators of cardiac myocyte electrophysiology; Model training, experimental validation, and applications
Modifications:
Base: Bartoluci 2020 | Paper Bartolucci, Forouzandemehr, Severi, Paci (2022) A Novel In Silico Electromechanical Model of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocyte
Known as: BPSLand
Modifications:
Base: Tomek 2020, Heijman 2011 | Original matlab code | Paper Doste, Coppini, Bueno-Orovio (2022) Remodelling of potassium currents underlies arrhythmic action potential prolongation under beta-adrenergic stimulation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Modifications:
Base: Forouzandehmehr 2021, Tran 2017 | Original Matlab Code | Paper Forouzandehmehr, Paci, Koivumäki, Hyttinen (2022) Altered contractility in mutation-specific hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A mechano-energetic in silico study with pharmacological insights
Modifications:
Base: Himeno 2015 | Code not quite available, point to e-Heart | Paper Kohjitani, Koda et al., Kimura (2022) Gradient-based parameter optimization method to determine membrane ionic current composition in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes
Base: Severi 2012 | Original matlab code | Paper Moise, Weinberg (2022) Emergent Electrical Activity, Tissue Heterogeneity, and Robustness in a Calcium Feedback Regulatory Model of the Sinoatrial Node
Base: Grandi 2011 | Original matlab code | Paper Heijman, Zhou et al., Dobrev (2023) Enhanced Ca-Dependent SK-Channel Gating and Membrane Trafficking in Human Atrial Fibrillation
Base: Ellinwood 2017 | Original matlab code | Paper Herrera, Zhang et al., Morotti (2023) Dual effects of the small-conductance Ca-activated K current on human atrial electrophysiology and Ca-driven arrhythmogenesis; an in silico study
Also cites a 2020 Ni paper, but that refers to Ellinwood.
Base: Koivumaki 2011, Regazzoni 2020 | Paper Mazhar, Bartolucci et al., Severi (2023) A detailed mathematical model of the human atrial cardiomyocyte: integration of electrophysiology and cardiomechanics
Known as: MBS2023
Base: Morotti 2017 | Original C++ code | Paper Ni, Morotti et al., Grandi (2023) Integrative human atrial modelling unravels interactive PKA and CaMKII signalling as key determinants of atrial arrhythmogenesis
Base: Paci 2020 | Original matlab code | Paper Botti, Bartolucci et al., Severi (2024) A novel ionic model for matured and paced atrial-like human iPSC-CMs integrating IKur and IKCa currents
Modifications:
Base: Forouzandehmehr, Tran 2009, Tran 2017 | Original Matlab Code | Paper Forouzandehmehr, Paci, Hyttinen, Koivumäki (2024) In silico study of the mechanisms of hypoxia and contractile dysfunction during ischemia and reperfusion of hiPSC cardiomyocytes
Modifications: